CHECK YOUR ENGLISH VOCABULARY FOR MEDICINE third edition A & C Black (cid:1) London www.acblack.com First published in Great Britain 1995 Second edition published 2000 Third edition published 2006 A&CBlack Publishers Ltd 38 Soho Square, London W1D 3HB © Peter Collin Publishing 1995, 2000 © A&CBlack Publishers Ltd 2006 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without the permission of the publishers. A CIP entry for this book is available from the British Library ISBN-10: 0 7136 7590 X ISBN-13: 978 0 7136 7590 0 eISBN-13: 978-1-4081-0238-1 Text typeset by A & C Black Printed in Italy by Legoprint A & C Black uses paper produced with elemental chlorine-free pulp, harvested from managed sustainable forests. Introduction The worksheets in this workbook contain a variety of exercises appropriate for students requiring a working knowledge of English medical terminology. The worksheets can be used either for self-study or in the classroom and can be completed in any order. Several have 'extensions': short classroom exercises based on the language in the main exercise. All the questions within this workbook are based on the A & C Black Dictionary of Medical Terms, fourth edition (ISBN 0 7136 7603 5). This workbook is aimed at students with at least an intermediate level of English. However, many people who work in medicine have to read in English on a regular basis; students with a more basic level of English may therefore already have the passive vocabulary to handle many of the exercises. Specialist vocabulary It is important to appreciate that 'knowing' specialist vocabulary involves more than simply recognising it. (cid:1) You can understand the meaning of a word when reading or listening and yet be unable to remember that same word when speaking or writing. (cid:1) You may remember the word, but use it incorrectly. This can be a grammatical problem, like knowing that 'fracture' can be used both as a noun and as a verb. Or it may be a question of collocation: a surgeon makes an incisionduring an operation, but when he wants a piece of bread he simply cuts it. (cid:1) Then there is the question of the sound of the word. Can you pronounce it? And do you recognise it when you hear it pronounced? For these reasons - memory, use and sound - it is important that students practise specialist vocabulary so that they can learn to use it more confidently and effectively. The exercises in this workbook will help students to expand their knowledge and use of medical vocabulary. Using the Dictionary of Medical Terms All of the vocabulary taught or practised in this workbook is in the A & C Black Dictionary of Medical Terms. The Dictionary of Medical Terms gives definitions in simple English which students can read and understand. Many of the examples and definitions in the workbook are taken directly from the dictionary. Students should have a copy of the Dictionary of Medical Terms for referring to when completing the exercises; using the dictionary is an essential part of successful language learning. Structure of a Dictionary of Medical Terms entry Each entry within the dictionary includes key elements that help a student understand the definition of the term and how to use it in context. Each term has a clear example, and part of speech. This is followed by example sentences and quotations from newspapers and magazines that show how the term is used in real life. These elements of the dictionary are used to create the questions within this workbook. Vocabulary Record Sheet At the back of the book is a Vocabulary Record Sheet. Recording useful vocabulary in a methodical way plays a key role in language learning and could be done, for example, at the end of each lesson. The Dictionary of Medical Terms is a useful tool for ensuring that the personal vocabulary record is accurate and is a good source for example sentences to show how words are used, as well as for notes about meaning and pronunciation, etc. Workbook contents Page Title Description Mode WORD-BUILDING 1 Word association 1: Linking each set of four words with one other word Self-study missing links 2 Word formation: Forming nouns from list of verbs; rewriting sentences Self-study nouns using noun forms instead of verbs 3 Two-word expressions Combining words from two lists to make two-word Self-study expressions that fit the definitions 4 Plural formation Multiple choice: choosing correct plural forms of singular Self-study nouns 5 Word formation: Rewriting sentences using adjective forms instead of Self-study adjectives nouns 6 Word association 2: Linking each verb with a noun to make a 'partnership'; Self-study partnerships using the 'partnerships' to complete sentences 7 Opposites 1: prefixes Selecting the correct prefix for each adjective to create an Self-study opposite; using the adjectives to complete sentences Extension: working with a partner to test one another 8 Word formation: verbs Making verb forms from list of nouns; writing sentences Self-study using the verbs 9 Word association 3: Finding words in a mind map that fit definitions; Self-study mind maps designing mind maps PARTS OF SPEECH 10 Nouns Sentence completion Self-study 11 Adjectives 1 Sentence completion Self-study 12 Adjectives 2 Sentence completion Self-study 13 Verbs 1 Matching verbs with their correct definitions Self-study 14 Verbs 2 Matching verbs with their correct definitions Self-study 15 Verbs: past tense ~ Sentence completion Self-study regular verbs 16 Verbs: mixed tenses Sentence completion Self-study 17 Phrasal verbs Sentence completion Self-study Extension: working with a partner to write a dialogue using phrasal verbs 18 Verbs: active/passive Changing sentences from active to passive tense Self-study 19 Adverbs Identifying adverbs in sentences and swapping adverbs Self-study around so that each sentence makes sense 20 Prepositions Correcting sentences with deliberate mistakes in Self-study