¥r(cid:134) Caitanya-carit(cid:129)m(cid:148)ta (cid:154)di-l(cid:134)l(cid:129) Table of Contents Preface There is no difference between the teachings of Lord Caitanya presented here and the teachings of Lord K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a in the Bhagavad-g(cid:134)t(cid:129). The teachings of Lord Caitanya are practical demonstrations of Lord K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a’s teachings. Lord K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a’s ultimate instruction in the Bhagavad-g(cid:134)t(cid:129) is that everyone should surrender unto Him, Lord K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a. K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a promises to take immediate charge of such a surrendered soul. The Lord, the Supreme Personality of Godhead, is already in charge of the maintenance of this creation by virtue of His plenary expansion, K£(cid:134)rodaka⁄(cid:129)y(cid:134) Vi£(cid:139)u, but this maintenance is not direct. However, when the Lord says that He takes charge of His pure devotee, He actually takes direct charge. A pure devotee is a soul who is forever surrendered to the Lord, just as a child is surrendered to his parents or an animal to its master. In the surrendering process, one should: (1) accept things favorable for discharging devotional service, (2) reject things unfavorable, (3) believe firmly in the Lord’s protection, (4) feel exclusively dependent on the mercy of the Lord, (5) have no interest separate from the interest of the Lord, and (6) always feel oneself meek and humble. The Lord demands that one surrender unto Him by following these six guidelines, but the unintelligent so-called scholars of the world misunderstand these demands and urge the general mass of people to reject them. At the conclusion of the Ninth Chapter of the Bhagavad-g(cid:134)t(cid:129), Lord K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a directly says, "Engage your mind always in thinking of Me, become My devotee, offer obeisances to Me, and worship Me. Being completely absorbed in Me, surely you will come to Me." (Bg. 9.34) However, the scholarly demons misguide the masses of people by directing them to the impersonal, unmanifest, eternal, unborn truth rather than the Personality of Godhead. The impersonalist M(cid:129)y(cid:129)v(cid:129)d(cid:134) philosophers do not accept that the ultimate aspect of the Absolute Truth is the Supreme Personality of Godhead. If one desires to understand the sun as it is, one must first face the sunshine and then the sun globe, and after entering into that globe, one may come face to face with the predominating deity of the sun. Due to a poor fund of knowledge, the M(cid:129)y(cid:129)v(cid:129)d(cid:134) philosophers cannot go beyond the Brahman effulgence, which may be compared to the sunshine. The Upani£ads confirm that one has to penetrate the dazzling effulgence of Brahman before one can see the real face of the Personality of Godhead. Lord Caitanya therefore teaches direct worship of Lord K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a, who appeared as the foster child of the King of Vraja. He also suggests that the place known as V(cid:148)nd(cid:129)vana is as good as Lord K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a because there is no difference between the name, quality, form, pastimes, entourage and paraphernalia of Lord K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a and Lord K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a Himself. That is the absolute nature of the Absolute Truth. Lord Caitanya also recommended that the highest mode of worship in the highest perfectional stage is the method practiced by the damsels of Vraja. These damsels (gop(cid:134)s, or cowherd girls) simply loved K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a without a motive for material or spiritual gain. Lord Caitanya also recommended ¥r(cid:134)mad- Bh(cid:129)gavatam as the spotless narration of transcendental knowledge, and He pointed out that the highest goal in human life is to develop unalloyed love for K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a, the Supreme Personality of Godhead. 1 Lord Caitanya’s teachings are identical to those given by Lord Kapila, the original propounder of s(cid:129)(cid:141)khya-yoga, the s(cid:129)(cid:141)khya system of philosophy. This authorized system of yoga recommends meditation on the transcendental form of the Lord. There is no question of meditating on something void or impersonal. One can meditate on the transcendental form of Lord Vi£(cid:139)u even without practicing involved sitting postures. Such meditation is called perfect sam(cid:129)dhi. This perfect sam(cid:129)dhi is verified at the end of the Sixth Chapter of the Bhagavad-g(cid:134)t(cid:129), where Lord K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a says, "And of all yog(cid:134)s, the one with great faith who always abides in Me, thinks of Me within himself, and renders transcendental loving service to Me--he is the most intimately united with Me in yoga and is the highest of all. That is My opinion." (Bg. 6.47) Lord Caitanya instructed the mass of people in the s(cid:129)(cid:141)khya philosophy of acintya-bhed(cid:129)bheda-tattva, which maintains that the Supreme Lord is simultaneously one with and different from His creation. Lord Caitanya taught this philosophy through the chanting of the holy name of the Lord. He taught that the holy name of the Lord is the sound incarnation of the Lord and that since the Lord is the absolute whole, there is no difference between His holy name and His transcendental form. Thus by chanting the holy name of the Lord one can directly associate with the Supreme Lord by sound vibration. As one practices this sound vibration, one passes through three stages of development: