PATTERNS AND ROUTES OF SPANISH COLONIZATION 35 Chapter 2 many are the attempts to trace both the unity and the diversity of SpanishA merican dialects, Thel inguistic heritageo f Spain Patterns and routes of Spanishc olonization For at leastt wo centuriesS, panishs ettlemenot f the New world wasp lannedi n Castile,e ngineereidn Andalusia,a nd aidedb y the canary Islands. Administrative matters involving the American coloniesw ereh andledb y the Consejod e Indias,i n Madrid. Future settlersm adea pplicationf or passagea t the Casad e la Contrataci6n in Seville,a nd often waited a year or more beforee mbarkingf or spanishA merica.T he Consuladod e Sevilla,d ominatedb y Sevillian merchantsl,o ng enjoyeda monopolyo n tradew ith the Americas. Ships'crewws erer ecruitedfr om Andalusiaa nd thec anary Islands. t[::*X"tion: In search of the 'seeds' of Latin American Many ships left directly from Seville;o thers departedf rom the Andalusianp orts of cildiz, san Lircar and Huelva.s hips pickedu p irwtssi q tdhuiiaintle eS hcptosaam irnoe,ig s t episnre epaoodup.sju d,o lea,nsrlp'.y oib tere,t ltri!re;. vilerdothu arut L;dart;i,n Ammrererisco avnes rp wahnicishh nrsouuypmapbll tierears oad fne d am uroetnhfioottpreiozdle ayd.t AS thmpeae ncriiascnhasa ner pytto lIerstmlsa,en inndo ts of,a rtdnheder sA taomi lemerdaitc oian staaa ilsnmm tohaseltl tohteh eArtslar enptirce, sLeantitn-o ouf.r.;g;;.;n;;"lriuuuiir....oq, tu.inu.oeittyryg peepst.i oonnsa rteh aec octuhreart seiw,d eh oirfe eimraml weedaialtthew lbyae sc eaxmtreian ctteerdtfw roinme mdw iinthe csoi nm Mmeexriccioat,l rC aennstaracltA iomnesMr.i icna-, ppwrnheeadstot'ssma pniandnna uniantrlvsdr isv'i.nsgoi nu niLliJad t inia urry.air ".,. inf itr i."s;rtTpro;l..ngrgre ,o noptifi nm piomennsigia nrbasonuutrrsa,r Potehreur an nadtu Braolp lirvoiad,u wcthsiw lee dreys ehsitpupfefsd,ts op Eicuerso,hp iedf erosm, w oatxh,e prc itoclho naineds. fstohorec tsihateevl ra feirroisattty iropimfneer:,soexn mi,gas td *y s "hhr,i;o.hnic", ukf"i ":,njf .cutett.. . io*ff"i .;oy;rijltJ.i-r', " "aurto.o rurrtI. nr. es bgidoioethn,i s-ac mara nesdtes, pitStoerh omisdpessut t ctarlatensvrd.se,a lloninndgc af erdo mmmai nSjoisprt arsainett itovtle etp hmeere Nsnoetnswb ne weclo,at rrmaldde ee c asgtroaroibedldiss,,i hn he oadud,lsu dexithuioorynld lhwcAereioamhgsnrvhnuet lmai lryntvip 'ocAe aparnnreancusta roo pbe eubaodniulin .tdett . ri -p ctsv*rtoh, ..i.uhvs r.e,isoponi"i .enbo.i,..,rnlr-,uyufu oiiil ;;t ii lri.;u *";o"if;.fof ".c te ,iph", g* o;rr .;ro.r"c a.in s;"ee;-ori^pnfmi "siito"",ripi ."orrliaa io.nlu'o;r*J iin ;uo;riydl i;u -2 h euAr'"irraers"sr.rr o.rcrvf id,u r"oeneuitrfrtoronqfehsoean u enrid nnae e e nnnbLeotcealdteyt sthoth o ,ioern er rdstforetioso pvmcNreeaoaro gyvotmee erpeg dbroeaap riedrtninrhl yitadzes tiee. nveT d u rDpa tlehnitiraoteeaass rtccua,e korbsPselfi oaa lr oinnotnnyidmaoa mflot S hpScaieocsp fruao aituosrnh ndiAi otsp,r nmhSrataor npeelmts areaisiaccsnhatru eraiw eprdueacmsv d sohieelo glirnaprnsitgstgi, aaoz e inn en cSdddata m hlppluyeaaasc iieitnannhd,rflr bratu eihuenlaletyddt ewvhoalvr wedain stt oh ecc ornitti.c.anrpt to;;. uprfi*n ; .Arie,rr,,i*.nt i6Ififfi; thep attedrianlsteh ctas t. tSiopnasn tihsehtr oe .rS eismeitltaleri f no rPtso wrtoebreec loo,na sntdru tcot ecdoa nt sCtraurctath geeanvady f eo Irntidfiicaas-, ther egionadri arectosr spainrit.'o"1,ru s'pl"irr,?w hat were Veracruz,S anJ uan,S antoD omingo,A capulco,a nd Havana. relativeim portanceb,o tf ;;;;"phic"and-f fi#fid? whar wast he Pirate attacksa lso spurredc reationo f the fleet system,w herein peninsuravra rietyi; iil r;;;i;,;';ffi; s"iti"riricar, of each armedc onvoyso f shipst ravelledt ogetherb etweenS paina nd the pcLhraeattinengAn etmicsoae unrismi bc eait anast fpitourin.bol iutfr ipet'a ri;e";isi"lrrt*i.gtiu e"*'v; ai.ra"i;a;ilrni"rtiir;*;ix; r,iu r;',loi".ru, rnn, ejasitrphgaeonrnw?is, a hhnar?dst Arthemesu eclrtoiecndavi sno. oy un tncose c tihrnae ddtheue lwe cdipat hori rbts bmceaaalllnsle,, s rb opumot retths se,h aimpnsadw j oiorlliuitcyldi to bft rrHeaadiskep f raaonlsmoo- nspaenetlcyhhf oi drmategdot sha,er t bisaasnissi;o ,; ;r; tisir?-. rut,1,MA ;-;.t;;*;;;?;;; r .1hiiaet q.scuete,t tsrpteirorewsnd hsao,onm sdie_ paAanmtdte esrreincaasc ,nsu c hrroaenpnteatsdcp, at r fseo wfleloerwell neatdsia pwrla oerultli-taedlselyi lni fmtoori ttaeunditpd oa outush tSs o.p Pfa rtnehivesa hCci laoinrliogbwn biiezniadnnsg. 36 THE LINGUISTIC HERITAGE oF SPAIN REGTONAOLR rcrNSO FS PANTSSHE TTLERS 37 vtcssrerahaonirdpptesapezz iga nuoregrenn iavrearaiocn.w ,n Jotg hha afimercsorahfpp ai uc omu.Sr. t-bupsor*wa n.i neatgh -nre ieeoinety-th ee semrser;t ;ada;;;; lt;bo;h.";e,r.; iis -s"sior,ohi"uiunneitoitJhq,,;e anitrlmhan;g cece ach arroaniicbdr,a ob dnempoa bocnk,ri aeto danaft n neanddt t'tobihenue lcu yuk pwse',eit t' aih,n b c nahdaraircuoiolttyietc eslai ' f'lwpe er hnooivpvf ii'rsl,e oioxdnniemcssae'g,l nuiettaetsrzm:eb acsora ' twtrao hr' t io'dct oihsp mthihnya rsonSiwtcplaea lo'il,nyu t tiaam',rs edsa anmau'ssalsttr'eo,r eacbirarai'ltntdoeged Maracaiboa .ndL a cufira,- u.u;,; ';;il cuman6, wheel', and so forth (Garasa rg12, Guill6n Tato rg+8).The archaic PAcaamrnreyarimincgcgaap io tuvot d oinsan n athdt p-e pr p*oa.rnctjoirf^6* i.fi ou,*o-h u.nno.i"L ,. uit .rg^op "wr.iacfisacc tr rtoaaangsesotf nfe asrS.or heutidtoph s pcinloacmtliucpdaoirnn eg'tn olte cxohifc aaLtl'a ,i ttpienom llesA rmsau'escrkihci raat'ns, lScinpadanon b'ibseeh aa vutitstrii-fbduu-l'vt,ei sdc m otobo idjtoeh'rbenl areSnlkpaeatitivn',e, mApaonceardrtipr sciu,vaa lve,nc erodwb r o aoancasacr tusdegz.d.w s uiadpgs tavot ihu bntehce m uEgilaai"i r"intns0. peo o!nnnii'i d;n t.cfit",n ".rigi"tlrcii uLr";o.r;ii ;lou;;n.,a tnot h ctehoom aef s pmaoth jufo' iMrrppe ptea risacnoiienfaissc_, iftissoh orec lyoao mthlidoapenvlree oti detfe i,ms msaaospn tptyhoe a aartr ereaema ddsaf red ionmum rioin nn tghsp etetrh ramietpi ecohtonerlo rooapnflo icatlihols elp.o ewdnreiiitaomhld odotgiha arinalsedp,c httthhsicee l o pteenrqengudd aaoetfmnitoecinr-y in centrarA merica,; il;;;ry'Tr;j'il"i"nr.o" iry,-whp'eu esrmtoa rerp orts nance of Andalusians and Andalusian Spanish in key times and s(mhiopdsre ertnpu urneirntgotco o S1pear)i nrrn . oHro npiourrtuoro,'rhiou- "nrd"Ji.rjr ov" .urioncaart rbaafrfiocs. ipnlgarceedsi eisn tt ihse t hceo frinrmer sctoonnveic otifo na nthdaatlu'Lcaistitna tAhemoerrieicsa.n T'ahned 'oAtnhdear luke-y thenr reaoeiod. "t r,. put in againa t sian' dialects as a group share enough similarities to warrant the f.iTl-..;f; ";-h-.;*6aribbeanA. uuu'u