liiil 1 iliii&i;.^ wmK mm' mm. / UNivERsmry PENNSYIW^IA. UBRARIES CHARACTERIZATIONAND ANALYSIS OFTHECALICHE WALLS OF THE GREAT HOUSE,CASAGRANDE RUINS NATIONAL MONUMENT, COOLIDGE,ARIZONA ELISAMARIADELBONO ATHESIS Historic Preservation PresentedtotheFacultiesoftheUniversityofPennsylvaniain PartialFulfillmentoftheRequirementsfortheDegreeof MASTEROF SCIENCE 1999 Ko^Sxr-^ ^ept'isor leader FrankG. Matero JeanneMarieTeutonico AssociateProfessorofArchitecture SeniorArchitecturalConservator EnglishHeritage ^^1>N^ A^Vs |a//\ (o^l n99 . BT/'^jf ISBRAHt 1 TABLE OFCONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iv LISTOF FIGURES v LISTOFTABLES xi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION I 1.1 Objectivesand Methodology 2 CHAPTER2: EXISTING CONDITIONS(PHASE 1) 5 2.1 ConditionsoftheSite 5 2.1.1 LocalGeologyand SoilCharacteristics 5 2.1.2 ClimateandVegetation 1 2.2 ConditionsoftheStructure 15 2.2.1 PlanandConstruction 15 2.2.2 ConstructionMaterial 22 2.2.3 WallConstructionTechnique 25 2.2.4 ConditionasaRuin. TheShelter 30 CHAPTER CHARACTERIZATION AND ANALYSIS OFTHE 3: GREAT HOUSECALICHEAS ABUILDING MATERIAL (PHASE2) 35 3.1 Caliche 35 3.1.1 Definition 35 3.1.2 Origins 36 3.1.3 ChemicalDescription 37 3.1.4 Genesis 39 3.1.5 Classifications 41 3.1.6 UsesToday 43 3.2 TestingProgram 43 3.2.1 PreviousAnalyses 43 3.2.2 Sampling 45 3.2.3 Observations 48 3.2.4TestProgram 53 3.2.4.1 BulkMineralogy(X-RayDiffraction) 54 3.2.4.2 IdentificationofClays(X-RayDiffraction) 58 3.2.4.3 MicroscopicObservations(PolarizedMicroscopyandScanningElectron Microscopy) 61 3.2.4.4 Acid-Soluble(Carbonate) Content 83 3.2.4.5 Particle SizeAnalysis(ASTMD422-63) 91 3.2.4.6 Particle Description 98 3.2.4.7 AtterbergLimits(LiquidLimitandPlastic Limit)(ASTMD4318) 101 3.2.4.8 VolumetricandLinearShrinkage(ASTMD4943-89) 103 3.2.4.9 DeterminationofMoistureandSoluble SaltContentandQualitative AnalysisofWater-SolubleSalts 107 3.2.4.10 Compressive Strength(ASTMD1633) 111 3.2.4.11 Three-PointBending(ModulusofRupture)(ASTMD1635) 115 3.2.4.12 WaterRelatedTests: Wet/DryCycling(ASTM D559modified). Water Resistance(WaterDropTest, CRATerre),andCapillaryWater Absorption(NORMAL 11/85) 118 CHAPTER DIAGNOSIS OFDETERIORATION AND 4: PERFORMANCEASSESSMENTOFTHEGREATHOUSECALICHE AS A BUILDING MATERIAL (PHASE3) 133 4.1. ProcessesofDeterioration oftheGreatHouse 133 4.1.1 Intrinsic CausesofDeterioration 137 137 4.1.1.1 RelatedtotheMaterial 137 137 4.1.1.2 RelatedtotheConstructionTechnique 143 143 4.1.1.3 RelatedtotheConditionasaRuin 147 147 4.1.2 ExtrinsicCausesofDeterioration 149 149 4.1.2.1 NaturalFactors 149 4.1.2.2HumanFactors 164 CHAPTER5: INTERPRETATION OFDETERIORATION: NEW FINDINGS 167 5.1 WallConstruction Technique 167 5.2 Construction Sequence 171 CHAPTER RECOMMENDATIONSAND CONCLUSIONS 6: 187 6.1 Recommendations 187 6.1.1 RecommendationsonDetachment andFallingFragmentsofCaliche 188 6.1.2 RecommendationsonWeatheringofFriable Surface 193 6.1.3 GeneralRecommendations 199 6.2Conclusions 202 BIBLIOGRAPHY 207 APPENDICES 217 AppendixA: PreviousScientific Projectsand Stabilization on theGreat Houseand CasaGrandeRuinsNationalMonument 218 AppendixB: PreviousAnalysesoftheCalichefrom theGreatHouse 229 AppendixC: Observationsand Tests 240 INDEX 277