CHARACTERISATION OF SOLID WOOD AND ALMOND GUM BONDED Rhizophora spp. PARTICLEBOARD AS BREAST PHANTOM FOR MRI AND CT BAKER (M. TAYSEER) ABDALLAH ABABNEH UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA 2016 CHARACTERISATION OF SOLID WOOD AND ALMOND GUM BONDED Rhizophora spp. PARTICLEBOARD AS BREAST PHANTOM FOR MRI AND CT by BAKER (M. TAYSEER) ABDALLAH ABABNEH Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2016 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The submission of this thesis gives me an opportunity to express all praises to Allah, the Almighty, Merciful and Passionate, for granting me the strengths to complete this work. I highly show my regards to my main supervisor Dato’ Prof. Dr. Abd Aziz bin Tajuddin for his great support, guidance in completion of my research work and patiently correcting my writing. I attribute the level of my PhD degree to his great help and encouragement. One simply could not wish for a better or friendlier supervisor. I would also like to express my great thanks to my co-supervisor, Prof. Dr. Rokiah Hashim, for her excellent guidance, caring, patience, and providing me with an excellent atmosphere for doing my research. She is really very expert in her field and has directed me through various situations, allowing me to reach this accomplishment. To her, I am eternally grateful. Besides, I would like to thank my second co-supervisor, Prof. Dr. Ibrahim Lutfi Shuaib for the continuous support of my PhD study and research. His guidance and insightful comments and suggestions helped me in all the time of research and writing of this thesis. Special thanks go to the supporting staff of the laboratories in School of Physics, School of Industrial Technology, and Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI) who helped me in many different ways to conduct the experiments in a specific manner. I am also grateful to the people who helped and contribute great ideas and advices, especially my close friends: Dr. Ali Abuarra, Dr. Amer Aljarah, Dr. Ehsan ii Tousi, Dr. Mohamad Wasef, Mrs. Suzana Mat Isa, and Mr. Rizal. Without them, this study would not be possible. Special thanks go to my parents, brothers and sisters, who have been the pillars behind the completion of my research by giving moral support and prayers. This work would never have been the light of the day: had it not been for my parents. I am profoundly grateful to them. Finally, I offer my regards and blessings to all of those who supported me in any respect during the completion of the research, as well as expressing my apology that I could not mention personally one by one. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................... ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................. xi LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................. xv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS .................................................. xx ABSTRAK ..........................................................................................................xxiii ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................ xxv CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION .................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Problem Statement ........................................................................................... 6 1.3 Significance of research ................................................................................... 8 1.4 Objectives of Research .................................................................................... 8 1.5 Scope of Research............................................................................................ 9 1.6 Thesis Organization ......................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................... 11 2.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) ............................................................. 11 2.1.1 Basic Principle and History of MRI ...................................................... 11 2.1.1(a) Nuclear Spin and Behavior in Magnetic Field ....................... 13 2.1.1(b) The Radiofrequency Field .................................................... 15 2.1.2 Relaxation Theory ................................................................................ 15 iv 2.1.2(a) Longitudinal Relaxation T1 .................................................. 16 2.1.2(b) Transverse Relaxation T2 ..................................................... 17 2.1.3 MRI Image Type .................................................................................. 18 2.1.3(a) T1 Weighted image .............................................................. 19 2.1.3(b) T2 weighted image ............................................................... 19 2.1.4 MRI contrast ......................................................................................... 19 2.1.5 Brief Review of MRI ............................................................................ 21 2.1.6 Artifacts in MRI scan ............................................................................ 25 2.2 Computed Tomography (CT) scan ................................................................. 26 2.2.1 Brief Review of CT scan ....................................................................... 28 2.2.2 Artifacts in CT scan .............................................................................. 30 2.3 Almond Gum ................................................................................................. 32 2.4 The X – Ray Attenuation ............................................................................... 35 2.4.1 The linear Attenuation Coefficient ........................................................ 35 2.4.2 The Mass Attenuation Coefficient ......................................................... 37 2.5 X – Ray Fluorescence .................................................................................... 38 2.6 Review of phantom material .......................................................................... 39 2.7 Brief Review of Rhizophora spp. as Phantom Material .................................. 40 2.7.1 Rhizophora spp. Fresh Wood as Phantom Material ............................... 40 2.7.2 Review of Rhizophora spp. particleboard as Phantom Material. ............ 42 CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS....................................... 45 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 45 v 3.2 Samples Preparation ...................................................................................... 48 3.2.1 Rhizophora spp. Fresh Solid Wood Preparation .................................... 48 3.2.2 Rhizophora spp. Particle Size Preparation ............................................ 49 3.2.3 Almond gum (AL) Preparation ............................................................. 49 3.2.4 Rhizophora spp. particleboards preparation and fabrication .................. 50 3.3 Measurement of moisture content .................................................................. 