andaluci st a endeavour.A nti-a ndaluci st a theoriesh ave variouslv chal- caribbeani"#ffi l.?ilfl',H#:;i1f,i l:,..xs""r,ip',*r'ii'",i1. lenged both the factual accuracy and the relevanceo f each ingredi- ent of the andalucista paradigm, offering in turn an array of counterproposalsa nd interpretations. The basisf or ,Andalusian, theories yMeaisnmy co(o nmemutoranr.idzeanroiomni natoorsf Latin Americans panish,s ucha s Regional origins of Spanish settlers vActpafhioomrnderi ldenome b dcnrtetaii hihcparce)eaalke, sp n ludden rs ssri itpeaon eeo irpcr noe p( ioipnfcrs. euitfhus soturr,esnt o r l rat'.i oa el nc:rrds ncirz.eoloo";agsri;ur;ii;t- dr;ro rd t;.]uiihn"";ntr "r; eogi;iu " t Jir to .ciI p sr tobrnpwe,miutro 'h or;nms;,i ;c a i'etu h,ni#roo )Adc; ,ro","a " i.rdi Jaririrur'"o^liru i-c re*t.,iirg.i*i"ttra*ne"i,in" t mnhW ceoi fsodnoaperyfvdasi teouehnwsouretii sa firn rt o hgaLhgp fat a trttitethohnhirne_ese),t lafUwwniommirrhsrie iettoAtesfennf mrawd gs eta t(hwtrosrhie9e cefl ziraoir esrfsnw,is tgr l ussaurpterani gda oidms3enf/e oc2distdod) hhb.,aee 'l y (sir Hta nrttialeln eteslhgtn ucaoiaroihirutcqnieogocuaalhnuales rroiz)asna,r at ntUiewg opd rii anrne sogafsfuopnni agrooeem gfsrcw eaadS(asltot ipgdtsot aaez instnin.h lp W iweAsutah tanhefg sAdiedrn a msac ebltvouer ya mst r(oHiiirlcpa9a eaanazbnnr otliroe ts)iecqr, o iowamugnlneaiop indszs-t cdrraagent6friaqnnr)egy cra ho Isedinlic aeaandrned racsht,rec ay. rn Ituesdsrr tmareun r.;ed htsisi .nph -at oofri";o -i"rtrca,r aoet.r1m qdtih;inpt;ie';aiAicr s"o-o"smr,-e,',-t,-seu,rs" hrtioiuii.uiuilr,n.ta*p h, n,ee. rrsi(noprs 9dap5.Ina ngiiscn,hro ,9, rt,p6h toooe-, aatrho rteruhi vgNirehded cw oaa fltW c ttuhohlereal tdfciio,ro snnbts ca cflsuooesrldo ios nooninsm ttdhseoa. tTcte uhnAme nt hedfionagutlususr scaeionsal dnlue ssoc efrt eedtdph b rebye y esH aelcernalntiezeriasdqt o u( an1erl9rzyi2 v la3Jab)rl.eso H ftuioeat caribbean.p rononents ,.ntring on the are tiny in comparison with the total number of Spanish settlers, liniptnslhor, heaSt?,edta e; dod Av3t midhnilu"aedinocti a aiirlmnr Xnucgdatms6 u, iviiari:gazin.nr,ra;1swig;-n t eeh ttsriety"elo r. ot; b o;Jtf.h io"'n;tiet;h",h, u N e lt"no ei uunw,.*dmu p wa-"eoegorr'rrupr g iiroicocuodiarii.stotrd n,ir-torlf a yvi a^. itg i ""h net"aiidwtrs"n[h ' p.pisn ooaoAs"tsi ctmniermi httouuer aroprridvipn ncteoIo.gat crr nueairessa is yps a;ai, emt atrnisanc*deora_dily ssqafLeihunadwaedtei ms ndrttahe i (oAtectingomrae)Snd e o eiwosr)sfie c o nuroafoep tn s hdgr eSeaeutrtpptae lmarerdeamna Hsniteesteeennhrnetti.Ar aa( titltqhlhsiovaue,ne bte ps uzoteoh tfU r e(iirto 1te rhd9ewfe rl6ac aaroest')isv nv,n f eGetioinrr trpeed urdu iobn fnbopegtyroirs ml r t (tthtrhaih9oerteino5 vd surmeo) g ,cooh upanf metnuthrhmdeieoe nN ecd tfnsoi ert onisaanft--l ffif ;Ty;: ?i "pft work of Boyd-Bowman (1956, 1963, 1964, r968a, r968b, r97z),z ' uihu ,o " J ri" e ,t vin g r op .l" "o i'j 'i"'I,T"Tr'+3''f#i :f, :*ili; wsehtotl eirdse (natnif ieesdt itmhaet ered gzioono/aolo of ritghien st ootfa l sofomr et h4eo ,ofiorsot ocfe nthtuer vfi rosft 38 THE LINCUISTIC MRITAGE OF SPAIN trtBch5hooarer9rvoA ,snd nBii-mzdBoaapytoirtdowuen-F.sB)m ,toi ohao.rwaarn rtt.nmi[ rg"au' asininh niyr^r 'l c-stt'#rr ne'inoa;r.$rirq doidle1ia_r i folffofif :ifs ' ?ethtster e pmeerbnidoutp oetam s fttitenauridtnttiiseve epredmasr,b or eeeornfg oioeo rdfte. oESdOtoxhCzterIaAer,Lsm H.A TaNehdDrenu O 5rsaCnuCc: cUdocPerteA 6TSssIsOo,e NvtoosAaf, Ll d ctOihovReriaIosG,neI Npa aSiddz OovaFe,r rSnpoPto,uA pnNreecISderHsr dd a SrerEei TawLTsL e,fpE ooRelnSldo rawone ddre s mM fraoe3nmn9v- ;tLnsmth:oeei1naeta6agpj "rnortlee #y,sra cair e tcTosiv,ttootn r' urf afo'te atTfrTrh ri'g yblcseole* uo..e ua,1tjmn int; oon"idgrniu'r wnirrgf,mur,; h ..*ir*b,oe*if ;J.e-nitJl _.uhr 'lr nrsJraeqteo rAit-nvg;v9rn;'go;tr;1d e; a.'"rno a af"t .r"*, n)'iuri. i",d", s .;rai, Hfri.;*ii""iirrue"lf5liiirr;e;lr-.r;;'""'r g i i,v,ir'-,'arr,a"efE ltr pn at troxehan fmt,rirrtdys""ote i e fiCs 3mmoorp toar hanom os'edirothritl iuoni#ilr eo*rfltgeai a;h' nlt saeno ht ehssdfe.retn iwAcwAbtnhoenenifetluhdrdhuieliraa edni snlhln aduuptocse scsamesioniiaasunnsef an m reqlfnsoaea,ue.d mnaoln el d ndLh rinsic paSingt,esrto gphieo an acev n rtoirahAendp aiag.m lr scetEuo toedlaafqoalir oll uivr ethcn oaep iaiinwglraznla yhtint pnnt h esipogyme rre brc nsotpofessefpomaco , aoa rarripnrentamsteda in oAwet stainelnn .aTyd sdgso,hljt iaa fcaenr lc6ob gutcehumluosinetsiinepast hct dsrtnaeoiir csc ocidaova eotf srsi ndmn btcJ cda giupfot l wal tofnntroruneatoerareedcnaacnnee-sltt icno Amnpcdraait r rauu svipta ron,,rr tusr. itis rt,e#;ds" e;,ullli.i,rr.H:,' :;?"#, rf"f #,t!:'P ia#t;c:"u:ar; tion' faalemmeootn npggac ttohteaers nptasri,lan wrceiitpahas w ls piitgohnrintisf Li.ca awtinintth nA umtmheebri eceraxsw p oeaf rnecsa oiollsonono d ifs etcfsion tnreatdrvba eybl tlaihnnegi *reLsHideJn:cl'eHe, vdeinl ,w1h:e-n# tfnrs. v- o tu" ai.s.Uid.irA.r -";;l;; ilil)"'in.o. ,, uirridn aeldsevwehretree;ntry itnratod ec,lc oesnet lriinngguo ins tiilcli cciot nstlaacvte wd eitlhiv esroiuetsho, etlrineS r cpoaains;t athla erseeai sne cnlutedreedd remotea reaso f the Colombiana nd venezuelanc oasts,S antiagod e dtr.e mFmeigo pugerrearispor hedipscp,r cr eoosfneirtneinrt i"in.e gS t-i tpo;";a ;;nu*;tri.is'-* h..muJ nlitg-it"ry'airltr.i"aoo,nr'u,rf i,o"iair dJviveenr sife c ao rcoonmiepsa rnedte A(ctun9bd6aa2,l) u oasfnfieadar snst edhv ceeo mraaoslsct ate tlLhn aotrtraionl u AAgmmhs eetrruiiccdaay.on f l olicnagtuioisntsic.cM oennta 6cntdsb eezFt wiaeuetn a fundamentar-question can be achieved, 1psouTpgJugIre asJtti;,asoT "snf*i mliois rflp Tic"r "e c1ci ho '1a: r1rriega:r.ca Hi ttie.ogrniusii *iet iltwc,yrese'prge :,ioi.ro{t".