American Journal of Physics and Applications 2015; 3(6): 215-220 Published online December 21, 2015 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajpa) doi: 10.11648/j.ajpa.20150306.15 ISSN: 2330-4286 (Print); ISSN: 2330-4308 (Online) Characterization of Atomic and Physical Properties of Biofield Energy Treated Manganese Sulfide Powder Mahendra Kumar Trivedi1, Rama Mohan Tallapragada1, Alice Branton1, Dahryn Trivedi1, Gopal Nayak1, Omprakash Latiyal2, Snehasis Jana2, * 1Trivedi Global Inc., Henderson, USA 2Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India Email address: [email protected] (S. Jana) To cite this article: Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Rama Mohan Tallapragada, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, Gopal Nayak, Omprakash Latiyal, Snehasis Jana. Characterization of Atomic and Physical Properties of Biofield Energy Treated Manganese Sulfide Powder. American Journal of Physics and Applications. Vol. 3, No. 6, 2015, pp. 215-220. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpa.20150306.15 Abstract: Manganese sulfide (MnS) is known for its wide applications in solar cell, opto-electronic devices, and photochemical industries. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of biofield energy treatment on the atomic and physical properties of MnS. The MnS powder sample was equally divided into two parts, referred as to be control and to be treated. The treated part was subjected to Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment. After that, both control and treated samples were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. The XRD data revealed that the biofield energy treatment has altered the lattice parameter, unit cell volume, density, and molecular weight of the treated MnS sample as compared to the control. The crystallite size on various planes was significantly changed from -50.0% to 33.3% in treated sample as compared to the control. The FT-IR analysis exhibited that the absorption band attributed to Mn-S stretching vibration was reduced from (634 cm-1) to 613 cm-1 in treated MnS as compared to the control. Besides, the ESR study revealed that g-factor was reduced by 3.3% in the treated sample as compared to the control. Therefore, the biofield energy treated MnS could be applied for the use in solar cell and semiconductor applications. Keywords: Manganese Sulfide, Biofield Energy Treatment, X-Ray Diffraction, Fourier transform Infrared, Electron Spin Resonance considerable effort has been made by researchers to modify 1. Introduction the crystalline phases and surface morphologies of MnS [11, 12]. Veeramanikandasamy et al. had modified the Manganese chalcogenides MnX (X = O, S, Se, Te) are microstructure and optical properties of MnS using different known for their interesting electronic structure and magneto- Mn/S ratio [13]. Further, Shi et al. had studied the effect of optical properties. The variable oxidation states and less hydrothermal annealing on the structure, morphology and toxicity of these compounds make them promising materials optical properties of MnS films [14]. However, all these in wide range of application [1]. The Manganese sulfide process are very complex and costly, thus an economically (MnS), a part of manganese chalcogenides family, is a wide viable approach is needed to modify the MnS with respect to band semiconductor with an energy band gap of 3.1 eV. It physical and atomic properties. Recently, the biofield energy usually exist in three forms as α- MnS, β- MnS, and γ-MnS treatment have gained significant attention due to its potential [2-4]. The MnS is used in various application such as solar effect on various living and non-living things [15, 16]. cell, opto-electronic devices, and photochemical materials [5, It is well established that the energy can be transferred 6]. Currently, it is synthesized using various methods from one place to another place using several scientific including hydrothermal method [7, 8], chemical bath techniques. Further, it exists in various forms such as deposition [9], solvothermal synthesis [10], etc. For industrial thermal, electric, kinetic, nuclear, etc. The living organisms applications, the crystal structure, physical and atomic are exchanging their energy with the environment for their properties of MnS play an important role. Further, a 216 Mahendra Kumar Trivedi et al.: Characterization