FM 1–300 3–1 Chapter 3 Airfield Services Branch The airfield services branch is responsible for the ground handling of aircraft and the inspection and general policing of the airfield and its facilities. The branch also is responsible for operating its assigned vehicles. Chapter 3 discusses the branch=s responsibilities, the criteria for marking airfields, and airfield maintenance. 3–1. PERSONNEL AND RESPONSIBILITIES The airfield services branch includes a branch chief, shift supervisors, and aircraft service personnel. a. Branch Chief. The branch chief— (1) Coordinates branch activities under the supervision of the operations officer. (2) Prepares an SOP that outlines the duties and responsibilities of branch personnel. (3) Ensures that branch personnel are properly trained and qualified to perform their assigned duties. (4) Assigns specific personnel responsibilities and ensures that duty rosters and performance records are properly maintained. (5) Ensures that a daily inspection of the airfield is conducted. b. Shift Supervisors. Shift supervisors— (1) Inspect the airfield at least once during the shift—to include runways and taxiways—for maintenance, police, and OPSEC considerations and requirements. (2) Supervise and train assigned personnel in their duties. (3) Coordinate with other branches concerning VIPs, transient and assigned aircraft, transportation requirements, and airfield conditions. c. Aircraft Service Personnel. Aircraft service personnel— (1) Provide and operate vehicles, as required, and perform operator maintenance in compliance with applicable technical manuals. (2) Provide housekeeping services. (3) Stand fireguard for all aircraft starting, if required. (4) Look for and report OPSEC violations. FM 1–300 3–2 (5) Serve as aircraft ground guides and marshals. 3–2. AIRFIELD MARKINGS FAA Advisory Circular 150/5340–1D and TM 5B823–4 contain the criteria for marking airfields. These publications dictate the proper procedure for the layout and marking of a new airfield. This paragraph covers specific information on repainting existing markings. a. Color Markings. Runways will be marked with white reflective paint. Taxiways will be marked with yellow reflective paint. b. Marking Materials. Paint used to mark or re–mark runway and taxiway pavement will conform to the criteria in Corps of Engineers Guide Specification CEB820 and to the following specifications: (1) Reflective paint will conform to Federal Specifications TT–P–85 and TT–P–1952. (2) Nonreflective paint will consist of the pigmented binder (paint) covered by Federal Specifications TT–P–85, TT–P–115, and TT–P–1952. NOTE: Markings may be outlined in black at least 6 inches wide on light–colored pavement. c. Paint Application. Markings will be painted on paved areas only after the pavements have been allowed to cure thoroughly. The pavement surface must be dry and clean before the paint is applied. d. Snow–Covered Runway Markers and Markings. Markers and markings will be used to indicate the usable limits of snow–covered runways. Markers will be spaced at intervals of not more than 330 feet and located symmetrically about the axis of the runway along the sides of the usable portion. Sufficient markers will be placed to indicate the runway threshold. Markers must be kept free of snow and rime. e. Compass–Swinging Base. Compass–swinging bases will be constructed and equipped according to TM 5B823–4; these align an aircraft for the precise calibration of all types of air navigation equipment. (1) Alignment markings. The compass–swinging base pad will be marked with precision alignment indicators that are accurate to within 0.25 percent of 1 degree. (2) Clearances. A minimum distance of 275 feet will be provided from the center of the compass–swinging base pad to the nearest significant quantity of iron and taxiway or engine runup area. The same distance will be allowed from the center of the pad to the nearest parking area or hardstand for aircraft, vehicles, or equipment. (3) Marking materials. Compass–swinging bases will be painted with nonreflective white paint and will conform to Federal Specifications TT–P–85, TT–P–115, and TT–P–1952. f. Air Navigation Obstruction Marking and Lighting. Obstruction marking and lighting will be limited to those objects that penetrate the clearance planes and surfaces described in TM 5– FM 1–300 3–3 823–4 and to those objects that, by their nature and position, constitute a hazard to navigation. Obstruction markings should never be placed on objects that are not, in fact, obstructions. (1) Color marking and patterns. Obstruction marking will be made with aviation surface orange or a combination of aviation surface orange and aviation surface white. Obstruction marking patterns may be solid orange, alternate