Chemically Modifi ed Bodies Matthew H all • Sarah Grogan • Brendan G ough Editors Chemically Modifi ed Bodies The Use of Diverse Substances for Appearance Enhancement Editors Matthew Hall Brendan Gough University of Derby Leeds Beckett University Derby , United Kingdom Leeds , United Kingdom Sarah Grogan Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester , United Kingdom ISBN 978-1-137-53534-4 ISBN 978-1-137-53535-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-53535-1 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016937743 © Th e Editor(s) (if applicable) and Th e Author(s) 2016 Th e author(s) has/have asserted their right(s) to be identifi ed as the author(s) of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Th is work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and trans- mission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Th e use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Th e publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Cover image © Mark Hall Cover design by Oscar Spigolon Printed on acid-free paper Th is Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature Th e registered company is Macmillan Publishers Ltd. London Acknowledgments Editing a collection of divergent research which actively evaluates the emergence of, and apparent increasing use of, non-prescription and pre- scription drugs for use in changing appearance is not always an easy task. However, this challenge has been made all the more manageable thanks to the fl exibility, sensitivity, and collegiate spirit demonstrated by the contributors in this volume. Collectively, we would like to thank them for their contributions and we hope we have done them justice in con- veying their voices and their perspectives. While much of the material is published here for the fi rst time, Chap. 8 has previously appeared in the J ournal of Health Psychology (Hall et al. 2015). We are grateful to the editors and publishers for permission to reproduce this material here. We would also like to thank Dominic Walker at Palgrave Macmillan, who waited patiently for the manuscript and who saw it through to publication, and the anonymous reviewers for their feedback. Sarah would also like to thank Naheed Hanif and Dr. Hannah Fawcett for helpful comments on the Smoking and Appearance chapter, and friends and colleagues for consistent support. On a more personal note, Matthew would like to thank his co-editors for their unstinting help and v vi Acknowledgments support in putting this volume together; he considers them not only col- leagues but also friends. And fi nally, he would like to say thank you to his family who continually support and enrich his life in many ways. Matthew   Hall Sarah   Grogan Brendan   Gough November 2015 Contents 1 Introduction 1 Sarah Grogan , Matthew Hall , and Brendan Gough Part I Background 11 2 Use of Supplements and Drugs to Change Body Image and Appearance Among Boys and Male Adolescents 13 Lina A. Ricciardelli and Robert J. Williams 3 Muscle Dysmorphia and Anabolic- Androgenic Steroid Use 31 Dave Smith , Mary Caitlyn Rutty , and Tracy W. Olrich 4 Use of Drugs to Change Appearance in Girls and Female Adolescents 51 Jennifer O’Dea and Renata Leah Cinelli vii viii Contents Part II Non-prescription Substances 77 5 Caff eine Misuse and Weight Loss 79 Carla E. Ramacciotti , Elisabetta Coli , and Annalisa Burgalassi 6 Body Image, Enhancement, and Health in the Advertising of Sports and Nutritional Supplements 93 Simon Outram 7 Smoking and Appearance 111 Sarah Grogan 8 Bodybuilders’ Accounts of Synthol Use: Th e Construction of Lay Expertise 127 Matthew Hall , Sarah Grogan , and Brendan Gough Part III Prescription Substances 147 9 Non-Medical Use of ADHD Stimulants for Appetite Suppression and Weight Loss 149 Amy J. Jeff ers and Eric G. Benotsch 10 Commonly Prescribed Oral Anti-Obesity Medication and Alternative Anorectics 173 Julien S. Baker , Bruce Davies , and Michael R. Graham 11 Peptide Hormones, Metformin and New-Wave Practices and Research Th erapies 201 Michael R. Graham , J ulien S. Baker , and Bruce Davies Contents ix Afterword: Toward an Inclusive, Multi-Disciplinary Approach to Understanding Substance Use for Appearance Purposes 231 Brendan Gough , Sarah Grogan , and Matthew Hall Index 235