CHAPTER X WEAPONS A. INTRODUCTION 1. Definition and Scope The Weapons technology area includes efforts devoted to armament and electronic warfare technologies for all new and upgraded nonnuclear weapon systems. The Weapons area consists of 12 subareas grouped in three broad categories, illustrated in Figure X–1. The efforts in these subareas are directed toward providing demonstrated technology that better enables the war- fighter to incapacitate or destroy enemy personnel, materiel, and infrastructure and to provide defense against or countermeasures to an enemy’s ability to wage war. Conventional weapons (CW) focus on munitions, their components and launching systems, guns, tactical propulsion, bombs, rockets, guided missiles, projectiles, special warfare weapons, mortars, mines, countermine systems, torpedoes, and explosive ordnance disposal. Weapons ConventionalWeapons Directed-EnergyWeapons ElectronicWarfare Countermine/Mines Lasers ThreatWarning GuidanceandControl High-PowerMicrowave Self-Protection Guns MissionSupport Missiles Ordnance UnderseaWeapons WeaponsL/V Figure X–1. Planning Structure: Weapons Technology Area X–1 DEFENSE TECHNOLOGY AREA PLAN Directed-energy weapons technologies are those that relate to the production and projec- tion of a beam of intense electromagnetic (EM) energy or atomic/subatomic particles that are used as a weapon. Directed-energy weapons (DEWs) and devices generate energy that travels at or near the speed of light from a beam source directly to the target. (The single particle beam ef- fort in this category has been completed and is not discussed further.) Electronic warfare (EW) is responsible for developing technology that provides U.S. mili- tary forces with the capability to survive in their execution of all operations/missions by maxi- mizing their unchallenged operational use of the EM spectrum—while denying the same from the enemy by using EM means to detect and attack enemy sensor, weapon, and command infra- structure systems. 2. Strategic Goals The overarching strategic goal for weapons technology investment is to develop and tran- sition superior weapons technology that will provide the services with affordable and decisive military capabilities to execute future missions. The specific goals in CW technologies mainly focus on systems to destroy enemy personnel, materiel, and infrastructure, but with a growing emphasis on incapacitation through nonlethal technologies. The specific goal of the EW and DEW technology efforts is to control and exploit the EM spectrum for maximum effectiveness of U.S. military operations. 3. Acquisition/Warfighting Needs Weapons technology provides the decisive military capabilities for the future. It responds to the services' operational needs for cost-effective system upgrades and next-generation systems in support of Joint Warfighting Capability Objectives (JWCOs) in the Joint Warfighting Science and Technology Plan (JWSTP). The Weapons technology activities directly support JWCOs of Precision Force, Joint Theater Missile Defense, Military Operations in Urbanized Terrain, Elec- tronic Warfare, Information Superiority, and Force Projection/Dominant Maneuver, and contrib- ute support to Combat Identification. In addition, the Weapons technology program directly responds to congressional mandates (e.g., the live-fire test provisions of the National Defense Authorization Act (1987), Chapter 139, Section 2366 of Title 10, United States Code). Specific objectives of weapons technology programs address: • The need for affordable all-weather, day/night precision strike against projected mobile and fixed