54 3.4 Evaluation of Samples Properties ................................................................... 56 3.4.1 Measurement of Density ....................................................................... 56 3.4.1(a) Measurement of Density Using Gravimetric Method ............ 56 3.4.1(b) Measurement of Density Using CT Scan .............................. 57 3.4.2 Almond gum properties ........................................................................ 59 3.4.2(a) Determination of the melting point ....................................... 59 3.4.2(b) Evaluations the pH Value ..................................................... 59 3.4.2(c) Evaluation of the viscosity value .......................................... 60 3.4.3 Spectroscope Characterization .............................................................. 62 3.4.4 Elements Composition CHNS/O Analysis ............................................ 63 3.4.4(a) Calculation of the effective atomic number Zeff ................... 63 3.4.5 Microstructure Analysis by FE-SEM .................................................... 64 3.4.6 Evaluation Physical and Mechanical Properties of the Almond gum bonded Rhizophora spp. Particleboard Fabrication ........................ 65 3.4.6(a) Determination of Internal Bond Strength (IB) ....................... 66 3.4.6(b) Determination of Modulus of Rupture (MOR) ...................... 67 vi 3.4.6(c) Determination of thickness swelling (TS) and water absorption (WA) test ............................................................ 68 7.4.3 Evaluation of attenuation properties ...................................................... 69 3.4.7(a) Energy calibration ................................................................ 70 3.4.7(b) Metal target materials ........................................................... 71 3.4.7(c) Evaluation the accuracy of the XRF system .......................... 71 3.4.7(d) Determination of the Linear and the Mass Attenuation Coefficients of Particleboard Samples .................................. 72 3.4.8 Evaluation of Relaxation Times ............................................................ 75 3.4.8(a) Samples Material Preparation of the Fresh Solid Wood ........ 75 3.4.8(b) Evaluation T1 and T2 Relaxation Time ................................ 75 3.5 Preparation of Phantom .................................................................................. 78 3.5.1 Phantom Preparation for MRI/CT Scan ................................................. 79 3.6 Quantification value of MRI and CT scan ...................................................... 80 3.6.1 Evaluation of CT Quantification Value ................................................. 80 3.6.1(a) CT Number Evaluation ......................................................... 80 3.6.1(b) Uniformity and Noise ........................................................... 81 3.6.2 Quantification MRI phantom ................................................................ 82 3.6.2(a) Evaluation Relaxation Time of Water ................................... 82 3.6.2(b) Percent-signal Ghosting and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) ................................................................................... 83 3.7 Statistical Data Analysis ................................................................................ 85 vii CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ........................................... 86 4.1 Characterization of Rhizophora spp. Fresh Solid Wood ................................. 86 4.1.1 Moisture Content .................................................................................. 86 4.1.2 Density Measurement of Fresh Solid Wood .......................................... 86 4.1.2(a) Analysis of Density by Using Volumetric Method ................ 86 4.1.2(b) Analysis of the Density Using CT Scan ................................ 87 4.1.3 Measurement of Relaxation Times, T1 and T2 ...................................... 89 4.1.3(a) Evaluation of Relaxation Time T1 and T2 ............................ 92 4.1.4 The Linear and Mass Attenuation Coefficient ....................................... 98 4.2 Characterization of Natural Adhesive and Rhizophora spp. Particleboard ...... 99 4.2.1 Moisture Content Analysis of Almond gum (AL) and Rhizophora spp. particleboard.................................................................................. 99 4.2.2 Characterization of the Almond gum .................................................. 101 4.2.2(a) Melting point Analysis of Almond Gum ............................. 101 4.2.2(b) Evaluations the pH Value of Almond Gum ......................... 101 4.2.2(c) Analysis of Viscosity of Almond gum ................................ 103 4.2.3 Spectroscope Analysis of Samples ...................................................... 104 4.2.4 Evaluation the Elemental Composition of samples .............................. 106 4.2.5 Evaluation of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Almond gum - Rhizophora spp. Particleboard Fabrication ................................ 109 4.2.5(a) Modulus of Rupture (MOR) and Internal Bond Strength (IB) .................................................................................... 109 viii 4.2.5(b) Evaluation of the Thickness Swelling and Water Absorption ......................................................................... 111 4.2.5(c) Field Emission- Scanning Electron Micrographs (FE- SEM) Micrographs ............................................................. 114 4.2.6 Density Measurement ......................................................................... 116 4.2.6(a) Density Measurement Using Volumetric Method ............... 116 4.2.6(b) Density Measurement Using CT scans Method ................... 118 4.2.7 Attenuation Properties ........................................................................ 125 4.2.7(a) Energy Calibration Analysis ............................................... 125 4.2.7(b) Accuracy of the XRF System ............................................. 126 4.2.7(c) Determination of the Linear and Mass Attenuation Coefficients of Almond gum Bonded Rhizophora spp. Particleboard ...................................................................... 128 4.2.8 Evaluation the Relaxation Time of Almond gum Bonded Rhizophora spp. Particleboards ........................................................... 137 4.3 Quantification MRI / CT scan ...................................................................... 138 4.3.1 Quantification CT Phantom ................................................................ 138 4.3.1(a) CT Number and Density Evaluation for Phantom Fabricated........................................................................... 138 4.3.1(b) Uniformity and Noise ......................................................... 142 4.3.1(c) CT Number and Density of Water ...................................... 144 4.3.2 Quantification MRI phantom .............................................................. 148 ix