the offensive stage, the clearing stage and the transcendental stage. In the offensive stage one may desire all kinds of material happiness, but in the second stage one becomes clear of all material contamination. When one is situated on the transcendental stage, one attains the most coveted position--the stage of loving God. Lord Caitanya taught that this is the highest stage of perfection for human beings. Yoga practice is essentially meant for controlling the senses. The central controlling factor of all the senses is the mind; therefore one first has to practice controlling the mind by engaging it in K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a consciousness. The gross activities of the mind are expressed through the external senses, either for the acquiring of knowledge or for the functioning of the senses in accordance with the will. The subtle activities of the mind are thinking, feeling and willing. Depending on one’s consciousness, the individual is either polluted or clear. If one’s mind is fixed on K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a (His name, quality, form, pastimes, entourage and paraphernalia), all one’s activities--both subtle and gross-- become favorable. The Bhagavad-g(cid:134)t(cid:129)’s process of purifying consciousness is the process of fixing one’s mind on K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a by talking of His transcendental activities, cleansing His temple, going to His temple, seeing the beautiful transcendental form of the Lord nicely decorated, hearing His transcendental glories, tasting food offered to Him, associating with His devotees, smelling the flowers and Tulas(cid:134) leaves offered Him, engaging in activities for the Lord’s interest, etc. No one can bring the activities of the mind and senses to a stop, but one can purify these activities through a change in consciousness. This change is indicated in the Bhagavad-g(cid:134)t(cid:129) when K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a tells Arjuna of the knowledge of yoga whereby one can work without fruitive results: "O son of P(cid:148)th(cid:129), when you act in such knowledge you can free yourself from the bondage of works." (Bg. 2.39) A human being is sometimes restricted in sense gratification due to certain circumstances, such as disease, but this is not the prescription for giving up sense gratification. Without knowing the actual process by which the mind and senses can be controlled, less intelligent men either try to stop the mind and senses by force, or they give in to them and are carried away by the waves of sense gratification. The regulative principles and rules of yoga--the various sitting postures and breathing exercises performed in an attempt to withdraw one’s senses from the sense objects--are methods meant for those who are too much engrossed in 2 the bodily conception of life. The intelligent man who is situated in K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a consciousness does not try to forcibly stop his senses from acting. Rather, he engages his senses in the service of K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a. No one can stop a child from playing by leaving him inactive. A child can be stopped from engaging in nonsense by being engaged in superior activities. The forceful restraint of sense activities by the eight principles of yoga is recommended for inferior men. Being engaged in the superior activities of K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a consciousness, superior men naturally retire from the inferior activities of material existence. In this way Lord Caitanya teaches the science of K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a consciousness. That science is absolute. Dry mental speculators try to restrain themselves from material attachment, but it is generally found that the mind is too strong to be controlled and that it drags them down to sensual activities. A person in K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a consciousness does not run this risk. One has to engage one’s mind and senses in K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a conscious activities, and Lord Caitanya teaches one how to do this in practice. Before accepting sanny(cid:129)sa (the renounced order), Lord Caitanya was known as Vi⁄vambhara. The word vi⁄vambhara refers to one who maintains the entire universe and who leads all living entities. This maintainer and leader appeared as Lord Sri K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a Caitanya to give humanity these sublime teachings. Lord Caitanya is the ideal teacher of life’s prime necessities. He is the most munificent bestower of love of K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a. He is the complete reservoir of all mercies and good fortune. As confirmed in ¥r(cid:134)mad- Bh(cid:129)gavatam, the Bhagavad-g(cid:134)t(cid:129), the Mah(cid:129)bh(cid:129)rata, and the Upani£ads, K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a is the Supreme Personality of Godhead Himself and is worshipable by everyone in this age of disagreement. Everyone can join in His sa(cid:141)k(cid:134)rtana movement. No previous qualification is necessary. Just by following His teachings, anyone can become a perfect human being. If a person is fortunate enough to be attracted by Lord Caitanya’s features, he is sure to be successful in his life’s mission. In other words, those who are interested in attaining spiritual existence can easily be released from the clutches of m(cid:129)y(cid:129) by the grace of Lord Caitanya. The teachings presented in this book are nondifferent from the Lord. Engrossed in the material body, the conditioned soul increases the pages of history by all kinds of material activities. The teachings of Lord Caitanya can help human society stop such unnecessary and