targets. • Gun systems with overmatching lethality to support the development of advanced, lighter weight air and land combat vehicles and tanks, ship and vehicle self-defense systems, and lightweight high-performance gun systems for artillery applications and naval surface fire support missions. • The capability to detect, identify, and jam conventional and advanced imaging RF weapon system sensors and advanced imaging/pseudo-imaging infrared (IR) missile seekers. • Projecting lethal force precisely against an enemy with minimal friendly casualties and collateral damage. X–2 Weapons • Development of adaptive technologies for advanced radar warning and electronic support receivers, processors, and modulation techniques that can respond or recon- figure to a changing RF environment. • Effective joint countermine capabilities to ensure control of the sea for force move- ment, supply, and offensive strike operations as well as the ability to conduct amphibious and ground force operational maneuvers against hostile defensive forces employing sea and land mines. • All-weather defense against low-observable (LO) cruise missiles, aircraft, and ballis- tic missiles. • Disruption or destruction of missiles and projectiles in various phases of flight. • The denial, degradation, deception, disruption, or destruction of enemy command, control, information, and navigation functions/systems. • Control of space. • Suppression of enemy air defenses. • Undersea superiority through highly lethal underwater attack and defense capabilities against submarine and surface ship platforms, at long range and in shallow water, with weapons, counterweapons, and countermeasures. To attain undersea superiority, these weapons and counterweapons will have increased speed, reduced weight, and lower acoustic signatures and will be capable of attacking the new threat submarine and surface ship platforms. These threat platforms will be quieter with lower acoustic signatures and have longer endurance and higher speed capabilities. • Real-time integration of “on-platform” sensor information with off-platform theater and battlespace information to yield situation assessment, threat geolocation, and decision aids to combat identification, targeting, and damage assessment objectives. • The use of nonlethal technologies for a variety of missions. • Target planning and engagement tools. Weapons technologies have transition potential to a wide variety of weapon systems and platforms; Table X–1 illustrates some of these opportunities. X–3 DEFENSE TECHNOLOGY AREA PLAN Table X–1. Weapons Technology Transition Opportunities Subarea Current Baseline 5 Years 10 Years 15 Years CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS SUBAREAS COUNTERMINE/MINES • Land Mine AN/PSS–12, IVMMD GSTAMIDS, HSTAMIDS ASTAMIDS Mine Hunter Killer, Detection AMDS, LAMD • Land Mine MICLIC SASMB Clearance • Countermine Radiant Clear NAVOCEANO WSC, ONI NAVOCEANO WSC, ONI Surveillance (SABRE), CINC JIC (SABRE), CINC JIC • Naval Mine SQQ–32/ASQ–14, RMS V– AQS–20/X, ALMDS, RMS RMS, AQS-X, ALMDS Autonomous Reconnaissance 2 (Prototype Capability), V4, NMRS, LMRS, Reconnaissance/Mine & Hunting Magic Lantern Deployment COBRA Hunting Contingency, Marine Mammal Systems, PQS–2 Hand-Held Diver Sonar • Naval Mine SLQ–48, EOD RAMICS, DET (SABRE), RAMICS, DET (SABRE), Autonomous Robotic Neutralization & AMNS Obstacle Breaching MCM Systems for VSW Breaching System Through the CLZ • Naval MK104, MK105, SPU–1, SWIMS ISWIMS Minesweeping MK103, AN/37U • Sea Mines Quickstrike Bottom Mines, LSM, ISLMM LSM Armed Surveillance SLMM, CAPTOR ASW Network Mine • Land