of Atomic and Physical Properties of Biofield Energy Treated Manganese Sulfide Powder health maintenance [17]. Moreover, a human has the 2.2. FT-IR Spectroscopy capability to harness the energy from the The FT-IR analysis of control and treated MnS was environment/Universe and transmit it to any object around accomplished on Shimadzu’s Fourier transform infrared the Globe. The object(s) receive the energy and respond in a spectrometer (Japan). The spectra was obtained with useful way that is called biofield energy, and this process is frequency range of 4000-500 cm-1. The purpose of the FT-IR known as biofield energy treatment. The National Center for analysis was to study the impact of biofield energy treatment Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) has on dipole moment, force constant and bond strength in the recommended the use of alternative CAM therapies (e.g. MnS. healing therapy) in the healthcare sector [18]. Moreover, Mr. Trivedi’s unique biofield energy treatment (The Trivedi 2.3. ESR Spectroscopy Effect®) had been extensively studied in materials science [19]. It has substantially altered the atomic, physical and The ESR analysis of control and treated MNS samples was thermal properties in metals [20, 21] and ceramics [22]. carried out using Electron Spin Resonance (ESR), E-112 Thus, after considering the effect of biofield energy treatment ESR Spectrometer, Varian, USA. The X-band microwave on metals and ceramics, this study was designed to evaluate frequency (9.5 GHz), with sensitivity of 5 x 1010, ∆H spins the effect of this treatment on the atomic and physical was used for the ESR study. properties of the MnS using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and electron spin 3. Results and Discussion resonance spectroscopy (ESR). 3.1. XRD Study 2. Materials and Methods The XRD technique is a quantitative and non-destructive technique, which is commonly used to study the crystal The MnS powder was purchased from Sigma Aldrich, structure and its parameters of a compound. Fig. 1 shows the USA. The MnS powder sample was divided in two groups: to XRD diffractograms of control and treated MnS samples. be control and to be treated. The control sample was The control MnS sample showed the intensive XRD peaks at remained as untreated, while the treated sample was in sealed Bragg’s angle (2θ) 29.56°, 34.80°, 49.28°, and 61.44°, which pack, handed over to Mr. Trivedi for biofield energy were corresponded to the crystalline plane (111), (200), treatment under standard laboratory condition. Mr. Trivedi (220), and (222) of cubic crystal structure according to joint provided the treatment through his energy transmission committee on powder diffraction standards (JCPDS) card no. process to the treated sample without touching the sample. 06-0518.[23]. Further, the treated MnS sample exhibited the The control and treated MnS samples were analyzed using crystalline peaks at lower Bragg’s angle 29.53°, 34.25°, XRD, FT-IR, and ESR techniques. 49.26°, and 61.40° corresponding to planes (111), (200), 2.1. XRD Study (220), and (222) respectively, as compared to the control. It was reported that the internal strain leads to shift the XRD The Phillips, Holland PW 1710 X-ray diffractometer pattern toward lower Bragg’s angles. Thus, it is possible that system was used to perform the XRD analysis of control and the energy transferred through biofield treatment may treated MnS samples. From the XRD system, the data was provide the stress in the MnS sample and that might be obtained in the form of a table containing Bragg angles, the responsible for the internal strain in treated MnS sample. peak intensity counts, relative intensity (%), d-spacing value Moreover, the crystallite sizes (G) computed using Scherrer (Å), and full width half maximum (FWHM) (θ°) for each equation (G = kλ/bcosθ) is presented in Table 1. The data peak. After that, the PowderX software was used to calculate showed that the crystallite size on crystalline peak (111) was the crystal structure parameters such as lattice parameter, and increased from 107 nm (control) to 142.6 nm in the treated unit cell volume of the control and treated samples. Also, the MnS sample. However, the crystallite sizes on most intense Scherrer equation was used to compute the crystallite size on planes (200) and (220) were reduced from 144.6 nm and various planes as below equation 1: 227.7 