temporary activities. By these teachings, humanity can be elevated to the topmost platform of spiritual activity. These spiritual activities actually begin after liberation from material bondage. Such liberated activities in K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a consciousness constitute the goal of human perfection. The false prestige one acquires by attempting to dominate material nature is illusory. Illuminating knowledge can be acquired from the teachings of Lord Caitanya, and by such knowledge one can advance in spiritual existence. Everyone has to suffer or enjoy the fruits of his activity; no one can check the laws of material nature that govern such things. As long as one is engaged in fruitive activity, one is sure to be baffled in the attempt to attain the ultimate goal of life. I sincerely hope that by understanding the teachings of Lord Caitanya, human society will experience a new light of spiritual life, which will open the field of activity for the pure soul. o(cid:137) tat sat A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami March 14, 1968 The Birthday of Lord Caitanya ¥r(cid:134) ¥r(cid:134) R(cid:129)dh(cid:129)-K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a Temple New York, N.Y. 3 Introduction (Originally delivered as five morning lectures on the Caitanya-carit(cid:129)m(cid:148)ta-- the authoritative biography of Lord Caitanya Mah(cid:129)prabhu by K(cid:148)£(cid:139)ad(cid:129)sa Kavir(cid:129)ja Gosv(cid:129)m(cid:134)--before the International Society for Krishna Consciousness, New York City, April 10-14, 1967.) The word caitanya means "living force." As living entities, we can move, but a table cannot because it does not possess living force. Movement and activity may be considered signs or symptoms of the living force. Indeed, it may be said that there can be no activity without the living force. Although the living force is present in the material condition, it is not am(cid:148)ta, immortal. The words caitanya-carit(cid:129)m(cid:148)ta, then, may be translated as "the character of the living force in immortality." But how is this living force displayed immortally? It is not displayed by man or any other creature in this material universe, for none of us are immortal in these bodies. We possess the living force, we perform activities, and we are immortal by our nature and constitution, but the material condition into which we have been put does not allow our immortality to be displayed. It is stated in the Ka(cid:224)ha Upani£ad that eternality and the living force belong both to ourselves and God. Although this is true in that both God and ourselves are immortal, there is a difference. As living entities, we perform many activities, but we have a tendency to fall down into material nature. God has no such tendency. Being all-powerful, He never comes under the control of material nature. Indeed, material nature is but one display of His inconceivable energies. From the ground we may see only clouds in the sky, but if we fly above the clouds we can see the sun shining. From the sky, skyscrapers and cities seem very tiny; similarly, from God’s position this entire material creation is insignificant. The tendency of the conditioned living entity is to come down from the heights, where everything can be seen in perspective. God, however, does not have this tendency. The Supreme Lord is not subject to fall down into illusion (m(cid:129)y(cid:129)), any more than the sun is subject to fall beneath the clouds. Because the Supreme Lord is not subject to illusion, He is unconditioned; because we, as finite living entities, are prone to fall into illusion, we are called conditioned. Impersonalist philosophers (M(cid:129)y(cid:129)v(cid:129)d(cid:134)s) maintain that both the living entity and God Himself are under the control of m(cid:129)y(cid:129) when they come into this material world. This may be true of the living entity, but it is not true of God, for in all instances the material energy is working under His direction. Those who think the Supreme Lord is subject to material conditioning are called fools by K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a Himself in the Bhagavad-g(cid:134)t(cid:129) (9.11): avaj(cid:129)nanti m(cid:129)(cid:137) mª(cid:130)h(cid:129) m(cid:129)nu£(cid:134)(cid:137) tanum (cid:129)⁄ritam para(cid:137) bh(cid:129)vam aj(cid:129)nanto mama bhªta-mahe⁄varam "Fools deride Me when I descend in the human form. They do not know My transcendental nature as the Supreme Lord of all that be." (Bg. 9.11) Lord Caitanya Mah(cid:129)prabhu should not be considered one of us. He is K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a Himself, the supreme living entity, and as such He never comes under the cloud of m(cid:129)y(cid:129). K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a, His expansions and even His higher devotees never fall into the clutches of illusion. Lord Caitanya came to earth simply to preach k(cid:148)£(cid:139)a- bhakti, love of K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a. In other words, He is Lord K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a Himself teaching the living entities the proper way to approach K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a. He is like a teacher who, seeing a student doing poorly, takes up a pencil and writes, saying, "Do it 4 like this: A, B, C." From this one would not foolishly think that the teacher is learning his ABC’s. Similarly, although Lord Caitanya appears in the guise of a devotee, we should not foolishly think He is an ordinary human being; we should always remember that Lord Caitanya is K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a (God) Himself teaching us how to become K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a conscious, and we must study Him in that light. In