Mines Explode-in-Place Land WAM IMF/Area Denial Mines GUIDANCE AND SFW JASSM Miniaturized Munition CONTROL Concept AIM–9 AIM–9X—IIR seeker Air Superiority Missile AMRAAM LADAR LOCAAS TOW FMTI—IIR Seeker, FOG FOTT JDAM IMU Hydra 70 LCPK—Strapdown Laser Guided 2.75” Rocket Seeker, Scatterrider Guidance MLRS Free Rocket GMLRS—GPS/IMU Guided Extended-Range MLRS Stinger Small-Diameter, Antiair Stinger Blk II Seeker GUNS M16 Rifle, M16/M203 OICW OCSW OPW/OSW Systems, M2 & MK19 Machineguns, M24 & M40A1 Sniper Rifles, M9 Handgun BFVS, AAAV & LAV FSCS Armament BFVS & LAV Armaments AAAV Upgrades Armament Upgrades, FIV Armaments Apache Armament, AC–130 Gun Ship Comanche Armament, AC–130 Gun Ship, F–16 Upgrades JSF Armament Armament Paladin 30-km Range and 120-mm Mortar Range Crusader 40-km Range Extended 50-km Range Rate-of-Fire 120-mm and Effectiveness and Extended Rate of Fire Mortar Range Improvement with PGMM X–4 Weapons Table X–1. Weapons Technology Transition Opportunities (cont’d) Subarea Current Baseline 5 Years 10 Years 15 Years CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS SUBAREAS (cont’d) GUNS (cont’d) Abrams Gun/Ammo Abrams Ammo Upgrades, XM291 or L55 with ETC, FCS Armament M256 Gun with ETC Abrams Advanced KE Cartridge M16A2 Rifle, M203 OOTW Static HPM/DE OOTW Mobile DE OOTW DE Devices for Grenade Launcher, Devices, Blunt-Impact Devices Purposes Other Than 12-Gauge Shotgun Munitions, EM Pulse Delay/Denial Vehicle Stopper MISSILES EFOGM MAT MAT–D Future Precision Strike Weapon Hydra 70 LCPK Guided 2.75” Rocket TOW/Longbow/Atlas FMTI FOTT LOSAT CKEM LOSAT P3I Future Combat Weapon Tomahawk Fast Hawk (Low-Cost Future Precision Strike Missile) Weapon Maverick JASSM Miniaturized Munition Concept SLAM, Harpoon Slamer Survivable Airframe HARM Adv SEAD AMRAAM/AIM–9 AMRAAM/AIM–9X ASMT • Propulsion MLRS/ATACMS DRE Air-Breathing Propulsion AMRAAM/AIM–9 AMRAAM/AIM–9X Air-Breathing Propulsion BAT Powered LOCAAS TOW FMTI Prop FOTT Smart Propulsion • Launchers/ MLRS M270, VLS HIMARS, Concentric M270 Lightweight Arsenal Ship Airframe Canister Launcher Launcher ORDNANCE BLU–109/BLU–113 ICBM with Kinetic ICBM with Explosive- Multiple Penetrators in an Penetrator Loaded Penetrator ICBM • Missiles Patriot, AMRAAM Patriot Upgrade PROTEC, Programmable Integrated Dual-Range Missile Adaptable Warhead Ordnance Suite, Guidance Integrated AMRAAM P3I Antimateriel Fuzing Submunition Warhead • Antiarmor TOW/Longbow/Javelin FMTI Warhead FOTT Warhead SADARM SADARM PI Enhanced SADARM Bloc II Lethality Lethal Mechanism Against Expanded Target Set • Hard-Target BLU–109, BLU–113, GBU– Hard-Target Smart Fuze, Miniature Munition, Conv Multievent Fuze, Boosted Penetration 24, GBU–27, Adv Unitary Penetrator Penetrator for ICBMs, Penetrator AGM–130 JASSM 1,000-lb Penetrator • Bombs MK83, MK84 Enhanced MK83 Enhanced 1,000-lb GP Multipurpose Bomb Bomb Joint Programmable Fuze Explosive JDAM JASSM Antijam Proximity Fuze UNDERSEA WEAPONS Bulk and Shaped-Charge Enhanced Bubble Energy: Hybrid MEMS S&A: 2X Warhead Warhead: • MK48 • All Undersea Performance over SOA: • MK50 • ADCAP Weapons • ADCAP • MK48 EM Fuse: • ADCAP • MK54 X–5 DEFENSE TECHNOLOGY AREA PLAN Table X–1. Weapons Technology Transition Opportunities (cont’d) Subarea Current Baseline 5 Years 10 Years 15 Years CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS SUBAREAS (cont’d) UNDERSEA Torpedo Planar Acoustic Broadband Sonar: Conformal Hull Array: Bidynamic, Broadband WEAPONS (cont’d) Array • MK50 • MK54 UUV Signal Processing: • ADCAP • MK54 • ADCAP • MK50 Noise CMs: Automatic Torpedo, Attack Antitorpedo ATT Threat Salvo • ADC–MK2 Tracker: • MK54 Capability: • ADC–MK3 • TRAFS • MK54/ATT Smart Adaptive CMs • ADC–MK3 WEAPONS System Enhancements: System Enhancements: System Enhancements: System Enhancements: LETHALITY/ • Crusader Concept • Crusader LFT&E, • APS/CAPS, FCS/ • EM Armaments, VULNERABILITY Trades, Bradley A3 Comanche LFT&E, FSCS Concept FCS/FSCS, Army LFT&E, Abrams BAT P3I, ETC Trades, AHM After Next M1A2 FY2000 Armaments Technologies • BLU–109, BLU–113, • JASSM. SSB, • ADW, Mass-Focused • Advanced Hard- BLU–115 (AUP), LOCASS, JDAM Warhead, ICBM KEW Target Penetrator, AGM–130 Penetrator, Big-BLU Hypersonic Penetrator, Advanced Non- lethal Warhead, Miniature Muni- tions for Urban Applications DIRECTED-ENERGY WEAPONS SUBAREAS LASERS Chemical Laser and Beam GBL Beam Control Demo, Operational GBL ASAT, Operational SBL Control ABL Demo, SBL Ground Operational ABL/SBL Constellation Demo, IRCM Laser Demo Demo Solid-State Laser Multi-kW Laser Array Conformal Laser Array FotoFighter Laser Demo Demo Free Electron Laser 1-kW Demo HIGH-POWER Wideband and Narrowband HPM IW ACTD, C2W/IW Airborne Demo, Operational C2W/IW MICROWAVE HPM Explosively Powered Active Denial System, System, Operational Device Demo SEAD Demo, Platform SEAD System, Self-Protect Demo Operational Platform Self-Protect ELECTRONIC WARFARE SUBAREAS THREAT WARNING All Operational ALR–XX Improvements JSF • RF ALR-XX SLQ–32 AIEWS SEI Test Units P3, CID ALR–XX Improvements Weapon-Embedded SEI, JSF • Situation JMCIS, CEC IEWCS, SIRFC, SOF Tactical Platforms (F–15/ JSF, CEC Upgrades Assessment Platforms –16/–18/–22), Strategic Platforms (B–1B, JSTARS, AWACS), Apache/ Commanche • EO/IR Warning AVR–2, AAR–44, Common MWS, F–22 2-Color Staring Array, JSF-IR-Distributed AAR–47, AAR–54 LBRM Warning System LBRM Warning System Aperture Warning System SELF-PROTECTION All Operational On-Board ECM Upgrade IDECM, SIRFC, B–1B JSF, SIRFC ATD DSUP, ALQ–YY Improvements Improvements • RF ALQ–YY SLQ–32 Advanced ECM AIEWS Integr AIEWS/DEW Transmitter ATD Laser Weapon X–6 Weapons Table X–1. Weapons Technology Transition Opportunities (cont’d) Subarea Current Baseline 5 Years 10 Years 15 Years ELECTRONIC WARFARE SUBAREAS (cont’d) SELF-PROTECTION POET, Gen-X & Chaff ALE–50, ALE–47 (cont’d) Nulka, SRBOC Eager ATD TMET Decoy • EO/IR CM ATIRCM SOF DIRCM, SIIRCM Large Tactical Aircraft, SIIRCM, Improved LGW Laser IRCM CM Large Tactical Aircraft, Laser EO/IRCM ASTE Tier I, MJU–27A/B ASTE Tier II, BOL IR, I2R CM, Flares/ Smart Expendables from MJU–27 Upgrade Multispectral CM, Aircraft Cooperative IRCM • Giant MK186 (Torch), MK245 EX–252 (Multicloud) Advanced Multicloud Smart Expendables from (Giant) Ships MISSION SUPPORT Classified Platforms Classified Platforms (AF Classified Platforms (AF (AF Only) Only) Only) • C2W TSQ–138, TLQ–17A, TLQ– IEWCS, GBCS-L ACS + Orion C4IEW, Multirole System 33 Advanced Quick Fixband, EH–1A Orion EA–6B Follow-on USQ–113 ALQ–99 Improvement, EA–6B UE ICAP III USQ–113 Upgrade, EA–6B (UEU) • RF EA–6B ALQ–99 Improvement, Tactical Jamming Pod Tactical Jamming UAV ICAP III B. DEFENSE TECHNOLOGY OBJECTIVES CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS Countermine/Mines WE.45 Sea Mines G.01 Mine Hunter/Killer ATD G.06 Rapid Sea Mine Neutralization (Rapid Airborne Mine Clearance System ATD) G.09 Advanced Mine Reconnaissance/Minehunting Sensors G.11 Advanced Mine Detection Sensors G.12 Lightweight Airborne Multispectral Countermine Detection System G.13 Electro-Optic Mine Identification G.14 Automatic/Aided Technology for Detection of Unexploded Ordnance Clearance G.15 Very Shallow Water (VSW) Reconnaissance Clearance Guidance and Control WE.13 