*hr^ni ' e" -o up iir rlistoi,ii'p,?iuJori.rns.tn iiao* on.nu d ogr fthh hth?eee f tN craaoocnrttoths hnfieniatarg- r ss9oTc"ia iln avnedst oigcactuorpsian ttieornpraelt o thrieg Sinpsa onfis shcp oannqisuhes stae nttdt esresttlement ,,_"i:rii o,:il;i !q[.il "::n'ne;i*l of America as the work of minor nobility, small landownersa nd lAdtruhninsaefdillra ueaeneclmusintns sace ,aiiie naan p c cndtahoh erooem trfdfi c ptrehrnorvei"-elrpnrlrro"eo'"*pncprp"'tbi"t.inra"n crgftvo..i n oero,nrw.sra ieui ar.;da yaiF ,i nivs l uimdmeaedffililr er;it;prc.g ira: mo rp aedojsiorvptreieiotrcynsoit era hfe A ratgyrnn uiod tehnai efa-r atfmoiitfpflte epeLmseeaw abntireetnharr A-nseo aa cm fn ceotedch fr o eniscr oSidaxbpentleadSe aen tpfinittaseltehnhrbs t i-sho,co heueav rfnrageetceru tltoroo tySio osb pk ioeeianrF f.iio gngotu. irh nT nieahhd flee laiynsycl e a ttos htnthbedrase lueets pmrssvpts aahee dnerrvsc y tfe.hl or aneefs tq r^suouterhoeeosetnr fssste, SrserlagTnifoc dna:as'rtrvt l oao rtoiheketeir eedlisg"n i ott.nr*rai.dn-r. ii"a'r;r"#e"ic a"t"Tr.a,. r s.;aulegu.t.titrooiJnmprgiiLlra st.?"incr;o"iait; ri.icer pry nuop tr,artioan'amn AnriA mnndeedenratcaioreciufr a._n nfAaiofsmt eapee rrrinivcetiawhlen-agct rreededn afp tosuorur s.ryh?ie tani.Ao vylnsi n owSg ihp gpiancronhovi rwsiedhod'en iu sdol d btthh leeeens fsaa'p pbiotal setnhst ihseaehts m bsgeyo ot dovtnh e lceyrno eammn tdemit nolaetfwn btdihutah et teh.arAornluydig maholmu usti gimarnaosnsa ttns d,a ncda s"otinlia,in*.si 1toog ethoeormm ia;;d;,e uKpp uthneis bhus rekt toref mtheent psweaidtttrelieor dtrsba .yn o gtmheee ormfs blhineagrvsueo i fcs ottihncec re lvugedirseytd etl ohrswat hte amsntu c tclhahes oisrfe mLsina o trSienp hAauminme:pb reliecaa csw oamans-ts cgtnihsora aefntupmuqnhrusedioiecs aff ltom vAaredemchsoneo,er ar,wre eanixscetad"yc av" t velnehS,alp reTdp,rtii ii arnde:t n" i t*inryi;tooslo r tiuf"tr "-cr le" ujiaitum: sis1To eta" .idr.rrwggie""e'&eaar rr ;ss,,eI; h. mi"aF ; ;;Ano;loin rlros;ii "udvtenrraexy.uflra r rwomiumhupneAs cr-riencaamt,adshn iSiaten tid'rtp giueeeaaa sa mnnnir,airodsyn-hs wopshaftanio asAttdrhtbttlo ed eltetrrh, fchin aceocesma al ,togtl ishi dmnrltyoeoiiaeln w ecel uoe iu asncffmnt gflatoedh eburi Ae,ntalr i- nbtSsn adahdhptanmai taoh ldnuepnej iwsunr u sooisthhraf cl-tbe i ocauatthnarnhnt qrdoe iissuaer 'haSietrg.ongps iswosnatat 'ngissni lonl e udm if'm wi osmlidpdhethasoditcte,nrllt hetreyha b-sm ernceeo tleestra dtmneesleoett asimh fsgrr ieetcor.ha bitgetetulrrie Naorsmcdp neioeht weefninct '**.::,, ., *.e.,.* 40 THE LINGUISTIC HERITAGE OF SPAIN SOCIAL AND OCCUPATIONAL ORIGINS OF SPANISH SETTLERS 4I fensvmStsroshmimaootphfieylm dcbaeiat fdhniatinc lanslsloeflr clea..akpn r Ti cTa as raeothamnshh iuanenl deeoitne p ,rf fdvp driac fhneseor loaffaaio tsrvrznr t orfilataerce utpimhesn.o orshttae o.oif msa*no nnt iGshionoios mtuee rfarn,To ,t m amrnl ahFf actnn terere-trr. a oeph^rgardtd*tnp^eesih. uao 'u s nRaSptpRlteuinnreperuisemty Rocaoslu.rt aor inabe 4'an,tunst ec*egn,f,uqta o ruid2dt snunony ,_"p bae d.piirq ;rr yos ;ruJoisA;# otnc rteme,r_fnii oeier.rf #pin.fsrstfsoi ,ttrcees e'.r-*rtn,iat"dut.o h..wlrst red*n.ehau hdiarenn,ipis m lnt cg steehiriwsht ne a xAuae e i ddrptas nogmhseuautdpi oiccnintroagphuiesatmnrrosetidraaau ho ria t fzntnsetnhaoetuedider elard-nldd, pcpetaAttihrlnernlalaleeTtourthcsr ishweeoteoseeesdad epuld dtte p.drgao eescaa hb cnutf r tilatiehoichs svfhuinoeirhgooao r f gmhu sn emtdtrer,ro meo ea t r hnwep ciisotegtmeisio sfn rmn w icaigolgnaiihtu danriaroiardli,cgnb m ncthleeefae lrm wa an,pn co sntloleimra azsdeudnas o stliSsttdahfiaip deo telteematesni aholao in ynenrpndft otar slst teoacuonh a chfcg den eeeahS dtAmddnhop tmee teihuasgns etecC,imr attn iarf aardui,otcct animtesuoaunastmnsir dorn,ewe, yt fs iovc c sI attseogohtasrlnneleao naotst nccctuhnoicdeodaeiwrsusslelsrowclthr aiyr onnraaiin ictni ntbhaadh--glle umwbsehuuiecnarhglel sylwwa fiirttteohhrm al iwrtt o tterh elreee c ao cpvnaeetnart ahosreraoy nr vaItessnrrr det ah cna'rednuirgri.t. reeonmde. s6qt;ssi rpirauv;;i;dn,li; ;rj';;;i' u u.rtbz.ndaae ntwi ot hwnep,o ae rronlcdrdoe. nottaohnrmeliyanict cuinnoriz bSnaaspcneai6 qsinnpu. dFee eenlu Acceohempnf agc6ytrrtioi necu arCpn eam sn.sR e etimoll issabeingen/lrAobs lnhXadiVtp( aatI,9 lsut7w us7vaia:os znw f 9ac a)am sara hiflifncaitr aremilrtme ysm wtohsiianttha et uen'ltavtoe ocmmlovaeliontni-gcte ec,pbaf!aanogrrceindroneta tlo ga discnfd aba i ptosto ihe s mpSueisarmee , ss rwvsiesclitahlapaircreeglr as.re,etcseci o,tI 6e eaua dtrddanhvis vtzdeaeie oe aNnrnndvntaest,n adru" w,otni rrht wbteraso,'ritori ruest"cirygr rglop drrhuu,oaa. r rfnw._dttpdeec-ei" diotasr i;f li*u;lriuiti"olclhn.y;m'ci "w -.,e r aIisrriuSisio; pi"o pl a,ii "agminn,n.od.enie s,eAronahcrftues a hs iatmmaeh nonreieid ltnri as e o orA nsisttvfhdsuh reoe icied-dfrhr uihnrAnuoramfbrMtebaiaecriulainr edocinoacwhr fa. byo eLonl ryldafml S ele etprhaC sg,taed sohen o ronanui ensqntsenhgu ctas i ooeiqcs rirlu itnlcrsaaeeghees hsc as'spo.afr T traonbuohcntivmairtdsoeon i arvgtnc ,he i eogavcervn reas eenvsyrnoatgeo o nsaorto ig t oLdtf ih nadteShe to tpeish hn sa eaao leiAccntcvt imi.oateahlr ellaee o ors srifdsc ic goeatihiuc nnlediaS so a oiplnlidlfnaio etLgnebsoauirls ae tisshitznaeet aic lwdAanoi :omssr:sut:pe itkblohdry]ise Ic nsiioanroev ws tsec esiranaesmshnerdpetoea har-b s.iMift n:'t fi:gta,aiy :ranmr ,p nynii dliTyan f.^rre rptruoTttoow rli.pirui ly.igiip"e dt oi.o e.usispifre')igiin,gol aeeauut tdsnaiooc drw anrsoeet ;enw;alJlge hv;a(osreiysrca r o. ihf "esaud esumnym.Frg eiiilergis esrir tstsau w owtaenhetdsiotro o e wnh trf ahhohdoere puttooowrsmf toeaetifgnchinl etea sbi.e tto Na atfohst esufec w isexdc aotn openntnreudi tvnsr eeiyitlmmhed,t -guahpi lecneaoaddrrre ta p gsio riaresyontvS tauaeeppl nlr caesntlive osnheeso aalnef,v n wct iehndoh -rh rciLerceeepahrnllti aatcitneutcai drSeoryArl dnpai meb l anaseiednn otr dw waviceenaeadrdse . t c anIponsor oio mlswitcnthpoeigoeacruer ,rli baasacbuctotieyltcne,- doNsifpes apcwnor iwivsseoohranr elreddmtr.e s ewrc rdohitf mooorr mi.ceweusest.er, oa ld"nwnr csdiirleer tbi. nnrL;;ttg ;].run- turo*i , ctewhoseertroa feunb otilueifsfrseh*e b.r c;ee;o;da;nl tcioqihr udshi;mse,Ttaaae;dlldn sinont eur ernmesebdowtte hhf rreevs ciotliolonitrener ,eor talfra actthyivoe iesn il n o tbhepeevpt iwostacretboeulunenrp s igtorieeecor sionoa, gelnyacd oot iafvn weothsamoe rfi ecm wsn toeeasastutosl dtsf h e la aasnnntdidgt u uilnitnaefglgc uuleuaei snsstasciceeg i seusa,T .se n oaddgdu teachi yase,- otshfa esnd isxe'te veneetlnroetphpia-nr engcnd oe srueorvnsesi,ana reti lecoeorsnn,toa hmn-cdye ,wsn mhiuiaScriyhpl l .aa;"inni;d.;;h; ordewrswi the rteh leu dreedc lbinyl veedDruyuc hraiigntihgo. nth,w eh siilxet aeveanitlhaa bnldeo s nelvye tnot etheonstcheep notsusreiesssl,ii tnewgra ecaylat hna dnf odr hmigahl rPtheeusTneshi nndetse esupodilnaac Brit.oth oeleitdnhc i ieog purneoiiasfnitsdiieacp;fs nrra,oyt sanf i ndlefd trh o ;la;er"n f hiipdr"sa etnd *gia sdevh.ne. ostiroegyftri tavlse.pier.h stiitr nclresu rt .hswor e.fre yNtr heeupe wnr Ied bWdeeororrmirealdpin-_ wisfnotafauostnruo mdsft f, ewo unras tesh txf ehaae arm xtf rcpmollumeaisn n ia vVyne dam a olduemltmsoi'nm bDioeainritlsio oco gfc f to oht nhedsec eel l eaaqr rulgeiseyntn,oga ccunoeradfa ( ippcnruydi vwbirileleiesrcghetce e no.dLe im niat emrt l5ryea2 onc9ryt)s zwEnoauhnnraoettlepsyo ve mre.A earmr mreeoabansesgobr s nteoh- shfe eas_tkdb ria ylni teoctedlt*i rm.t;d r;a;;a;;d;t;;i ecffsd i*;li;rss'[rm a'rsa,, trrelor runrn,u" o,"oooi r*i"noil.avr-, i uforiodr musao mlwsca iharolgr yifnoi narr lwtsaoparteyas,el sltcyheh imetl tl ihloeteidddrea ba olytgre o na.A sorw lirstemhtrooaecuc brguayhl ttns apo o.oW rms smheeeaestnmhsseitb nhraea ger m g ssio tovafer nentdh ca aeorr esdwamb oo eorfa kpLrionaelgtriist noa c fnAlv aa mosncse ea,rt lbihictueea- varyingl evelso f affluencea nd ror-ar ,d;;"ti,r;-iil.osneonbuil laitty r,y w7iftlh. objectived ifferencesin linguistic usageb etweens ocial classesw ere smallert han would be the casei n the presentc entury. 