the Bhagavad-g(cid:134)t(cid:129) (18.66) Lord K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a sets forth the highest religious principle in this way: sarva-dharm(cid:129)n parityajya m(cid:129)m eka(cid:137) ⁄ara(cid:139)a(cid:137) vraja aha(cid:137) tv(cid:129)(cid:137) sarva-p(cid:129)pebhyo mok£ayi£y(cid:129)mi m(cid:129) ⁄uca(cid:132) "Abandon all varieties of religion and just surrender unto Me. I shall deliver you from all sinful reactions. Do not fear." This may seem to be a simple instruction to follow, but invariably our reaction is, "Oh, surrender? Give up? But I have so many responsibilities." And m(cid:129)y(cid:129), illusion, says to us, "Don’t do it, or you’ll be out of my clutches. Just stay in my clutches, and I’ll kick you." It is a fact that we are constantly being kicked by m(cid:129)y(cid:129), just as the male ass is kicked in the face by the she-ass when he comes for sex. Similarly, cats and dogs are always fighting and whining when they have sex. These are the tricks of nature. Even an elephant in the jungle is caught by the use of a trained she-elephant who leads him into a pit. M(cid:129)y(cid:129) has many activities, and in the material world her strongest shackle is the female. Of course, in actuality we are neither male nor female, for these designations refer only to the outer dress, the body. We are all actually K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a’s servants. In conditioned life, however, we are shackled by iron chains in the form of beautiful women. Thus every male is bound by sex life, and therefore when one attempts to gain liberation from the material clutches, one must first learn to control the sex urge. Unrestricted sex puts one fully in the clutches of illusion. Lord Caitanya Mah(cid:129)prabhu officially renounced this illusion at the age of twenty-four, although His wife was sixteen and His mother seventy and He was the only male member of the family. Although He was a br(cid:129)hma(cid:139)a and was not rich, He took sanny(cid:129)sa, the renounced order of life, and thus extricated Himself from family entanglement. If we wish to become fully K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a conscious, we have to give up the shackles of m(cid:129)y(cid:129). Or, if we remain with M(cid:129)y(cid:129), we should live in such a way that we will not be subject to illusion. It is not necessary for a man to abandon his family, for there were many householders among Lord Caitanya’s closest devotees. What must be renounced is the propensity for material enjoyment. Although Lord Caitanya approved of a householder having regulated sex in marriage, He was very strict with those in the renounced order, and He even banished Junior Harid(cid:129)sa for glancing lustfully at a woman. The point is that one must take up a particular path and stick to it, obeying all the rules and regulations necessary for success in spiritual life. Lord Caitanya’s mission was to teach the path of K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a consciousness to all men and thereby enable them to partake of the immortality of spiritual life. From the Caitanya-carit(cid:129)m(cid:148)ta we learn how Lord Caitanya taught people to become immortal, and thus the title may be properly translated as "the immortal character of the living force." The supreme living force is the Supreme Personality of Godhead. He is also the supreme entity. There are innumerable living entities, and all of them are individuals. This is very easy to understand: We are all individual in thought and desires, and the Supreme Lord is also an individual person. He is different, though, in that He 5 is the leader, the one whom no one can excel. Among the minute living entities, one being can excel another in one capacity or another. Like each of these living entities, the Lord is an individual, but He is different in that He is the supreme individual. God is also infallible, and in the Bhagavad-g(cid:134)t(cid:129) He is addressed as Acyuta, which means "He who never falls down." This name is indicated because in the Bhagavad-g(cid:134)t(cid:129) Arjuna had fallen into delusion but K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a had not. We often hear it said that God is infallible, and in the Bhagavad-g(cid:134)t(cid:129) (14.19) K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a states, n(cid:129)nya(cid:137) gu(cid:139)ebhya(cid:132) kart(cid:129)ra(cid:137) yad(cid:129) dra£(cid:224)(cid:129)nupa⁄yati gu(cid:139)ebhya⁄ ca para(cid:137) vetti mad-bh(cid:129)va(cid:137) so ’dhigacchati "When a person properly sees that in all activities no other performer is at work than these modes of nature and he knows the Supreme Lord, who is transcendental to all these modes, he attains My spiritual nature." (Bg. 14.19) Thus we should not think that K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a is overpowered by the material potency when He is in the material world. K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a and His incarnations are not under the control of material nature. They are totally free. Indeed, in ¥r(cid:134)mad- Bh(cid:129)gavatam one who has a godly nature is actually defined as one who is not affected by the modes of material nature, although in material nature. If even a devotee can attain this freedom, then what to speak of the Supreme? The real question is, How can we remain unpolluted by material contamination while in the material world? It was Rªpa Gosv(cid:129)m(cid:134) who explained that we can remain uncontaminated while in the world if we simply make it our ambition to serve K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a. One may then justifiably ask, "How can I serve?" Obviously this is not simply a matter of meditation, which is just an activity of the mind, but of practical work. Love of