the prepositions PRONUNCIATION 21 Word stress 1 Identifying three-syllable words and classifying by their Self-study pronunciation Pair work Extension: practising the dialogues with a partner 22 Word stress 2 Completing sentences using four-syllable words; Self-study classifying four-syllable words by their pronunciation 23 Present simple Identifying present tense verbs and classifying by their Pair work pronunciation Extension: working with a partner to identify plural nouns in each pronunciation category 24 Past tense Identifying past tense verbs and classifying by their Self-study pronunciation Page Title Description Mode VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT 25 Good advice Matching half-sentences together to make complete Self-study sentences Extension: writing pieces of medical advice with a Pair work partner 26 Multiple meanings Classifying meanings Self-study 27 Odd one out Identifying word that is different to others in each set Self-study 28 Body parts - categories Deciding which category each body part belongs to Self-study 29 Opposites 2 Matching words with opposite meanings; inserting Self-study correct opposites in sentences Extension: working with a partner to test one another Pair work 30 Abbreviations Stating what abbreviations stand for Self-study Extension: working with a partner to test one another Pair work 31 Symptoms & common Checking meanings of words; matching descriptions to Self-study illnesses 1 names of illnesses 32 Symptoms & common Matching formal and informal names of illnesses; Self-study illnesses 2 completing conversations by using informal names of illnesses Extension: practising conversations with a partner Pair work 33 Diagnosis Identifying each disease or illness from its description Self-study Extension: writing a description of a disease or illness Pair work and testing a partner 34 How it works Matching half-sentences together to make complete Self-study sentences 35 Instruments and Matching each instrument and item of equipment with Self-study equipment its correct description Extension: working with a partner to test one another Pair work 36 Chemistry Matching symbols of chemical elements and compounds Self-study with correct names and descriptions Extension: working with a partner to test one another Pair work PUZZLES & QUIZZES 37 Anagrams 1 Solving anagrams by reading clues and putting letters Self-study in order 38 Parts of the body Solving crossword Self-study crossword 1 39- Communicative Completing crossword by working with partner and Pair work 40 crossword 1 defining words 41 Anagrams 2 Solving anagrams by reading clues and putting letters Self-study in order 42 Word search Finding words hidden in letters using clues listed Self-study 43- Communicative Completing crossword by working with partner and Pair work 44 crossword 2 defining words 45 Parts of the body Solving crossword Self-study crossword 2 46 Gap fill crossword Completing crossword with missing words from Self-study sentences 47- Communicative Completing crossword by working with partner and Pair work 48 crossword 3 defining words 49 Quiz Answering questions Self-study Extension: writing a quiz with a partner Pair work 50 Vocabulary Record Recording new vocabulary, definitions and terms Self-study Sheet 51 Answer key Answers to all worksheets UUsniintg 0 0th0e0 workbook Most students find it easier to assimilate new vocabulary if the words are learned in related groups, rather than in isolation. For example, words frequently occur in the same context as their opposites and, as such, it makes sense to learn the pairs of opposites together (see worksheets on pages 7 and 29). Similarly, mind maps encourage students to look for connections between words (see worksheet on page 9). The exercises and activities in this workbook have all been grouped into sections. These sections practise different elements of medical vocabulary, enabling the student to gain a fuller understanding of the words learnt. The first section, Word-building(pages 1-9), encourages the student to identify links between words and to learn words that are morphologically related (for example, verbs and nouns which have the same stems). Within the Parts of Speech(pages 10-20) section, the emphasis is on understanding meanings and how to use terms in their correct grammatical forms. The worksheets in the third section practise the Pronunciation of medical vocabulary (pages 21-24). The section Vocabulary in Context (pages 25-36) includes topic- specific exercises such as identifying diseases and illnesses from their descriptions. The activities in the last section, Puzzles & Quizzes(pages 37-49), expand students' knowledge and use of vocabulary in a fun way. Communicative crosswords Included in the last section are three communicative crosswords. These are speaking exercises where students complete a half-finished crossword by exchanging clues with a partner. There are two versions of the crossword: A & B. The words which are missing from A are in B, and vice versa. No clues are provided: the students' task is to invent them. This is an excellent exercise for developing linguistic resourcefulness; in having to define words themselves, students practise both their medical vocabulary and the important skill of paraphrasing something when they do not know the word for it. Using Communicative crosswords in the classroom Stage 1 - Set-up. Divide the class into two groups - A and B - with up to four students in each group. Give out the crossword: sheet A to group A, sheet B to group B together with a copy of the Dictionary of Medical Terms. Go through the rules with them. Some answers may consist of more than one word. Stage 2 - Preparation. The students discuss the words in their groups, exchanging information about the words they know and checking words they do not know in the Dictionary of Medical Terms. Circulate, helping with any problems. This