bands of orange and white, checkerboard pattern, or beach ball pattern. FAA Advisory Circular 70/7460–1 contains specific instructions on which pattern to use. (2) Lighting. Obstruction lighting will be according to TM 5–823–4 and FAA Advisory Circular 70/7460–1. g. Airfield and Heliport Hazards Marking. The criteria described below apply to all Army airfields and heliports. They govern the initial marking and re–marking of hazards to the ground movement of aircraft and service vehicles. (1) Wheel chocks. Wheel chocks will be marked on all sides with a yellow reflective medium. (2) Fire hydrants. The barrel of fire hydrants will be painted with nonreflective yellow paint. The tops and nozzles will be painted according to the rated flow of the hydrant. The rated flows and their corresponding colors are as follows: !! Less than 500 gallons per minute—red. !! Between 500 and 1,000 gallons per minute—orange. !! More than 1,000 gallons per minute—green. (3) Fire extinguishers. All fire extinguisher containers will be red or the color required by local fire prevention standards. Each extinguisher also will be marked with a symbol designating the class of fire for which it is intended. (Class A, B, C, or D fires will be marked as established in National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Standard 10.) Multiple symbols will be placed on the extinguisher if it is suitable for more than one class of fire. The symbols must conform to the configurations in NFPA Standard 10. Fire extinguishers placed in an area that has aircraft movement will be marked near the top by a 4–inch–wide strip of reflective tape encircling the extinguisher. If a fire extinguisher is stored in a shelter that adjoins areas used by aircraft or aircraft–servicing vehicles, the shelter will be painted with nonreflective red paint and marked with a 4–inch–wide strip of reflective tape along its length. (4) Marking materials. (a) Wheel chocks. The reflective material used to mark wheel chocks may be reflective paint that conforms to Federal Specification TT–P–85. Wheel chocks also may be marked with a 4– inch–wide strip of reflective tape that conforms to Federal Specification L–S–300; the color will be silver–white number 1. (b) Fire hydrants and shelters. The nonreflective paint used to mark fire hydrants and shelters will conform to the requirements in Corps of Engineers Guide Specification CE–250. FM 1–300 3–4 The colors will conform to the following identification numbers as given in Federal Standard 595: !! Yellow—13655. !! Red—11105. !! Orange—12197. !! Green—14110. (c) Fire extinguishers. The background colors in the symbols for classes of fires will conform to the following identification numbers as given in Federal Standard 595: !! Class A, green—14260. !! Class B, red—11105. !! Class C, blue—15102. !! Class D, yellow—13655. 3BB3. AIRFIELD MAINTENANCE a. Grounds. Housekeeping of the grounds around the operations building and parking areas will be accomplished to ensure that foreign object damage (FOD) materials are policed and disposed of properly. The first impression of an airfield is often a lasting impression; therefore, a neat and orderly appearance of the airfield and facilities must be maintained. b. Fuel Sample Bottles. Fuel in the tanks of an aircraft must be checked before flight operations begin. Taking a preflight sample is the only way to ensure that the fuel on board does not contain water or other visible contaminants. Personnel must clean the fuel sample bottles thoroughly before use to ensure that the sample taken during the preflight inspection is accurate. NOTE: The procurement of fuel sample bottles and subsequent cleaning will be accomplished per the local SOP. FM 10–67–2, 10–68, and 10–71 describe aircraft refueling. c. Fire Extinguishers. Fire extinguishers should be checked for broken seals and proper charging. They must be taken annually to the firefighting facility for recharging. Other checks will be conducted according to TB 5–4200–200–10. d. Aircraft Tiedowns. Aircraft tiedown ropes and anchors will be inspected periodically for serviceability. Besides securing parked aircraft during periods of high ground winds, these anchors ground the aircraft electrically to preclude fire generated from static spark. Anchors and grounding rods will be maintained according to FM 10–68. e. Runways and Taxiways. A plan should be established for the periodic sweeping of runways, taxiways, and the ramp area. It should include the procedures for mowing grass on the airfield. FM 1–300 3–5 f. Snow and Ice. (1) At installations where snow and ice may constitute a hazard, AR 420–72 requires the establishment of a snow removal and an ice control plan. The plan will include instructions and procedures for— (a) Establishing priorities