K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a’s service can be attained only by working for K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a. In such work, we should leave no resource unused. Whatever is there, whatever we have, should be used for K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a. We can use everything: typewriters, automobiles, airplanes, missiles--anything. If we simply speak to people about K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a consciousness, we are also rendering service. If our minds, senses, speech, money and energies are thus engaged in the service of K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a, we cannot be considered to exist in material nature. By virtue of spiritual consciousness, or K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a consciousness, we transcend the platform of material nature. It is a fact that K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a, His expansions and His devotees--that is, those who work for Him--are not in material nature, although people with a poor fund of knowledge think that they are. The Caitanya-carit(cid:129)m(cid:148)ta teaches that the spirit soul is immortal and that our activities in the spiritual world are also immortal. The M(cid:129)y(cid:129)v(cid:129)d(cid:134)s, who hold to the view that the Absolute is impersonal and formless, contend that a realized soul has no need to talk. However, the Vai£(cid:139)avas, who are devotees of K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a, contend that when one reaches the stage of realization, he really begins to talk. "Previously we only talked of nonsense," the Vai£(cid:139)ava says. "Now let us begin our real talks, talks of K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a." The M(cid:129)y(cid:129)v(cid:129)d(cid:134)s are also fond of using the example of the waterpot, maintaining that when a pot is not filled with water it makes a sound, but that when it is filled it makes no sound. But are we waterpots? How can we be compared to them? A good analogy utilizes as many similarities between two objects as possible. A waterpot is not an active living force, but we are. Ever-silent meditation may be adequate for a waterpot, but not for us. Indeed, when a devotee realizes how much he has to say about K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a, twenty-four hours in a day are not sufficient. It is the fool who is celebrated as long as he does not speak, for when he breaks 6 his silence his lack of knowledge is exposed. The Caitanya-carit(cid:129)m(cid:148)ta shows that there are many wonderful things to discover by glorifying the Supreme. In the beginning of the Caitanya-carit(cid:129)m(cid:148)ta, K(cid:148)£(cid:139)ad(cid:129)sa Kavir(cid:129)ja Gosv(cid:129)m(cid:134) writes, "I offer my respects to my spiritual masters." He uses the plural here to indicate the disciplic succession. It is not that he offers obeisances to his spiritual master alone but to the whole parampar(cid:129), the chain of disciplic succession beginning with Lord K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a Himself. Thus the guru is addressed in the plural to show the author’s highest respect for all the Vai£(cid:139)avas. After offering obeisances to the disciplic succession, the author pays obeisances to all other devotees, Godbrothers, the expansions of Godhead and the first manifestation of K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a’s energy. Lord Caitanya Mah(cid:129)prabhu (sometimes called K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a Caitanya) is the embodiment of all of these; He is God, guru, devotee and the expansion of God. As His associate Nity(cid:129)nanda, He is the first manifestation of energy; as Advaita, He is an incarnation; as Gad(cid:129)dhara, He is the internal potency; and as ¥r(cid:134)v(cid:129)sa, He is the marginal living entity. Thus K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a should not be thought of as being alone but should be considered as eternally existing with all His manifestations, as described by R(cid:129)m(cid:129)nuj(cid:129)c(cid:129)rya. In the Vi⁄i£(cid:224)(cid:129)dvaita philosophy, God’s energies, expansions and incarnations are considered to be oneness in diversity. In other words, God is not separate from all of these; everything together is God. Actually, the Caitanya-carit(cid:129)m(cid:148)ta is not intended for the novice, for it is the postgraduate study of spiritual knowledge. Ideally, one begins with the Bhagavad-g(cid:134)t(cid:129) and advances through ¥r(cid:134)mad-Bh(cid:129)gavatam to the Caitanya- carit(cid:129)m(cid:148)ta. Although all these great scriptures are on the same absolute level, for the sake of comparative study the Caitanya-carit(cid:129)m(cid:148)ta is considered to be on the highest platform. Every verse in it is perfectly composed. Indeed, Lord Caitanya and Lord Nity(cid:129)nanda are compared to the sun and the moon in that They dissipate the darkness of the material world. In this instance both the sun and the moon have risen together, and it is proper to offer obeisances directly to Lord Caitanya and Lord Nity(cid:129)nanda. In the Western world, where the glories of Lord Caitanya are relatively unknown, one may inquire, "Who is K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a Caitanya?" The scriptural conclusion in answer to that question is that He is the Supreme Personality of Godhead. Generally, in the Upani£ads the Supreme Absolute Truth is described in an impersonal way, but the personal aspect of the Absolute Truth is mentioned in the (cid:143)⁄opani£ad, where, after a description of the all-pervading, we find the following verse: hira(cid:139)mayena p(cid:129)tre(cid:139)a satyasy(cid:129)pihita(cid:137) mukham tat tva(cid:137) pª£ann ap(cid:129)v(cid:148)(cid:139)u