Contributors to This Volume R. B. CLARK MILTON J. CORMIER R. PHILLIPS DALES MAURICE DURCHON MARCEL FLORKIN CHARLES JEUNIAUX MANFRED L. KARNOVSKY G. Y. KENNEDY A. E. NEEDHAM LARRY C. OGLESBY YVONNE ROBIN BRADLEY T. SCHEER NGUYEN VAN THOAI CHEMICAL ZOOLOGY Edited by MARCEL FLORKIN DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY UNIVERSITY OF LIEGE LIEGE, BELGIUM and BRADLEY T. SCHEER DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF OREGON EUGENE, OREGON Volume IV ANNELIDA, ECHIURA, AND SIPUNCULA ACADEMIC PRESS New York and London 1969 COPYRIGHT © 1969, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS BOOK MAY BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM, BY PHOTOSTAT, MICROFILM, OR ANY OTHER MEANS, WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE PUBLISHERS. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. Ill Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD. Berkeley Square House, London W.l LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 67-23158 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA List of Contributors Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin. R. B. CLARK (1), Department of Zoology and Dove Marine Laboratory, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, England MILTON J. CORMIER (467), Department of Biochemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia R. PHILLIPS DALES (93), Department of Zoology, Bedford College, Uni­ versity of London, London, England MAURICE DURCHON (443), Laboratoire de Zoologie, Faculte des Sciences, 59-Lille, France MARCEL FLORKIN (111, 147), Laboratoires de Biochimie, Universite de Liege, Liege, Belgium CHARLES JEUNIAUX* (69), Department of Biochemistry, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium MANFRED L. KARNOVSKY (205), Department of Biological Chemistry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts G. Y. KENNEDYf (311), Cancer Research Unit, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England A. E. NEEDHAM (377), Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England LARRY C. OGLESBY| (211), Biology Department, Reed College, Portland, Oregon YVONNE ROBIN (163), Laboratoire de Biologie Marine, College de France, Concarneau, France BRADLEY T. SCHEER (135), Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon NGUYEN VAN THOAI (163), Laboratoire de Biologie Marine, College de France, Concarneau, France * Present address: Department of Morphology, Systematics and Animal Ecology, Zoological Institute, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium. f Present address: Cancer Research Laboratory, Blackbrook Road, Sheffield, England. \ Present address: Department of Zoology, Pomona College, Claremont, California. ν Preface Zoology is currently undergoing a period of transition in which chemi­ cal knowledge is progressively integrated with the more classic knowl­ edge of morphology and systematics. Biochemical studies of species, as well as of higher taxa, open new disciplines to the zoologist and offer new viewpoints in considering problems of structure, function, develop­ ment, evolution, and ecology. The biochemist has considerable oppor­ tunities for broadening his sphere of investigation because of the enor­ mous selection of animal species available for study from which a great variety of compounds can be obtained and reactions observed. There are abundant prospects for fruitful collaboration between the biochemist and zoologist in studies in which the characteristics of the animal and the biochemical constituents and processes interact in significant ways. Very often the initial obstacle in undertaking investigations in new fields is the complexity and scattered character of the literature. This treatise is aimed primarily at making it possible for zoologists and chem­ ists, who have a limited knowledge of the literature in fields other than their own, to gain a valid impression of the present state of knowledge in chemistry and zoology and an introduction to the existing literature. Thus, we have invited research workers who have contributed signifi­ cantly to problems involving combined chemical and zoological ap­ proaches to summarize the knowledge in their specific disciplines of interest and competence. The authors have been encouraged to be critical and synthetic and to include mention of gaps in knowledge as well as the established information. The treatise is arranged by phyla, an arrangement which seemed most suitable for presenting chemical information