is an important stage: some of the vocabulary in the crosswords is quite difficult. Stage 3 - Activity. Put the students in pairs - one from group A and one from group B. The students help each other to complete the crosswords by giving each other clues. Make sure students are aware that the idea is to help each other complete the crossword, rather than to produce obscure and difficult clues. - What's one down? - It's a person who works in a hospital. A A B B - A doctor? A A B B - A sort of doctor. He does operations. - A surgeon? Students work in groups, - Yes, that's right. checking vocabulary Alternatively, students can work in small groups, each group consisting of two As and two Bs and using the following strategies: i) defining the word ii) describing what the item looks like A B A B iii) stating what the item is used for iv) describing the person's role v) stating what the opposite of the word is A B A B vi) giving examples vii) leaving a gap in a sentence for the word viii) stating what the word sounds like. Students work in pairs, co-operating to solve their crosswords For reference seeA&CBlack Dictionary of Medical Terms(0 7136 7603 5). Word association 1: misUsinnigt 0li0n0k0s Each of the sets of four words below can be linked by one other word. All the words are related to medical matters. What are the missing words? Write them in the centre of the charts. 1. ciliary temperature foreign fat 2. throbbing relief abdominal threshold 3. metacarpal graft cancellous marrow 4. cardiac fatigue skeletal spasm 5. black bath glass drops 6. blood membrane beta body 1 For reference seeA&CBlack Dictionary of Medical Terms(0 7136 7603 5). UWnoirtd 0 f0o0r0mation: nouns A fast way to expand your vocabulary is to make sure you know the different forms of the words you learn. Exercise 1. The words in this list are all verbs. What are the noun forms? Write them in the second column. The first one has been done for you as an example. 1. diagnose diagnosis 9. infect ______________ 2. examine ______________ 10. carry ______________ 3. prescribe ______________ 11. replace ______________ 4. suffer ______________ 12. degenerate ______________ 5. operate ______________ 13. refer ______________ 6. cure ______________ 14. paralyse ______________ 7. recover ______________ 15. obstruct ______________ 8. analyse ______________ Exercise 2. First, check your answers to Exercise 1 in the key. Then rewrite the sentences below, changing the verbs (which are in bold) to nouns. Do not change the meaning of the sentences, but be prepared to make grammatical changes if necessary. The first one has been done for you as an example. 1. I diagnosedthat the patient had a heart 9. We found that the tissue was infected. condition. We found an Mydiagnosis was that the patient had a heart condition. 10. Ten per cent of the population are thought to 2. I examinedthe patient fully. carrythe bacteria. I made a full Ten per cent of the population are thought to be 3. I prescribeda course of antibiotics. 11. We replacedthe patient's hip. I wrote a The patient was given a hip 4. He sufferedvery little. 12. His condition has degenerated. He experienced very little There has been a 5. We operatedimmediately. 13. The patient was referredto a specialist. The The patient was given a 6. This disease cannot be cured. 14. His arm was paralysedafter the stroke. There is no He suffered 7. He has recoveredfully. 15. The artery was obstructedby a blood clot. He has made a full The blood clot was forming an 8. The lab analysedthe blood sample. The lab made an 2 For reference seeA&CBlack Dictionary of Medical Terms(0 7136 7603 5). Two-word exUpnreits s0i0o0n0s Make 15 two-word expressions connected with medicine by combining words from the two lists: A and B. Match each expression with the appropriate phrase. Use each word once. The first one has been done for you as an example. A B allergic anaesthetic balanced attack bedside clock biological death bone diet brain intervention clinical manner digestive marrow general practitioner general reaction heart surgery malignant system plastic tooth primary trial surgical tumour 1. A condition in which the heart has a 9. An effect produced by a substance to which reduced blood supply because one of the a person has an allergy, such as sneezing or arteries becomes blocked by a blood clot, a skin rash. causing myocardial ischaemia and myocardial infarction heart attack 10. A trial carried out in a medical laboratory on a person or on tissue from a person. 2. A substance given to make someone lose consciousness so that a major surgical operation can be carried out 11. A tumour which is cancerous and can grow again or spread into other parts of the body, even if removed surgically. 3. Soft tissue in cancellous bone. 12. A doctor who provides first-line medical 4. The treatment of disease or other condition care for all types of illness to people who by surgery. live locally, refers them to hospital if necessary and encourages health promotion. 5. Any one of the first twenty teeth which develop in children between about six months and two-and-a-half years of age, 13. The rhythm of daily activities and bodily and are replaced by the permanent teeth at processes such as eating, defecating or around the age of six. sleeping, frequently controlled by hormones, which repeats every twenty-four hours. 6. Surgery to repair damaged or malformed parts of the body. 14. The set of organs such as the stomach, liver and pancreas which are associated with the 7. A condition in which the nerves in the brain digestion of food. stem have died, and the person can be certified as dead, although the heart may not have stopped beating. 15. A diet that provides all the nutrients needed in the correct proportions. 8. The way in which a doctor behaves towards a patient, especially a patient who is in bed. 3 For reference seeA&CBlack Dictionary of Medical Terms(0 7136 7603 5).