satya-dharm(cid:129)ya d(cid:148)£(cid:224)aye "O my Lord, sustainer of all that lives, Your real face is covered by Your dazzling effulgence. Kindly remove that covering and exhibit Yourself to Your pure devotee." (¥r(cid:134) (cid:143)⁄opani£ad 15) The impersonalists do not have the power to go beyond the effulgence of God and arrive at the personality from whom this effulgence is emanating. At the end of the (cid:143)⁄opani£ad, however, there is a hymn to the Personality of Godhead. It is not that the impersonal Brahman is denied; it is also described, but that Brahman is considered to be the glaring effulgence of the body of Lord Caitanya. In other words, ¥r(cid:134) K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a Caitanya is the basis of the impersonal Brahman. It is also stated by K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a in the Bhagavad-g(cid:134)t(cid:129) (14.27) that the impersonal Brahman rests on Him: brahma(cid:139)o hi prati£(cid:224)h(cid:129)ham. The Param(cid:129)tm(cid:129), or Supersoul, who is present within the heart of every living entity and within 7 every atom of the universe, is but the partial representation of Lord Caitanya. ¥r(cid:134) K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a Caitanya is therefore the basis of Brahman and the Supreme Personality of Godhead as well. As the Supreme He is full in six opulences: wealth, fame, strength, beauty, knowledge and renunciation. In short, we should know that He is K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a, God, and that nothing is equal to or greater than Him. There is nothing superior to be conceived. He is the Supreme Person. It was Rªpa Gosv(cid:129)m(cid:134), a confidential devotee taught for more than ten days continuously by Lord Caitanya, who wrote: namo mah(cid:129)-vad(cid:129)ny(cid:129)ya k(cid:148)£(cid:139)a-prema-prad(cid:129)ya te k(cid:148)£(cid:139)(cid:129)ya k(cid:148)£(cid:139)a-caitanya- n(cid:129)mne gaura-tvi£e nama(cid:132) "I offer my respectful obeisances unto the Supreme Lord ¥r(cid:134) K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a Caitanya, who is more magnanimous than any other avat(cid:129)ra, even K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a Himself, because He is bestowing freely what no one else has ever given--pure love of K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a." It is not that Lord Caitanya teaches a long and elaborate path to God realization. He is completely spiritual, and He begins from the point of surrender to K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a. He does not pursue the paths of karma-yoga or j(cid:145)(cid:129)na-yoga or ha(cid:224)ha-yoga but begins at the end of material existence, at the point where one gives up all material attachment. In the Bhagavad-g(cid:134)t(cid:129) K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a begins His teachings by distinguishing the soul from matter, and in the Eighteenth Chapter He concludes at the point where the soul surrenders to Him in devotion. The M(cid:129)y(cid:129)v(cid:129)d(cid:134)s would have all talk cease there, but at that point the real discussion only begins. It is the Ved(cid:129)nta-sªtra which begins, ath(cid:129)to brahma-jij(cid:145)(cid:129)s(cid:129): "Now let us begin to inquire about the Supreme Absolute Truth." Rªpa Gosv(cid:129)m(cid:134) thus praises Lord Caitanya as the most munificent incarnation of all, for He gives the greatest gift by indicating the highest form of devotional service. In other words, He answers the most important inquiries that anyone can make. There are different stages of devotional service and God realization. Strictly speaking, anyone who accepts the existence of God is situated in devotional service. To acknowledge that God is great is something, but not much. Lord Caitanya, preaching as an (cid:129)c(cid:129)rya, a great teacher, taught that we can enter into a relationship with God and actually become God’s friend. In the Bhagavad-g(cid:134)t(cid:129) K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a showed Arjuna His universal form because Arjuna was His "very dear friend." Upon seeing K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a as the Lord of the universes, however, Arjuna actually asked K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a to forgive the familiarity of his friendship. Lord Caitanya goes beyond this point. Through Lord Caitanya we can become friends with K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a, and there is no limit to this friendship. We can become friends of K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a not in awe or adoration but in complete freedom. We can even relate to God as His father. This is not only the philosophy of the Caitanya-carit(cid:129)m(cid:148)ta but of ¥r(cid:134)mad-Bh(cid:129)gavatam as well. There are no other scriptures in the world in which God is treated as the son of a devotee. Usually God is seen as the almighty father who supplies the demands of His sons. The great devotees, however, sometimes treat God as a son in their execution of devotional service. The son demands, and the father supplies, and in supplying K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a the devotee becomes like a father. Instead of taking from God, we give to God. It was in this relationship that K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a’s mother, Ya⁄od(cid:129), told the Lord, "Here, eat this or You’ll die. Eat nicely." In this way K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a, although the proprietor of everything, depends on the mercy of His devotee. This is a uniquely high level of friendship, in which the devotee actually believes himself to be the father of K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a. 8 However, Lord Caitanya’s greatest gift