42 THE LINGUISTIC HERTTAGE OF SPAIN INDEPENDENT DEVELOPMENTS 43 The reality 9f spanish settlementi n Latin America fav-oiluirs Delateralizationo f lil is a generalR omancep henomenon, neither an exclusivelyp lebian origin nor an hidatgo b.*, having occurredi n many vernacularv arietieso f Portuguese, pssoaimcttipeolreync aso scnhooanmrteiincdgbu royau tnipoosnb o viafli trwyle hadan ftdr ow wmeoi erok lniitnetgl ec c-odllaoifsnfesya r etlionk etita.h T'eteh nd.d e G;xi;"t d a;n;id ieansncpdee Istca bilauylt.l yWian l istBhori annz eAialn,r ad Snadelu vasillislaeo,p, y ianer ftrsicemugloiao irsnl yani lnd o ittah lceeo ecmatsspo tlfee Frtnepr e arvonevcn-e aarctrios.sasnt ismo re p, ebaust athnetsw r ealsa ntiovte ap sro impoprotirotannst o inf nthoib ifloitnyn, ba"tiroEn;"""ili;l,h; today, while up until recentlya ll areaso f the CanaryI slands euecoInserrr ssiungr, fautw rirnolralhayamlidl llA ed ersem ivipangeeal ielnorioncinacp tfstaseoias o ,drPiu smnn a cwtseohnw ad aatsih atsm the h tn ah peae,uee swl raaAou csrrcgglgiianuoeestali nsinsyn{e-d,igonc ciugfrteub aiep usrnuon tacinmocp hadu rpeneospardi f s oitaa Blh pennoeu odd lSlif t avr hpluitaeaairot a,nels oolirr m,wl tci arrrloa rna".llfd nol,fi rh;uanrroisi-ii"s-. loid.irs-. eihmribnseaauotalvertali leannyteik tt sooqiaeoennuipnc n .bato .e eIlC Illm dKyotowl ni[plls ,.oeio]oa ne.rll tian Iaaarnt enlce bttLtdei amvaC ncititteiknyinonwi nanAtargno mat defal e rAr/csrtesm,io caluaneascntir, hant dic hac aBests wn roPoe zcliaiti ovishraian aolo tge,nhr ustle hyd ag e rypmeor caoepeergtpttanrrieaoaitnrdlppe cl oh/[so,,oli{] irc /sf,-a,l system. sptamshieraohnmeehcanxfeo srtoIvcdtai fstsihvseroe dcltotilieer r cpsau etfemcia ro tlgIneuvpitibrla ouetsntaomresoalwrne. rnn Lap rsfeesahi tialakacswlr ea lcoun sstltnnloeatfs xid wlew rstPnias ueoevhtrteselridnewqaiticyn.rcthnA sduc oen ch,ig at emsisn ewr ntoin enusnhro oiodsattcuE iahrlcndE -shyleunc la kwsea uis srfdu.A ,dpsroeoo sp e ropl ipsprfertacip knehrtceororoyee vdotoatnlapw dowai uelntoonr srnasgso-mi-t n iestih ihitu,d snhi itLtaaa lcoby,etd eiso hns lmlrusb ecspbspelBpiynip oalp ea odrAa ifs,o iissdei ntnmoinriebpednsit.rags uua eledh ecsh Mrnsirw o-ngn iiAi iictfcuetni,a aiiamtie aderxehhtir,aeesnuisese icib ndr ie,syrntoto iwb hidoa te dcnh ocoh.e ls*aiuamtsi gf ihit ltaa c tndniyhefeoenshe ,e,renmrn aae isne uc.op m htrbitr hoyiuel,easret arru";;i;opd*ors;ti;iJsr; ;nctl uno;ttiot eico.iiaf'ecJJarl ((3z)) owiaSirtLaoSVmnoetlneueips he gtp'd6tshAaoael ura tne gi rnihilnnnrnu oaa d[eri,otI szn.rnef an lhoiR ]aidygn l vatifut)oto giaG eipaho ostm hlrhpnaen ainsloaleaayla sng aisfnc rn pon f/elie'i pCn icafd-nani nsrgesr aaa.eoSltoItl acn renlivrc cpueaonave /euanLnalrogsrls laridayisieaun.escro it onIra n iileaPsf znaTfCsgg ln leee thCaeAe piaoddsonin smehnsrf s anif diP,n noobmrp en bsistontbcrrdre ,eouroioaa eb cttcrnltlnwluagauaoia Auvlgndiret,gynnaen mla ie i napgni,accln nestl,ll dila eha va sae ri Acliecewusot sscoint l so ev taea.wiawdineon abrahsrea l i okelanzatlylEa elucardssb lidxnsau ti zoebtitiiisrohec aarnais elncedatl igat nenahmut n.nAroWc nr ridatortobtnds esi od(ustutd bl,dhthnu get eh[iu eeilSnrhsnseyiards-],, wAlinforgircukaiisnntg iclca ilbnaossuuslreaetsriso.,na bnedt uwneteil ntm hee mnibneertseo efn tthhec e ronlt*uiuivl theeiteit ew aansa li tittlree aRaftoteemsr/ ast'en/atctneleld am nlegdnul ota fgm tehesear,g nNeded iwtn o W sao ovmroledicd beiaelelgesacdsntes ,ot n hft eBa Slaf rpsiacqanutiesivS.h aeh f.Tof rhritcilsy- sound, presumablyb etween[ s] and [0], stood in opposition with apicoalveolar[S ],r esultingf rom the mergero f /s/ and lndependentd evelopments in Andalusiana nd Latin lzl . ln Castile,[ s] becamein terdentall 0l, remainingd istinct American Spanish from [5],w hile in most of the resto f Spain[ s] and [S]m erged, with differingp honeticr esults. sAsiplatahnno' iubsgahhs h iasav lfleo s ar itm Asimolameriretiipi eaosnib n ets tpbwaeeneeinsnc hA i,tn esddoa amluses e oivafin dt aehnned. r s Lfhoaa,t iruner d,A .pemhre;r;or;iiuci"ta*n siaBne (gSienvniilnligaa nr)ou usned o tfh [es ]t utor nr eopf rtehsee snixnt toete onnthlcy e tnhteu rreyf,tl ehxee Ason fd a/tl.u/- mtrauistst tahpepreeaforr teo lihea oveu tasridisee no fi ntdheep- epnodleemnitll yis nu rsreovuenrdainla gr ipa;s;,r ibaln;d oarn zde/ dz/e ob.Iunt c aolsnotet hmepm oerargryeS rop fa /nsi/s ha,cn edc/ ze/o r wefaesrrs et ofe trhree dpto ro ansug necgiae-o Andalusiani nfluencesT. hesei ncludel tion of /s/ as [0], or to a lisping articulation, but in sixteenth centuryS painQ egemo eants implyu singa convexo r non-apica[l s], (t) daYifrefeeiscctmt itnr.ga(od n neselmaatrieslysr.aia ollinlz f- rasotpmioa nnoAi fsn h/d[ d,a/i)lau. lseTicaht itsso, aison tadhn en ro opnta[girnotsgin-"orgGfp S;r;op;c'ueisns irsaneisbgf fei olfarursnont tomd. T t thohAedena mdidyae eilnruag s mteiharoao cstf ot L oomarfi etgLinsianf rtAaionmlm /Ase lmrt ,hic ee/azr inmlc, sa ies.l Ttst'aehl koeiea stnne s ndrimom /dt spilo elyns a aets ohb ai,an o ts r troiuonnrwgnlyl,-e 44 THE LINGUISTIC HERITAGE OF SPAIN THE ROLE OF DIALECT LEVELLING 45 PeninsulaSr panish/ s/(the resulto f thef our-ways ibilantn eutraliza- Castilian/Andalusianco nfigurationsT. oday,s uchs peakerasr eo nly tion in Andalusiaa) ndn ever/ 6/ (ther esulto f mergingl sl andl zl in found in nursingh omeso r in isolatedr ural farmhousesb,u t extrapo- northernS pain)r eachedth e Americas.C urrently,t herea re several lating backwardst o earlier centuriesw hen the Spanishc olonial regionso f Latin America in which an apicoalveolar/ 5/ predomi- effort was underway,t he diversityo f regionall anguagesa nd dia- nates( includingp artso f Colombia,a sw ell ast he Andeanh ighlands lectsi n Spainw ould be greate nougha s to nearly impedec ommuni- of Bolivia and Peru),a nd in the past such areasm ay have been