of zoological significance and for bringing to the attention of chemists those aspects of biochemical diversity of greatest potential interest. Each section, dealing with a major phylum, is introduced by a discussion of the biology and systematics of the group. This is followed by chapters dealing with various aspects of the biochemistry of the group. In general, the authors of individual chap­ ters have been given full freedom, within the limitations of space, to develop their assigned topic. We thought that in this way the reader vii viii Preface would have the advantage of the authors personal experience in and attitude toward his field, and that this would more than compensate for any unevenness in coverage that might result. We are grateful to Professor Κ. M. Wilbur for his help in the early planning of this treatise, to the authors for their cooperation and pa­ tience, and to the staff of Academic Press for their careful work. January, 1969 MARCEL FLORKIN Liege, Belgium BRADLEY T. SCHEER Eugene, Oregon Contents of Other Volumes Volume I: PROTOZOA Systematics of the Phylum Protozoa John O. Corliss Chemical Aspects of Ecology E. Faure-Fremiet Carbohydrates and Respiration John F. Ryley Nitrogen: Distribution, Nutrition, and Metabolism George W. Kidder Lipid Composition, Nutrition, and Metabolism Virginia C. Dewey Growth Factors in Protozoa Daniel M. Lilly Transport Phenomena in Protozoa Robert L. Conner Digestion Miklos Müller The Chemistry of Protozoan Cilia and Flagella Frank M. Child Protozoan Development Earl D. Hanson Nucleic Acids of Protozoa Manley Mandel Carbohydrate Accumulation in the Protist—A Biochemical Model of Differentiation Richard G. Pannbacker and Barbara E. Wright Chemical Genetics of Protozoa Sally Lyman Allen xiii xiv Contents of Other Volumes Chemistry of Parasitism among Some Protozoa Β. M. Honigberg AUTHOR INDEX—SUBJECT INDEX Volume II Section I: PORIFERA The Sponges, or Porifera Paul Brien Skeletal Structures of Porifera M. Florkin Pigments of Porifera Τ. M. Goodwin Nutrition and Digestion Raymond Rasmont Composition and Intermediary Metabolism—Porifera C. S. Hammen and Marcel Florkin Chemical Aspects of Hibernation Raymond Rasmont Section II: COELENTERATA, CTENOPHORA Introduction to Coelenterates J. Bouillon Pigments of Coelenterata T. W. Goodwin Chemical Perspectives on the Feeding Response, Digestion, and Nutrition of Selected Coelenterates Howard M. Lenhoff Intermediary Metabolism—Coelenterata C. S. Hammen The Chemistry of Luminescence in Coelenterates Frank H. Johnson and Osamu Shimomura Contents of Other Volumes xv Coelenterata: Chemical Aspects of Ecology: Pharmacology and Toxicology C. E. Lane Section III: PLATYHELMINTHES, MESOZOA Introduction to Platyhelminthes Bradley T. Scheer and E. Ruffin Jones Nutrition and Digestion /. B. Jennings Intermediary Metabolism of Flatworms Clark P. Read Platyhelminthes: Respiratory Metabolism Winona B. Vernberg Growth, Development, and Culture Methods: Parasitic Platyhelminths /. A. Clegg and J. D. Smyth Chemical Aspects of the Ecology of Platyhelminths Calvin W. Schwabe and Araxie Kilejian Responses of Trematodes to Pharmacological Agents Ernest Bueding The Mesozoa Bayard H. McConnaughey AUTHOR INDEX—SUBJECT INDEX Volume III Section I: ECHINODERMATA General Characteristics of the Echinoderms Georges Ubaghs Ionic Patterns Shirley E. Freeman and W. P. Freeman Feeding, Digestion, and Nutrition in Echinodermata John Carruthers Ferguson Carbohydrates and Carbohydrate Metabolism of Echinoderms Philip Doezema xvi Contents of Other Volumes Lipid Metabolism U. Η. M. Fagerlund Pigments in Echinodermata T. W. Goodwin Fertilization and Development Tryggve Gustaf son Pharmacology of Echinoderms Ragnar Fänge Section II: NEMATODA AND ACANTHOCEPHALA The Systematics and Biology of Some Parasitic Nematodes Μ. B. Chitwood The Biology of the Acanthocephala Ivan Pratt Skeletal Structures and Integument of Acanthocephala and Nematoda Alan F. Bird and Jean Bird Culture Methods and Nutrition of Nematodes and Acanthocephala Morton Rothstein and W. L. Nicholas Carbohydrate and Energy Metabolism of Nematodes and Acanthocephala Howard J. Saz Lipid Components and Metabolism of Acanthocephala and Nematoda Donald Fairbairn Nitrogenous Components and Their Metabolism: Acanthocephala and Nematoda W. P. Rogers Osmotic and Ionic Regulation in Nematodes Elizabeth J. Arthur and Richard C. Sanborn Chemical Aspects of Growth and Development W. P. Rogers and R. I. Sommerville AUTHOR INDEX—SUBJECT INDEX