was His teaching that K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a can be actually treated as one’s lover. In this relationship the Lord is so much attached that He expresses His inability to reciprocate. K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a was so obliged to the gop(cid:134)s, the cowherd girls of V(cid:148)nd(cid:129)vana, that He felt unable to return their love. "I cannot repay your love," He told them. "I have no more assets to return." Thus devotional service is performed on this excellent platform, and knowledge of the devotee’s relationship to K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a as lover and beloved was given by Caitanya Mah(cid:129)prabhu. Therefore Rªpa Gosv(cid:129)m(cid:134) wrote of Lord Caitanya: "Devotional service in the relationship of lover and beloved is the highest platform, the glorious platform Lord Caitanya has contributed, and it was never given by any previous incarnation or (cid:129)c(cid:129)rya. Lord Caitanya is K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a in a yellow complexion, and He is ¥ac(cid:134)nandana, the son of mother ¥ac(cid:134). May you always keep Him in your hearts. It will be easy to understand K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a through Him." Thus Caitanya Mah(cid:129)prabhu came to deliver K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a. His method of deliverance was not meditation, fruitive activities or scriptural study, but love. We have often heard the phrase "love of Godhead." How far this love of Godhead can actually be developed can be learned from the Vai£(cid:139)ava philosophy. Theoretical knowledge of love of God can be found in many places and in many scriptures, but what that love of Godhead actually is and how it is developed can be found in Vai£(cid:139)ava literature. It is the unique and highest development of love of God that is given by Caitanya Mah(cid:129)prabhu. Even in this material world we can have a little sense of love. How is this possible? It is due to the love which is found in the Godhead. Whatever we find within our experience within this conditioned life is situated in the Supreme Lord, who is the ultimate source of everything. In our original relationship with the Supreme Lord there is real love, and that love is reflected pervertedly through material conditions. Our real love is continuous and unending, but because that love is reflected pervertedly in this material world, it lacks continuity and is inebriating. If we want real, transcendental love, we have to transfer our love to the supreme lovable object--the Supreme Personality of Godhead. This is the basic principle of K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a consciousness. In material consciousness we are trying to love that which is not at all lovable. We give our love to dogs and cats, running the risk that at the time of death we may think of them and consequently take birth in a family of cats or dogs. Thus love that does not have K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a as its object leads downward. It is not that K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a, or God, is something obscure or something that only a few chosen people can attain. Caitanya Mah(cid:129)prabhu informs us that in every country and in every scripture there is some hint of love of Godhead. Unfortunately, no one knows what love of Godhead actually is. The Vedic scriptures, however, are different in that they can direct the individual in the proper way to love God. Other scriptures do not give information on how one can love God, nor do they actually define or describe what or who the Godhead actually is. Although they officially promote love of Godhead, they have no idea how to execute it. But Caitanya Mah(cid:129)prabhu gives a practical demonstration of how to love God in a conjugal relationship. Taking the part of ¥r(cid:134)mat(cid:134) R(cid:129)dh(cid:129)r(cid:129)(cid:139)(cid:134), Caitanya Mah(cid:129)prabhu tried to love K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a as R(cid:129)dh(cid:129)r(cid:129)(cid:139)(cid:134) loved Him. K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a was always amazed by R(cid:129)dh(cid:129)r(cid:129)(cid:139)(cid:134)’s love. "How does R(cid:129)dh(cid:129)r(cid:129)(cid:139)(cid:134) give Me such pleasure?" He would ask. In order to study R(cid:129)dh(cid:129)r(cid:129)(cid:139)(cid:134), K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a lived in Her role and tried to understand Himself. This is the secret of Lord Caitanya’s incarnation. Caitanya Mah(cid:129)prabhu is K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a, but He has taken the mood and role of R(cid:129)dh(cid:129)r(cid:129)(cid:139)(cid:134) to show us how to love K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a. Thus He is addressed, "I offer my respectful obeisances unto the Supreme Lord, who is absorbed in R(cid:129)dh(cid:129)r(cid:129)(cid:139)(cid:134)’s thoughts." This brings up the question of who ¥r(cid:134)mat(cid:134) R(cid:129)dh(cid:129)r(cid:129)(cid:139)(cid:134) is and what R(cid:129)dh(cid:129)- K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a is. Actually R(cid:129)dh(cid:129)-K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a is the exchange of love. This is not ordinary 9 love; K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a has immense potencies, of which three are principal: the internal, the external and the marginal potencies. In the internal potency there are three divisions: sa(cid:137)vit, hl(cid:129)din(cid:134) and sandhin(cid:134). The hl(cid:129)din(cid:134) potency is the pleasure potency. All living entities have this pleasure-seeking potency, for all beings are trying to have pleasure. This is the very nature of the living entity. At present we