cationa mongm any varietiesu, nlessd eliberatea ttemptsw erem ade larger.I n the CanaryI slands,p ocketso f apicoalveolarl3 l arcnot at finding a linguisticc ommong round.T he situationj ust described uncommon,p articularlyo n the more isolatedi slandso f El Hierro contrastss harply with contemporaryL atin America, wheree ven and La Gomera.P easantisn parts of CentralA mericaa nd Mexico the most rustic and isolatedd ialectss preado ut over thousandso f usea n interdenta[l d] for /sl , a modern-dayz ezeo. miless harea greaters imilarity( and almostt otal mutual intelligibil- In the Canary Islands,e asternA ndalusia,a nd Latin America, ity) than Peninsulard ialectsc ircumscribedb y a tiny radius.T his peopledb y settlersf rom different regionso f Spain, the unstable homogeneityis not recent;c olonial documentsr evealc omparable oppositionb etweenl sl and /3/ wasr esolvedin favour of a single levelso f similarity amongd ialects,e vena t the vernacularl evel.I t sibilant,b ut Nor alwaysin favouro f ther eflexo f lt"I andl d l .In the would seemt hat a linguistic alchemya cted on the kaleidoscopic linguisticallym ore homogeneousa nd stablee nvironmento f Cas- jumble of Peninsulalra nguageas nd dialectst o yield Latin American tille, the oppositionw as stabilizedt hrough the phonetice volution Spanish.T he latter was evenm ore homogeneouisn its embryonic of [s] to an interdentala rticulation,w hile in southwesternA ndalu- stage, with major dialect differencesd evelopingi n subsequent sia,c enteringo n Seville,t he sameh omogeneitya llowedf or a single centuries. sibilant [s] to coalesceT. he existenceo f a singles ibilant in Latin Alonso (196r: 44-46) claimed that beginning in the fifteenth AmericanS panishis not a surefirei ndicationo f direct Andalusian century,a lmost all regionso f Spainw ere diglossic,w ith residents influenceb, ut only of the absenceo f a sustainedC astilianp resence, possessingso me 'Castilian' common denominatori n addition to pastt het imew hen l0lhad developeidn Castile.2 any regionall anguageso r dialects.I n the absenceo f independent 'nsrrn.lrroN' (4) op lxl to [h]. The weakeningo f the posterior verification,t his is hard to believe,c onsideringt hat well into the fricative lxl to a simple aspiration[ h] is often cited as an twentieth century, large numbers of rural residentsi n Galicia, 'Andalusian' trait of Latin American Spanish.H owever, Le6n, Asturias and Arag6n, not to mention Catalonia and the Latin American dialect geographys uggestst hat the lxl Basque Country, spoke little or no Castilian. Some Spanish originally brought to Latin America was velar rather than American colonists were from social classesw hich would have pharyngeala, nd that subsequendt evelopmentsin, which an guaranteedp rior facility with Castilian,b ut many probablyh eard Andalusian contact may have played an occasionalr ole, 'spanish' spoken for the first time as they waited to embark in resultedin weakeningto [h] in certaina reas. Sevilleo r Cildiz, on shipboard,o r in their new destination.H ow- ever, the facts of Spanishe migrationt o the New World favored Castilians peakers. The role of dialect levelling Among the first immigrantst o the Americas,s peakeros f Catalan, The visitor to contemporaryS paind iscoversa remarkablyh omoge- Valenciana nd Aragonesew ere proportionately few in number, neousl anguageth roughoutt he country,i n whicha ny givenr egional preferringt o emigratet o Mediterraneana reass ucha s Sardiniaa nd or social variety can be readily understoodb y speakerso f other Sicily.F or a time, official Spanishp olicy actuallyf orbadeC atalan varieties. The only regional lbero-Romance languagesw hich emigration to the New World. This leavesa large number of remain viablea re Catalan/Valenciana nd Galician.A sturian bable central and westernr egionall anguagesa nd dialectsw hich should and Aragonesea re rustic curiosities.L eonesew, hich once enjoyed be factoredi nto the mix of emigrantsh eadedf or SpanishA merica. a rich literary heritage,h as completelyd isappearedE. ven a few However,o nly Castilian/Andalusianfe aturesp rovidet he basisf or decadesa go, the situation was different; in addition to a higher AmericanS panish,h inting that dialectl evellingw as alreadyo ccur- viability of regionall anguagesa, numbero f non-standardd ialects ring in Spain,a nd was hastenedb y the emigrationp rocessI.t is not of Spanishw erew idely spoken,r epletew ith morphological,s yntac- necessaryt o postulate the nationwide diglossia suggestedb y tic and phonologicalp atterns that depart strikingly from urban Alonso;d ialectl evellingw ould becomec rucialo nly in staginga reas F 46 THE LINGUISTIC HERITAGE OF SPAIN TSoLATING THE'FORMATIVE PERIOD' OF AMERTCAN SPANISH 47 such as seville, where settlersf rom many regionso f Spain came tion remained.N o other single area of Spain enjoyed such ! ,' togetherf or the first time. preferentialr elationshipw ith the ports of Latin America,s o that Transdialectala ccommodationsw hich took place during the theA ndalusian-maritimceo nnectiond ominatedt he linguisticd evel- formation of American spanish had castilian-Andalusiana "st he opmento f coastalL atin Americaf or severacl enturies. central hub. unlike such ethnically and linguistically coherent In inland areas,r egionalS panishli nguistici nfluencesw erem ore regionsa sA sturias,A ragon,L e6n,E xtremaduriandG alicia,A nda- diverse.I n administrativec entress uch as Bogot6, Mexico City, lusiah as neverb eent he homeo f a separatere gionall anguagew ith Quito, and La Paz, contactsw ith Castile were nurtured by the ng9-rphologicasly, ntactica nd phonologicacl hiracteristi& ridically constantf low of governmento fficials,m ilitary and clericalp erson- different from those of castille. AndalusianS panishw as formed nel and trade goods.H owever,l inguistica nd cultural contactw ith during the Reconquestp, eopledl argely from Oastille,a nd differs Castile was not as proportionally strong in inland cities as was from castilian_p rimarily in the greatei reductiono f iyllable-final contact between( western)A ndalusia and the American ports. consonantsa ndi n thep honeticr calizationo f sibilantsT. |e'Andalu- Ofhcial personneln ever made up a dominant percentageo f any sian' traits ol.4msrilan Spanish are, in their great majority, inland population,w hile highland settlersc ame from all areaso f commont o both Andalusiana nd Castilian.T hec ommond eno-mina- Spain. That Castilian linguistic patterns never predominatedi n tors of sixteenth-seventeencthe ntury Andalusian