nm (control) to 86.6 and 113.8 nm, respectively, in treated MnS sample. It indicates that the crystallite size was (cid:16)(cid:17) (1) (cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:5)(cid:9) (cid:4)(cid:8)(cid:11)(cid:9) (cid:12)(cid:13)(cid:14)= significantly reduced by 40.1 and 50.0% on planes (200) and (cid:18) (cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:21)(cid:22) (220), respectively as compared to the control (Fig 2). Here, k is equipment constant (=0.94), λ =1.54056 Å, and Nevertheless, the crystallite size was remained same in b is full width half maximum (FWHM). After that, the control and treated MnS sample on crystalline plane (222). It percentage change in G was calculated using following was reported that presence of internal strain leads to fracture formula equation 2: the crystallite into sub-crystallites [24]. Due to this, the (cid:23)(cid:9)(cid:2)(cid:24)(cid:9)(cid:25)(cid:5) (cid:24)ℎ(cid:6)(cid:25)(cid:27)(cid:9) (cid:8)(cid:25) (cid:24)(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:5)(cid:9) (cid:4)(cid:8)(cid:11)(cid:9) (cid:12)(cid:13)(cid:14)=(cid:28)(cid:29)(cid:30)(cid:28)(cid:31) × 100 (2) crystallite size of treated MnS might reduce along some (cid:28)(cid:31) crystalline planes. Besides, the crystal structure parameters of Where, G and G are the crystallite size of control and MnS sample were computed using PowderX software and c t treated MnS samples respectively. presented in Table 2. The data exhibited that the lattice American Journal of Physics and Applications 2015; 3(6): 215-220 217 parameter of unit cell was increased from 5.225Å (control) to cause these modifications. It is supposed that the energy 5.228Å in treated MnS sample. The increase in lattice transferred through biofield treatment could be in the form of parameter of unit cell was supported by the shifting of the the neutrinos, which probably acted at nuclear level to cause XRD peaks toward lower Bragg angle [25]. In addition, the these alterations. Besides, Girish et al. reported that the increase in lattice parameter in treated MnS samples led to energy band gap of MnS is directly related with its crystallite increase the unit cell volume from 14.27 ×10-23 cm3 (control) size and lattice strain [26]. Thus, the change in crystallite size to 14.29 ×10-23 cm3. It is well known that the unit cell volume and lattice strain in treated MnS may lead to alter its energy and its density are inversely related. Thus, the increase in unit band gap. It is assumed that the biofield energy treatment cell volume led to reduce the density from 4.084 g/cc could be used to modify the optical properties of MnS for (control) to 4.078 g/cc. However, the molecular weight was solar cell and semiconductor applications. However, further increased from 87.66 g/mol (control) to 87.79 g/mol in study is required to confirm the actual change in optical treated MnS. Thus, the above results suggested that the properties of MnS after biofield energy treatment. biofield energy treatment probably acted at atomic level to Fig. 1. X-ray diffractogram of manganese sulfide nanopowder. Table 1. Effect of biofield energy treatment on crystallite size of manganese Table 2. Effect of biofield energy treatment on lattice parameter, unit cell sulfide nanopowder. volume density atomic weight, nuclear charge per unit volume of manganese sulfide nanopowder. Plane Control Treated Lattice Unit cell Density Molecular (hkl) 2 θ FWHM G 2 θ (°) FWHM G (nm) Group parameter volume (×10-23 (g/cc) weight (°) (°) (nm) (°) (Å) cm3) (g/mol) 111 29.56 0.08 107.0 29.53 0.06 142.6 Control 5.2257 14.270 4.084 87.660 Treated 5.2283 14.292 4.078 87.792 200 34.80 0.06 144.6 34.25 0.10 86.6 220 49.28 0.04 227.7 49.26 0.08 113.8 3.2. FT-IR Spectroscopy 222 61.44 0.08 120.4 61.40 0.08 120.4 The FT-IR spectra of control and treated MnS samples are 2 θ is Bragg angle, FWHM is full width half maximum of peaks, and G is presented in Fig. 3. The spectra showed the absorption bands crystallite size at 3439 cm-1 and 3450 cm-1 in control and treated sample, respectively, attributing to –OH stretching vibration. The bending vibrations of O-H were found at 1642 cm-1 and 1648 cm-1 in control and treated samples respectively. It could be due to moisture absorption by the sample [27]. Furthermore, the control sample showed the absorption band at 634 cm-1 which was corresponded to Mn-S stretching