are trying to enjoy our pleasure potency by means of the body in this material condition. By bodily contact we are attempting to derive pleasure from material sense objects. We should not think, however, that K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a, who is always spiritual, tries to seek pleasure on this material plane like us. In the Bhagavad-g(cid:134)t(cid:129) K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a describes the material universe as a nonpermanent place full of miseries. Why, then, would He seek pleasure in the material form? He is the Supersoul, the supreme spirit, and His pleasure is beyond the material conception. In order to learn how K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a’s pleasure can be obtained, we must read the Tenth Canto of ¥r(cid:134)mad-Bh(cid:129)gavatam, in which K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a’s pleasure potency is displayed in His pastimes with R(cid:129)dh(cid:129)r(cid:129)(cid:139)(cid:134) and the damsels of Vraja. Unfortunately, unintelligent people turn at once to the sports of K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a in the Da⁄ama-skandha, the Tenth Canto. K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a’s embracing R(cid:129)dh(cid:129)r(cid:129)(cid:139)(cid:134) or His dancing with the cowherd girls in the r(cid:129)sa dance are generally not understood by ordinary men because they consider these pastimes in the light of mundane lust. They incorrectly think that K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a is like themselves and that He embraces the gop(cid:134)s just as an ordinary man embraces a young girl. Some people thus become interested in K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a because they think that His religion allows indulgence in sex. This is not k(cid:148)£(cid:139)a-bhakti, love of K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a, but pr(cid:129)k(cid:148)ta- sahajiy(cid:129)--materialistic lust. In order to avoid such errors, we should understand what R(cid:129)dh(cid:129)-K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a actually is. R(cid:129)dh(cid:129) and K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a display Their pastimes through K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a’s internal energy. The pleasure potency of K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a’s internal energy is a most difficult subject matter, and unless one understands what K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a is, one cannot understand it. K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a does not take any pleasure in this material world, but He has a pleasure potency. Because we are part and parcel of K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a, the pleasure potency is within us also, but we are trying to exhibit that pleasure potency in matter. K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a, however, does not make such a vain attempt. The object of K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a’s pleasure potency is R(cid:129)dh(cid:129)r(cid:129)(cid:139)(cid:134); K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a exhibits His potency, or energy as R(cid:129)dh(cid:129)r(cid:129)(cid:139)(cid:134) and then engages in loving affairs with Her. In other words, K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a does not take pleasure in this external energy but exhibits His internal energy, His pleasure potency, as R(cid:129)dh(cid:129)r(cid:129)(cid:139)(cid:134). Thus K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a manifests Himself as R(cid:129)dh(cid:129)r(cid:129)(cid:139)(cid:134) in order to exhibit His internal pleasure potency. Of the many extensions, expansions and incarnations of the Lord, this pleasure potency is the foremost and chief. It is not that R(cid:129)dh(cid:129)r(cid:129)(cid:139)(cid:134) is separate from K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a. R(cid:129)dh(cid:129)r(cid:129)(cid:139)(cid:134) is also K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a, for there is no difference between the energy and the energetic. Without energy, there is no meaning to the energetic, and without the energetic, there is no energy. Similarly, without R(cid:129)dh(cid:129) there is no meaning to K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a, and without K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a there is no meaning to R(cid:129)dh(cid:129). Because of this, the Vai£(cid:139)ava philosophy first of all pays obeisances to and worships the internal pleasure potency of the Supreme Lord. Thus the Lord and His potency are always referred to as R(cid:129)dh(cid:129)-K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a. Similarly, those who worship the name of N(cid:129)r(cid:129)ya(cid:139)a first of all utter the name of Lak£m(cid:134), as Lak£m(cid:134)-N(cid:129)r(cid:129)ya(cid:139)a. Similarly, those who worship Lord R(cid:129)ma first of all utter the name of S(cid:134)t(cid:129). In any case--S(cid:134)t(cid:129)-R(cid:129)ma, R(cid:129)dh(cid:129)- K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a, Lak£m(cid:134)-N(cid:129)r(cid:129)ya(cid:139)a--the potency always comes first. R(cid:129)dh(cid:129) and K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a are one, and when K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a desires to enjoy pleasure, He manifests Himself as R(cid:129)dh(cid:129)r(cid:129)(cid:139)(cid:134). The spiritual exchange of love between R(cid:129)dh(cid:129) and K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a is the actual display of the internal pleasure potency of K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a. Although we speak of "when" K(cid:148)£(cid:139)a desires, just when He did desire we cannot 10