and castilian colonial capitalso r other highlandr egionsi s demonstratedb y the Spanishw ere so numerous as to encompassn early the entire lack of uniquely Castilian developmentss uch as the interdental languagew, ith the exceptiono f somep honeticd etails.R athert han fricative[ 0] (but cf. Guitarte 1973),t he uvular IX.It,h e retentiono f dialectl evellingo f the sort that occursa mong severelyd iscrepant vosotrosa, nd the apicoalveola[rS ]. dialects (e.g. in Italy or parts of France), few Andalusian, o, Exceptf or a generalr etentiono f syllable-finacl onsonantsh, igh- Castiliansh ad to signiflcantlym odify their speechi n order to land Latin AmericanS panishe xhibitsa s many internald ifferences communicatew ith one another. New arrivals in Seville,w hose as similarities,a nd many dialectsb ear little resemblanceto any commando f Castilian/Andalusianw as imperfect,w ould have to variety found in Castile.T his contrastsw ith the strong phonetic learn other ways of speakingw, hile sheddingm uch of their home and lexicalr esemblancbee tweenA ndalusian/CanaryIs landd ialects languageA. t the level of morphosyntax,t hiJ accommodationw as and Latin American coastalv arietiess eparatedb y thousandso f nearly total, while pronunciation may have been adjusted less miles. It is thus inaccuratet o proposea simplee quation:c oastal drasticallya mong first-generationim migrants.I n the New world lowlands = Andalusia; highland capitals = Castile. The setting,t he situation was more variable,d ependingu pon the re- Andalusian linguistic impact on coastal regions cannot be dis- gionalm ix of settlersin a givenr egion.3 missed,b ut what occurred in the American highlands was the ABSENCoEf a single predominant regional influence( lzzo 1984/ Andalusiani nfluencea nd the highland-portd istinction expands on this view). In the highlands,n o single Peninsular 'Andalusian' dialectp layedt he dominant role taken by Andalusiani n the port , In Latin America, phonetict raits are concentratedin cities,r esultingi n 'default' speechp atternss temmingf rom dialect coastala reasc entringo n major ports; this includest he Caribbean, levellinga nd from localizedin fluences. as well as the Pacificc oasto f SouthA mericaa nd to a lessere xtent the River Plate.T he traits in questioni nvolve severer eductiono f 'formative syllable-finacl onsonantsp, articularly /sl, /r/ and /d,/, frequently lsolating the period' of American Spanish combinedw ith velarizationo f word-final ln/, and set againstt he Prevailingt heorieso f regionali nfluenceo n the formation of Latin constant backdrop of seseoa nd yeismo.T he reasonsf or such AmericanS panish,d espited eepd ifferencess, haret he fundamental similaritiesa re not hard to discover:in and aroundL atin e-er-r.un postulatet hat the basesfo r AmericanS panishw eres olidifiedi n the 7'port cities social and linguistic contact with Andalusia and the sixteenthc entury,p erhapse veni n the first half of that century.T he canary Islandsp revailede, nsuringa phoneticr esemblancwe ith the 'Antilleanp eriod'from r4g3-r5r9i s frequentlyc ited( e.g.byB oyd- speecho f southern Spain. By the seventeenthc entury, ports in Bowman 1956;C atalilnt 958; Guitarte I98o; Rosenblatr y77: zo) northwesternS pain were also activelyp articipatingi n 6oit legal as having played a decisiver ole in the linguistic history of Latin and illicit commercew ith theA mericasb, ut theA ndalusiand omiia- America.D uring this period Spainc onsolidatedit s settlementos n 48 THE LINGUISTIC HERITAGE OF SPAIN ISOLATING THE .FORMATIVE PERIOD' OF AMERICAN SPANISH 49 Hispaniolaa nd cuba, and launchede xpeditionsto central and SpanishA merica is no different. The earliestc olonistsi n Santo fSirosut ethxA pmedeirtiiocans.St o a pnutoeD rtoom Riincgoo, wc uabsat h, eT p?oiniindta odf ,Jd aempaarictuar,De foa rr it6hne, aDcoqmuiinregdoa a snadv couirb faa icree rwtahiinclhy ewnajso yine dha ig mh edaesmuareno df a pmreosntgig nee,aw nedr the caribbeanc oasto f venezuelaa nd colombia,a nd the'yucatan arrivals,b ut their linguisticc ontribution was soon overshidowed (Rosenblartg 77:z o).c uba wast he launchingp lacef or expeditions by the plethorao f regionala nd sociald ialectsf rom all parts of the to the coasto f Mexico, while the first exploiationso f peiu began Iberian Peninsulaw hich arrived with each incoming ship. Even in the Dari6n. According to one line of thought, the Andaturlun sephardic spanish, physically and politically isolated fiom the influenceb ecamed ecisived uring the early decideso f the sixteenth speecho f Spain since the early sixteenthc entury, continued to century, when the Spanishs ettlementsin the New world were evolve, in many casesa rriving at the same general results as entirely sustainedb y maritime contact with Europe. successive mainstream dialects in spain and Latin America. No Latin arrivals who participated in exproration and settiemento f the Americand ialectw as evera s isolateda s SephardicS panish;t o the mainlandw ould, it is claimed,b ei mmersedin the prevailings peech contrary, with the exceptiono f tiny enclavesle ft in the wake of patternso f the American insular settlementsa, nb would-in turn frustratedc olonizinge fforts (e.g. in Trinidad and Louisiana),a ll carry this form of speechto coloniese stablishedo n the mainland. Spanishs ettlementsm aintainedc ontact with Europe, albeit'with Although spanisht rade with mainlandc oloniess oon bypassedth e varyingd egreeso f intensity. A'Anntdillaelsu,s eiaxnc-eApmt feorri capnu'r poseso f reprovisonment,t he seedso f spanishc ontinuedt o evolvei n Latin Americaw hethero r not in Spanishw ould have been sown (cf. also contactw ith Europeani nnovations.A ll dialectso f Latin American Lockharta nd Schwartzt g83:c hap.3 ). Spanisha cquiredm ost of the major linguistic innovationsw hich -li.v fihnrg othrgeaonryisj umsw t hsiucmh mwaasri z'ceodvn iceewivseL dai'tn in t Ahem feirrsict adnes cpidaensiso hfa tsh ae aonccdu srormedei nm Sorpea rienca et lnetPa estnu ipn stou ltahrpe h eenndo omf ethneaw s eerveea nltseoe trnatchne snfeturrreyd, sixteenthc entury,a nd which hasr emainedin deliblym arkedb y the to Latin America.A mong the pan-Hispanicc hangeso ccurringw ell first linguistici nfusions.A lthough the chronologicafl actso f Span- past the first century of Spanish-Americanc olonizationa r-et he ish settlementa re accurate,a s are demographiid etailsa bouf the following: earliesta rrivals,t he notion that Latin Ameiican Spanishi s to be representeads a ccretionsto an immobileb asem ust be