vibrations. However, in treated MnS sample, the absorption band attributing to Mn-S stretching vibrations was shifted to lower wavenumber i.e. 613 cm-1 [28]. It was reported that the wavenumber ( is directly related to the bond force #$(cid:14) constant (k) as following equation 3 below [29]: Fig. 2. The percent change in crystallite size of manganese sulfide powder % (cid:16) (3) after biofield energy treatment. #$ = ( &’(cid:19) ) 218 Mahendra Kumar Trivedi et al.: Characterization of Atomic and Physical Properties of Biofield Energy Treated Manganese Sulfide Powder Fig. 3. FT-IR spectra of manganese sulfide nanopowder. American Journal of Physics and Applications 2015; 3(6): 215-220 219 Here, µ is the effective mass of atoms, which form the bond lattice parameter, unit cell volume, density, and molecular and c is the speed of light (3×108 m/s). The equation inferred weight of the treated MnS sample as compared to the control. that the reduction of bond force constant can lead to shift the The alteration in molecular weight could be due to the absorption wavenumber toward lower side. Previously, our interaction of biofield energy with the neutron and proton of group reported that biofield energy treatment has altered the the MnS nucleus. The crystallite size on crystalline plane bond length of Ti-O bond in barium titanate [30]. Based on (220) was reduced upto 50% in the treated sample as this, it is assumed that the bond force constant of Mn-S bond compared to the control. The change in crystallite size may probably increased after biofield energy treatment. alter the energy band gap of MnS. Besides, the FT-IR Further, it is possible that the energy transferred through analysis revealed that the absorption band attributed to Mn-S biofield energy treatment probably acted on the atomic stretching vibration was reduced from 634 cm-1 (control) to bonding level to cause these modifications. Besides, the XRD 613 cm-1 in the treated MnS as compared to the control. It data showed that the lattice parameter of Mn-S unit cell was may be due to reduction of bond force constant in MnS increased in treated sample as compared to control. It implied through biofield energy treatment. In addition, biofield that the distance between two atoms was increased in the energy treatment has reduced the g-factor by 3.3% treated sample. Due to this, the bond length of the Mn-S (2.162→2.090) in the treated sample as compared to the bond might be increased in treated sample, as compared to control. Thus, above data suggested that biofield energy the control. It is well known that the bond length of any bond treatment has considerable impact on the atomic and physical is inversely proportional to the bond force constant. Thus, the properties of MnS. Therefore, the biofield energy treatment increase in Mn-S bond length may lead to reduce the bond could be applied to modify the atomic and physical force constant. properties of MnS for the solar cell and semiconductor industries. 3.3. ESR Spectroscopy Acknowledgments The ESR spectroscopy is widely used to determine the paramagnetic behavior, to detect the presence of unpaired Authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Cheng Dong of electrons and vacancies in the compounds. The ESR analysis NLSC, Institute of Physics, and Chinese academy of sciences result of control and treated MnS is illustrated in Table 3. The for supporting in analyzing the XRD data using Powder-X data showed the g-factor of 2.162 in the control sample due to the presence of unpaired electron present in Mn+2. software. The authors would also like to thank Trivedi Science, Trivedi Master Wellness and Trivedi Testimonials However, g-factor was reduced to 2.090 in the treated MnS for their support during the work. sample. It indicates that the g-factor was reduced by 3.3% in the treated sample as compared to the control. The g-factor is related to the angular momentum of the unpaired electrons. References Thus it is assumed that the biofield energy treatment probably altered the angular momentum of the electron spin. [1] Beltran-Huarac J, Resto O, Carpena-Nuñez J, Jadwisienczak Further, it was also found that the ESR signal width was WM, Fonseca LF, et al. (2014) Single-Crystal γ‑MnS reduced by 12.9% in the treated sample as compared to the Nanowires Conformally Coated with Carbon. Appl Mater control. 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