Counteractive Protection Systems WE.21 Fiber Optic, Gyro-Based Navigation Systems WE.51 Small Diameter Antiair Infrared Seeker WE.52 Best Buy ATD WE.58 Microelectromechanical Sensor Inertial Navigation System WE.61 Modernized Hellfire Guidance and Control/Seeker Technology Effort WE.62 High-Quantity Antimateriel Submunition Program WE.63 Direct-Attack Munition Affordable Seeker ATD X–7 DEFENSE TECHNOLOGY AREA PLAN B.19 Cruise Missile Real-Time Retargeting B.22 Hammerhead ATD B.27 Point-Hit ATACMS/MLRS Guns WE.18 Direct Fire Lethality ATD WE.33 ETC Armaments for Direct Fire WE.34 Objective Crew-Served Weapon ATD WE.56 Electromagnetic Armaments for Direct Fire M.14 Artillery-Launched Observer Round ATD E.03 Objective Individual Combat Weapon ATD E.04 Joint Nonlethal Weapons M.06 Precision-Guided Mortar Munition ATD Missiles WE.35 Air Superiority Missile Technology WE.39 Tactical Missile Propulsion WE.50 Compact Kinetic Energy Missile Technology M.13 Hypersonic Weapons TD B.15 Powered Low-Cost Autonomous Attack System Program B.16 Concentric Canister Launcher ATD B.18 Low-Cost Precision Kill ATD B.21 Miniaturized Munition Technology Guided Flight Tests D.08 Atmospheric Interceptor Technology M.04 Line-of-Sight Antitank System ACTD M.08 Enhanced Fiber-Optic Guided Missile ATD M.09 High-Mobility Artillery Rocket System Ordnance WE.54 Reactive Material Warhead ATD B.24 Programmable Integrated Ordnance Suite ATD J.03 Counterproliferation I ACTD J.04 Counterproliferation II ACTD M.13 Hypersonic Weapons TD L.05 Diagnostic Analysis of Improvised Explosive Devices Undersea Weapons WE.29 Antitorpedo Torpedo ATD WE.32 Broadband Torpedo Sonar Demonstration WE.55 Reduced-Size Torpedo Subsystem Demonstration Weapons/L/V WE.57 Lethality/Vulnerability Models for High-Value Fixed Targets X–8 Weapons DIRECTED-ENERGY WEAPONS Lasers WE.10 Integrated Beam Control for Ground-Based Laser Antisatellite System WE.41 Multimission Space-Based Laser WE.42 Laser Aircraft Self-Protect Missile Countermeasures WE.43 Advanced Multiband IRCM Laser Source Solution Technology D.10 Airborne Laser Technology for Theater Missile Defense High-Power Microwave WE.22 High-Power Microwave C2W/IW Technology WE.60 Explosively Driven, High-Power Microwave Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses H.11 High-Power Microwave ACTD ELECTRONIC WARFARE Threat Warning WE.48 Missile Warning Sensor Technology H.07 Enhanced Situation Awareness Demonstrations H.10 Precision EW Situation Awareness, Targeting, and SEAD Demonstrations Self-Protection WE.40 Infrared Decoy Technology WE.46 Coherent RF Countermeasures Technology WE.47 Imaging Infrared Seeker Countermeasures Technology WE.64 Network-Centric Electronic Warfare Technology H.02 Multispectral Countermeasures ATD H.05 Large Aircraft Infrared Countermeasures ATD H.08 Onboard Electronic Countermeasures Upgrade ATD H.12 Modular Directed Infrared Countermeasures Mission Support WE.23 Modern Network Command and Control Warfare Technology H.04 Miniature Air-Launched Decoy Program ACTD H.10 Precision EW Situation Awareness, Targeting, and SEAD Demostrations C. TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTIONS 1. Countermine/Mines a. Warfighting Needs DoD requires mine and countermine systems to directly support U.S. armed forces’ full- spectrum dominance. This requires technology solutions that support the capability for assured, rapid surveillance, reconnaissance, detection, and neutralization of mines to enable forced entry by expeditionary forces. The capability includes control of the sea for force movement, supply, X–9 DEFENSE TECHNOLOGY AREA PLAN and offensive