challenged. (r) In 1492,S panishc ontaineds ix sibilants,v oiceda nd voiceless: _Nothingi n the-h istory of Spanish,o r of any other lanluage /s/ (ss)/,z l (s),l t"I (c),I d l (z), l3l (x),l i:l (g l1)I. sl andl zl were ,"'cwuht icohff hfarosm ev tohlev emdei ntr oopveorlistaenal sca onlgounaiegsew ,s iuthgoguets btsteh iantg t choem epaireliteesiyt ianpdiiccoaatilovento hlaatrl m,ik ee rcgoenrot ef mthpeo arlavreyco alasrft riliicaant i/vse/ .s aT nhde areffi rsi csaotmese, decadess hould have enjoyeds peciali mportance,e noughs o as to the precursoro f seseow, as alreadyb eginningi n Andalusia have stifled later_c hange or the continued absorpti6n of new by the end of the fifteenthc entury,b ut the changew as not featuresa rriving from abroad.u nited StatesE nglish,f or example, complete( catal6n rys6-il.In no spanishd ialecth ad devoic- reflectss uccessivaer rivalso f differentg roups,s p.akiogm any uuiir- ing of the voiced sibilantse ven begun.D evoicing,w hen it tieso f Fnglisha s well as other languagesr.n e Englistiof the Great did come, originated in extremen orthern spain, in rural Plainsh as beeni nfluencedb y generationso f Germana nd scanda- regionso f old castile.B y the middleo f the sixteenthc entury, vian speakersw, hile the English of chicago and Milwaukee has devoicing of sibilants was acceptedi n the New castilian not escapedb eing touchedb y polish. New york city Englishh as court at Toledo, but was not yet the nonn in Andalusia. undergonem anyr eincarnationsin, cludinga strongd oiage6 f south- sephardics panish,d islodgedf rom contact with peninsular ern.Irishs peechw, hile the southsrnu nited statd devel,opemd uch dialectsb y the early sixteenthc entury,h as mergedi sl and of its distinctive linguistic charactera s the result of Scots-Irish /t" /, / zl andI d l,but retainst hev oicingd istinctionI.n Latin daerrmivoaglsri anp thhiecs e triguhcttuereena tnhad n ldin ngiuniestteiceb nethhc aevnitouurrioe fs I.tn h ea ella craliseesstst ,he et- Aanmde Gricuaa,r eaanril vye Srpifay nthisahtb oSrpraonwiisnhgc soi nlotnoi sNtsas htuilal tml, aeiunetacihnuead tlersw ereo verriddenb y the speecho f later arrivals,a nd few if any the differencein voicing.w ithin Spain,d evoicingo f rz/ and parts of the united Statess peaka variety of Englishw hich bears / d /wasc ompleteb y thee ndo f thes ixteenthc entury( catalin the overwhelmingi mprint of its earliests ettlers.T he history of rg57), even in Andalusia. If Latin American Spinish had 50 THE LINGUISTIC HERITAGE OF SPAIN A CLOSER LOOK AT COLONIAL DEMOGRAPHTCS 5r Skshwreeiapebcpva iselteaih inp rvnoe.aetumscdal,ead a new t i Anxaitpepnhedpd rbc raldotoal uext vhs_imo ifcaiiacranyitsn.eeitmglliyyldt Ieph .ni sreasit nntsidndtda acu mAtdrieino,nLt dnigamba ttehleiunte aws A .sieAam wei nnaent islr dlsilo cee/c aavacnonnus pi dcrperl,iazid rni/n o -;igitdsinoi 'n, lAdisantimrs il amlep fprrruiepeccfeqaheaun rorece efiqnt dfitcreLl ovesafu m oa tsirn n etdh tdu Aesw u mdaitrishera o rtlpehiuclcenuat dr.sf aaoiH nlmf go rSaei wlrpifaeeearavri eenspan r,rw ,doc moehnp.izool eotuse stbnd e;s'tn hMuinuebagJ spro reaerrtqc nuLauiiannietbs.ininout,-ly In the New world and in westernA ndalusia,a ll the sibilantsf ell BuenosA ires,a nd Montevideoa ren oteworthye xceptions. togethert o lsl .In the remaindero f Spain,t he reflexo f lt,/-/d'l Latin American Spanishr emaineds ensitivet o linguistic develop- becamea n interdentalf ricative r0r. Alihough the strictly castilian mentsi n spain up to the end of the seventeentche ntury,w ith no innovation l0l never becamei mplanted ii any Latin American speciapl referencefo r the 'Antillean period.' Many regionsc ontin- rggion, spanish colonistso f the urban elite sornetimesu sed/,0 1 ued to absorb patterns from spain well beyono tt ii date, until during the latter colonialp eriod( Guitarte 1967,r 9n). so.Tr critical population was achieved,s peikit g a linguistically (z) As anotherp art of the generadl evoicingp roi.ir, Spanish/ s/ self-sufficiendti alectw hich lent more thanlt borr-owedf.r o simpl! 'critical and lLl mergedt o a voicelessfr icative,w hich latei velarized formula pinpoints periods' for a given dialect ,one 1'ci to lxl , with the changeb eingc ompleteb y the middle of the Guitarte r98of or lome generaild eas).A devilopings enseo f criilto seventeentche ntury( Lapesar ggo: 37il.Early borrowings identity came at different times to different regioirs.M any areas into Native Americanl anguageig ivJpioof tha /Ftl was stlll underwenmt assived emographica lterationsi n th'ee ighteenthn, ine- a prepalatal fricative during the firit century of Spanish teenth or early twentieth centuries,s ome of which exerciseda settlemenitn the New world, but it too followeot tte dialects moulding effect on regional Spanishd ialects.T o cite only a few of spain. The uvular castilian fricativef t] nevere mergedin examplesA, ntioquia colombia receivedl arge numberso i immi- Latin America (it appearst o be a subsequenitn novafon in grantsf rom northern Spainw ell beyondt he Jixteenthc entury,a nd northern Spain),b ut the variety of posteriorf ricativesw hich is one of the few areaso f Latin America wherea ,castiliun'-typ, represen/tx lin SpanishA mericai s not a simplet ransplanta- apicalA / is frequent.T he heavya nd long-lastingA frican prrr.'ni. tion of thew eakw esternA ndalusianl x/ > [hJ. in the Dominican Republic and parts of northivesternc blombia (3) PeninsularS panisha t the beginningo f the iiiteenth century ludge{ local speeche way from pan-Hispanicp atterns,a nd may retaineda n aspiration[ h] as the last remnanto f word-initial havep layeda _g reaterr ole than any guiding influencef rom Spain. lf-|. Although the aspiration is still found in some rural canary Island immigrantss urgedi nto the caribbean in the ninr- regionso f westernA ndalusia,i t hasd isappearefdr om castile teenth century, and the overwhelmingI talian immigration to and from Latin AmericanS panishe, xceptlors catteredle xical BuenosA ires and Montevideob eginningi n the last decideso f the itemsa mongm arginalizedru ral speakeis. nineteenthc entury has indisputa6lya ffectedR iver plate Spanish. (+) Nebrija's grammar of t49z and vald6s' Didlogo de la lengua Rural areaso f Latin Americat ook their linguiitic cuesf rom nearby 9f t5z9i ndicatet hat /b'A/ natinllder avn r weres till sepiratep^ Ahomneeriirceasn towns.A s colonial townsg rewi nto cities,t he speecho f n.