Chemicals and Methods for Conservation and Restoration Scrivener Publishing 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J Beverly, MA 01915-6106 Publishers at Scrivener Martin Scrivener ([email protected]) Phillip Carmical ([email protected]) Chemical s and Methods for Conservatio n and Restoration Paintings, Textiles, Fossils, Wood, Stones, Metals, and Glass Johannes Karl Fink ö áSccNrivve ne r PPuubbllii shing WILEY This edition first published 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541 J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA ©2017 Scrivener Publishing LLC For more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com. 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Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantabiliyt or fitness for a particular purpose No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials, or promotional statements for this work The fact that an orga- nization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation You should consult with a specialist where appropriaet Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequentia,l or other damages Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ISBN 978-1-119-41824-5 Cover images: Pixabay.com Cover design by: Russell Richardson Set in size of 1 lpt and Minion Pro by Exeter Premedia Services Private Ltd., Chennai, India Printed in 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 21 Contents Preface xiii 1 Paintings 1 1.1 Cleaning 1 1.1.1 Special Considerations 3 1.1.2 Oxalate-Rich Surface Layers on Paintings 4 1.1.3 Leaching 5 1.1.4 Removal of Dirt 5 1.1.5 Effects of Organic Solvents 7 1.1.6 Cavitation Energy for Solvent Mixtures 11 1.1.7 Hydrogels Based on Semi-Interpenetrating Networks 13 1.1.8 Organogels 14 1.1.9 Microemulsions and Micellar Solutions 15 1.1.10 Acrylic Paintings 15 1.1.11 Acrylic Emulsion Paintings 17 1.1.12 Complications in the Cleaning of Acrylic Paint Surfaces 18 1.1.13 Poly(vinyl acetate) Paints 19 1.1.14 Surface Cleaning 21 1.1.15 Foxing Stain Removal 24 1.1.16 Vacuum Techniques 26 1.1.17 Laser Cleaning Removal 27 1.1.18 Atomic Oxygen Plasma for Removing Organic Protective Coatings 35 1.1.19 Rigid Gels and Enzyme Cleaning 36 1.1.20 Cleaning Efficacy of Sponges and Cloths 38 1.1.21 Smart Cleaning by Soft Nanoscience 38 1.1.22 Plywood Panels 38 1.1.23 Waterborne Emulsion Polymer Paints 39 í vi CONTENTS 1.2 Varnishes 41 1.2.1 Removability of Varnishes 41 1.2.2 Synthetic Resins for Varnishes 42 1.2.3 Ionic Liquids for Varnish Removal 45 1.2.4 Extraction of Soluble Componenst by a Varnish Solution 45 1.2.5 Mastic and Megilp 46 1.3 Methods and Materials for Conservation 47 1.3.1 Microbial Contamination 47 1.3.2 Oil Paintings 49 1.3.3 Organic Materials 51 1.3.4 Poly(vinyl acetate) Paints 55 1.3.5 Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives 56 1.3.6 Microcrystalline Cellulose Composites 57 1.3.7 Nanoscience for Art Conservation 57 1.3.8 Consolidating Wall Paintings Based on Dispersions of Lime in Alcohol 62 1.3.9 Hindered Amine Light Stabilizers 64 1.3.10 Enzymes 66 1.3.11 y-Radiation and Polymers 67 1.3.12 Partially Hydrolyzed Poly(vinyl acetate) and Borax Gels 67 1.3.13 Restoring Paper Paintings and Calligraphic Works 69 1.4 Analysis and Analytical Methods 70 1.4.1 Technical Analysis of Paintings 70 1.4.2 Nondestructive Acoustic Method 73 1.4.3 Surface Characteristics of Paint 74 1.4.4 Binding Media and Protective Coatings 76 1.4.5 Degradation of Films of Dammar Resin 77 1.4.6 Spectroscopic Techniques 78 1.4.7 Organic Mass Spectroscopy 80 1.4.8 Portable NMR 80 1.5 Forgeries 81 1.5.1 Image Analysis Tools 82 1.5.2 Correlation Filters 82 1.5.3 X-Ray Analysis 82 1.5.4 Contourlet Transform 83 References 84 CONTENTS vii Textiles 95 2.1 Textile Colors 95 2.1.1 Historical Development of Colorants 95 2.1.2 Classification of the Used Colorants 96 2.1.3 Microanalyssi of Organic Pigments in Ancient Textiles 96 2.1.4 Analysis of Dyes 98 2.1.5 Organic Residue Analysis 99 2.1.6 Infrared Analysis 100 2.2 Textiles from Various Locations 101 2.2.1 Early Textiles and Textile Production in Europe 101 2.2.2 Natural Organic Dyes from Ancient Europe 102 2.2.3 Ancient Liturgical Vestment 103 2.2.4 Textiles and Dyes in Pre-Columbian Northern Chile 104 2.2.5 Painted Andean Textiles 104 2.2.6 Textiles from the Silk Road 105 2.2.7 Historical Chinese Dyestuffs 106 2.2.8 Ancient Indonesian Textiles 108 2.3 Processing Methods 108 2.3.1 Ancient Chemical Processing of Organic Dyes and Pigments 108 2.3.2 Color Preservation of Ancient Natural Dyes 109 2.3.3 Flavonosl for Textile Dyeing 109 References 110 Archaeological Wood 113 3.1 Analysis Methods 113 3.1.1 Assessment of Commonly Used Cleaning Methods 113 3.1.2 Predicting the Wood Preservation Status 114 3.1.3 Analytical Instrumental Techniques to Study Degradation 116 3.1.4 Near Infrared Spectroscopic Observation of the Aging Process 119 3.1.5 X-ray Computed Tomography for Anatomical and Dendrochronologicla Analysis 119 3.1.6 Relationshpi Between Underwater Cultural Heritage Deterioration and Marine Environmental Factors 120 viii CONTENTS 3.1.7 Characterizing the State of Preservation of Waterlogged Archaeological Wood 120 3.1.8 Oxygen Consumption by Conserved Archaeological Wood 121 3.2 Materials for Conservation 122 3.2.1 Dimensional Stabilization 122 3.2.2 Polymers for Archaeological Wood 122 3.2.3 Nanotechnologise for the Restoration of Archaeological Wood 126 3.2.4 Enzymes for Cleaning 128 3.2.5 Chitosan Treatment 128 3.2.6 Acetone-Carried Consolidanst 129 3.2.7 Natural Polymers as Alternative Consolidanst 130 3.3 Degradation 131 3.3.1 Chemical Changes of Wood by Conservation and Degradation 131 3.3.2 Microbial Degradation of Waterlogged Archaeological Wood 132 3.3.3 Fungi 132 3.3.4 Degradation by Microorganisms 133 3.3.5 Degradation of Archaeological Wood Under Freezing and Thawing Conditions 134 3.3.6 Abiotic Chemical Degradation 135 3.3.7 Degradation of Lignin in Archaeological Waterlogged Wood 135 3.3.8 Identification of Bacterial Cultures 136 3.4 Special Properties 137 3.4.1 Wooden Shipwrecks 137 3.4.2 State of Preservation of Waterlogged Archaeological Wood 137 3.4.3 Adsorption and Desorption Mechanism of Water 138 3.4.4 PEG-Impregnatde Waterlogged Archaeological Wood 140 3.4.5 Patterns in Tree Rings 141 3.4.6 Physical and Mechanical Properties of Archaeological Wood 141 3.4.7 Demethylation of Syringyl Moieties in Archaeological Wood 142 3.4.8 Decay Prevention Using Gamma Irradiation 142 References 143