strike operations as well as the ability to conduct amphibious and ground force op- erational maneuvers against hostile defensive forces employing mines. For naval forces, this re- quires new “organic” mine countermeasure (CM) capabilities. Battlegroups must have the or- ganic capability to rapidly counter littoral mine threats without the delay associated with de- ployment transits of dedicated forces. A significant countermine capability ensures that the req- uisite tempo (in-stride), survivability, and control of maneuvering forces are achieved. Evolving technologies for offensive mining address the requirements to detect and track a broad spectrum of threats, remote control of and communications with mines, and sensor data fusion to support the evolution of combined surveillance and engagement systems. b. Overview The focus of technology efforts to achieve warfighting needs includes sensors, signal proc- essing techniques, data fusion, and autonomous robotics systems. (1) Goals and Timeframes. The goals of the countermine/mines subarea are listed in Table X–2. (2) Major Technical Challenges. Countermine. Significant technological challenges exist in countermine surveillance, reconnaissance, and detection. The variety of mine designs (shapes, sizes, materials) and operating environments (sea, surf, beach, land) precludes a single design solution to the detection problem. Differentiation of land, beach zone, and bottom sea mines from clutter in various soil, foliage, and terrain types is difficult. In both maritime and land envi- ronments, buried nonmetallic mines are virtually undetectable. Optical, magnetic, and acoustic sensors have limited effectiveness in the high ambient noise of the surf zone. Improved small, low-power sensors for organic systems, advanced signal processing, multisensor data fusion, automatic target recognition (ATR), and high search rates for in-stride operation are some of the technologies addressing surveillance, reconnaissance, and detection challenges. Countermine breaching and neutralization are currently slow. The rate of these operations must be increased. The reliable neutralization of mines presents several unique challenges. Improved targeting systems and thorough ballistics/hydro-ballistics developments may allow directed fire to be used effectively to neutralize near-surface naval mines and beach obstacles. A technology breakthrough is required to solve the problem of sweeping pressure-influence mines. The problems of surf and beach zone breaching are compounded by the fact that mines and obstacles are often deployed together, and the countermine effectiveness of explosive line charges and arrays is significantly degraded when obstacles increase the standoff between the neutralization charge and the mine. Near-term solutions emphasize brute force approaches for the rapid breaching or neutralization of mines and obstacles. For in-stride breaching operations, improved fire control systems have been developed to permit the firing of breaching charges from inbound amphibious landing craft through the breaking surf. Improved breaching charges are being developed to provide a high kill probability against mines buried by surf, wind, and tidal action on the beach and on land. New standoff mines present a technological challenge to land warfare. Systems must be developed for in-stride clearance of these mines from the perimeter of the intended route. Development of standoff neutralization technologies using kinetic energy, focused shockwaves, or other directed-energy applications offers approaches to solving neutralization challenges. X–10