*ro-.r', in spain during the period' of Latin wasi ncreasinglya bsorbedb y the prevailingt rends,e speciallyw hen settlementS. panishw ords taken into Native Americanl an- urban grown was gradual.T ownsw hich utrder*ent suddeng rowth guagesd uring the sixteenthc enturyr eflectt his difference.l bl spurtsw erem ore likely to yield someg round to linguistici nnova- and lvl subsequentlym ergedi n all peninsulara nd Latin tions.b rought by immigrants,w hethei from nrardy colonieso r Americand ialects. anotherc ontinent.A glimpsea t somec olonial demographictr ends (s) At the time of the first spanishs ettlementisn the Americas, will show the sort of environmentsin which an impJrteb finguistic the-formal pronouns usted and ustedesh ad not yet emerged. trait could flourisha nd displaceth e originalS panishh eritage. In Spain,t hesep ronounsd id not comei nto generalu ser intil the end of the seventeenthc entury; Latin Airerican spanish acquiredt he pronounsa t the samet ime. A closer look at colonial demographics (6) Aont eth aen oenthde oraf sth beo ftihft efoernmtha cl eanntdu fraym, yiolisaa rn pdro tnfi osutnills v,wi eidth w yitohs PEoxcrteopbtef olor ,aw fheicwh o wf ethree q euairclikelsyt ta obwannsds ouncehda in s Nthoem Sbprea ndies Dhc ioolso anniadl 52 THE LINGUISTIC HERITAGE OF SPAIN A CLOSER LOOK AT COLONIAL DEMOGRAPHICS 53 lsacrhgeemu reb,ta hne m hausbsse osMf. espiicaon icsihty c oislo tnhiea wl soorlcdierstly ah ragvees tce ivtyo;l vBeodgi ontt6o, plague.M adrid was approximatelyt wice the sizeo f Seville.B y the mcailrlaiocna sin, Shaabnittiaangtos,;B p uaennaomsaA ciiiteys,, Ganuda yLaimquai l,eH aaitvra unoaa, sMl osnetieevrai-l mthiadnd rle5 oo,fo tohoein sheavbeitnatnetesn,m thco emnetunrtya,r Piloyb toescio, Bmoinligvt ihae g larergwe tsotc mityo irne de.o,A capulco,s an Juan somewhatl eis;'caitagena,S anto Do- mspeatneiosrhicA .merica,a lthought his growth was as transitorya s it was '"tlsemcgImihntooxaeroi ctrnilrervSpuiageoirafpnloni l ta,ihagh,aS n _aih algnSal Qnainu,nnp dvSu i gsatsfeiheuuatnts oirvlilicee msvLso,i lv taehalfiieed ccd t p Phrii rofmaaeooaarhlloc eresa zucop scn,aneA sl tdtelsd hmmsc ,M.rTnau o e,oaot hnuad sn enctlnm tdhdi uaJn6 o amhig ontutm aut,tbsvii evasoieaelrea nirn rdoh r,aa d ieatnofec h f n wcsraiacduiii ctlngur izheithnclc,ht.cs E6ai h feto odibao c ocfiiic d azthriaahmi ,n-ocr pn Hatoasii ottibuusyrgywpa,en* iiM neuasmldv. r.c;a a biaf.tt*du; a - omTrlapo,,i* edcnGni iogo id -i;-haouui iL;hannlc uad'syi.e- hidthpsSnhauuaophoNrdbdpaauin so untobshigmlisniaaste ttlanbthhey ifsndro l edeeaawt.n s Pa e mod afi ntteafehse s nwnm pt lDuoaaa ohoapmit poeurloff eusaee nav l,tr wCdae shiPart riaertid saoy8ntdt,onh,nh 5 ar zae,eeoa ew mh sp. cn Tuhimorad unvihp'ceasecdruhfnje icirola rateneisrsnltfde l hti oyoPo f vupirr snmeae no.Dm rcte dpre riut aorofom,eir dsscrindptntue pa e yoogl hontverf irr ategtaet tthr,hrhorsi esbleewyihe do r harnyae atoede hrnossyl aattifeoedse rnp tna,,radoa ,o8lnayt ylhr,std o othseeo 5ofoot v b,cfaouoteteihbea tgoilyaelntohoel t, ,uLnryraabptfiiaunonl nAg a lnmiretelesyabr isec,tyat hrro aeenn sodrubnl oleltfyl lrf i^ome mfa.tA h jroseuri.rd saliepnl f megroeuigmcisrha tto ihtcfie o sa nhinnt ioft te setrh onnectai ccrld eiutyi iiierntiysna,.gm - iinrce s6*g ori oJlanrir nogre iatnhn eyt hc peeo nihnteut irdgyuht hrti eon fgp octhopeluo lPnaaitainolh animh sataodc r aryin (sJaealn 6t conoS nsuso6tmrrueecz 21t i59o,7no8b o)oo.Bo a,y mn td,h piena e nrn9adrm or,fa Matters weren ot alwaysa s they are today; the explosived emo- mcitilyli obno ianshtaebdmi taonrets th.an 46,ooor esidentsT. oday it hasm oret han a graphicg rowth that has turned former colonialc entris into imper- At the beginningo f the seventeentche ntury,C aracash ad some wf(:oocerf:.4 r SLe,ua ainrt bitcnihan eAny z mfA rsaelpbcrroitaciroawnnno ls d ozh i fara tylshe7 _oc4ect)sci.wDrp u reurerrrseeined ligwni d ttish, t hiezti hetniem, a t hmneed *a i prmjonaro s cdtt icehtieleesn fso ot afuu nlrnayddn o tagorituw.iroasnngsse Tb5r7eoo7gdooia wn,y thnhi tiitnsee g pto ro oeft ptsahuilde lpae notniinpotseuno tli uaset tea ioonlmfnt hc aoh e satntodt htt ruarirsel yeoeC mnf a tsirollali igonchanets.ahly ral myd o r49rze,,oo tohooaoi,nn a hn3ad,ob boiytoa t.nBh tyes. wctciehThna.i.ctniu hgtrh seieeow s mShM.p eicaothinrm eaisoerhevsrc ee oudrlno,ut thncheieien pdstkwo h ap-ebeu pirleeoaat ptfoifuodlilcnaadt yteii owddwn eno irotefht a v ae iglpawiibvdaleeeynm soa i npirccteisaroae nnb aasys p ihenurua ".;iilof;u ;o*e,, mtthooetQar teulo ht itthaaoadl inp nr ooi snrpeyeun7m lt a9oit hl ilooaionndn lw ya.a p3sp6 ar,ooroxouiomn,a adnt 5deo lby,2yo 5 oth,ooe.Io t esora ecrsulyird trweenentnt sptI.ione p thurc8 lae5tn7iot,u tnhri sye, sapmLoreaormrtirivinoeear d. le AAsa p mcssro leeoausrn liredcgen a a"stnTsua r tcltwrtii,vtt s poieeoo s csmppe,eu naegltnc aucidttrhii iopeet.hn assfe teT.itg exlciuperorne ernserss,ilce .eainqnticu vebeednelny o sit s i mkeneeaetnltill bs groiyrzoo e.wdoo ntfth hcsa oiootlv ornernierni awatl mt1o7atTa4thel4 epl,ya o pd tp oo6upu9luba,olltaeiootdionbo in o yn f to lh8afe rrS3o eu ananndndt oid a9f agothto, oe9,C o n8hoi,anoi lseeo lt,oae iwn teea n1 sat8 hsec3 se15tn8im.Lt3 ui6amr,ytw ea.Th d,ha iP ceteh zt raw8upe,,hop noartoiodexi natih- centuryh as seenL ima grow from a city of zoo,oootoa metropolis obpboricluniagncraidtpat foaogrlre yp n sPoatreot dr pueoo, frA v neecdnrai tafprosyu1 wlf cosaorhs o iw,pr f hsotf agri etom iipsnu[ gincl ihotpo wpo if pnc ateohnsleoa. mAcmotba liot,ah wn,e iiaat bhsl .p gwseite;r ifilpfoli m;ad;is,e t anhnle, ldoaefr Amngtteo sstr,ht eam e tnhe dtati mrndo u5epr moionlfiigl slii ,nwot hdnaee rs ep chseooinldmodeneeni nattoscl .pesMe,c reaioxrcidce oiltys Cm piotoyre,p uttohladatanioy rn ot hwoe,ao wso moorr ueldcs'his- Trthehepe se peaovtpeeudnpl taiertaeiotnent carh oet tsnaetccu korsyn,,cts haideret paroagpbeulnydlaa uh traiiondng s o tbhfm aceta c2 ret,a5-ngoteoufn rreaybea , ui tn tti hra"ebrr ibt"a*ei;grtgsin.l GsmuBaaunleleanrjuo.A astA t oti3hr e5es, so,a oomonM,ee p 6oorf iidnthat,e 3v olea,roragoceorasu tnzc d hitZaieadsc p oaeft rehLcaaaptzsisn6 5 ,,Aooomoooe.r reicsaid, heandts, asf$rlnneateevs.i e,n o hsh.Ba.fa !vyhbi.:niw tgaea nilygoto shsfp,tt c elauoelsmmn atpohncas eutr inanstsdou enmiyis,ea aerngvmyiali liinennet rhdeebe aaunrcth l hliaaeerdrdg da- ese lno c6umawmdeg oeb ofsie ,h osrro ooofmou iAn gefhh,r lai sctbiahointe- edtliotaet lwnre8tn h7m oc ,oofe rocneoot util;hon rayn r.ni8Ta 92hl i5onet, d choeioetpyo feir ghenuasdrdiede onhe cnaneltdBys.i ey n 4x ortp8h,lo6eoo9 dfio,en tr hedateos l di p6deo5ecponau,tdlosiane ot siooaol 8f nn rtdh ohb a,e yda e rtrii g9sthhre4ten-