for the prompt removal or control of snow, ice, and slush on each movement area. (b) Positioning snow from movement area surfaces so that aircraft propellers, engine pods, rotors, and wingtips will clear any snowdrift and snowbank as the aircraft's landing gear traverses any full–use portion of the movement area. (c) Selecting and applying approved materials for snow and ice control to ensure that they adhere to snow and ice sufficiently to minimize engine ingestion. (d) Beginning snow and ice control operations in a timely manner. (e) Identifying equipment to be used. (f) Listing the quantities and storage location of materials; for example, snow fences, chemicals, and abrasives. (g) Scheduling the training of equipment operators and supervisors. (h) Scheduling preseason operational trial run sessions. (i) Ensuring around–the–clock cooperation with weather authorities for notification of forecasts of snow and ice storm intensities and durations. (2) Calcium chloride, sodium chloride, and abrasives will not be used on airfield or heliport pavements. The chemical (urea) that meets the provisions of Military Specification MIL–U–10866C, Class 2, may be used. The US Air Force (USAF) aircraft deicing fluid that meets the provisions of Military Specification MIL–A–83411 also may be used. These materials do not corrode aircraft. g. Airfield Inspection. (1) A quarterly airfield inspection, along with daily spot inspections, ensures quality service and facility maintenance. Inspection checklists should include those items essential to maintaining a well-organized and functional airfield. (2) The checklists should be expanded or modified to suit the airfield. Checklists should be furnished to the branch chiefs to ensure that they fully understand their duties. (3) Engineer personnel should inspect the extended runway centerline annually. They will resolve any disparity between the painted runway numbers and the actual magnetic heading of the extended runway centerline. FM 1–300 3–6 (4) Air traffic facility managers will annually review and update runway centerline heading information. They also will review any local departure procedures that might be affected by heading changes. h. Ramp Vehicles and Drivers. The movement of vehicles on runways, taxiways, and parking areas is a daily necessity. Therefore, vehicles must be properly used and marked. (1) Vehicle movement and markings. (a) Vehicle movement on the runway should be held to the minimum required for runway inspection and maintenance. All vehicles should be properly marked. (b) All vehicles authorized to operate on the airfield will be painted yellow according to TM 55–1500–204–25/1. When operational necessity and vehicle design dictate, a vehicle with a rotating beacon system affixed to the top of the vehicle may be authorized by the airfield operations officer to operate on the airfield. (c) The meaning of ATC light signals should be displayed on the dashboard of vehicles that regularly operate on the airfield. (d) The operation of vehicles near POL and aircraft refueling areas should be closely supervised. Sparks from the exhaust systems of these vehicles can create a hazardous situation. FM 10–68 describes the use of spark arresters for internal combustion engines. (e) The maximum speed limit for a vehicle operating on an airfield ramp or near aircraft will not exceed 5 miles per hour (excluding emergency vehicles). The airfield operations officer should establish maximum speed limits, not to exceed 40 miles per hour, for other areas of the airfield. (2) Driver qualification. (a) The drivers of vehicles that operate on ramps, taxiways, or runways should have on file evidence of satisfactorily passing a written examination. The examination should include clearance requirements between aircraft and vehicles, light signals, and radio procedures if vehicles are so equipped. (b) All drivers for the airfield services branch should possess the appropriate military driver's license and special authority to operate on the airfield movement area. i. Ground Equipment. Equipment other than vehicles is required by the airfield services branch and is authorized on the TDA or TOE. Any vehicle that is required and can be justified usually can be obtained for the airfield. Items that may be needed include the following: !! Snow removal equipment. !! Auxiliary power units. !! Decontamination equipment. FM 1–300 3–7 !! Electrical wands. !! Flashlights. !! Forklift. !! Fuel contamination detector. !! Goggles. !! Ear protectors. !! Magnetic sweeper. !! Portable light sets. !! Radio equipment. !! Runway and taxiway sweeper. j. Maintenance procedures. (1) Good preventive maintenance procedures enhance efficient operations. AR 420–22 contains the criteria and responsibilities for initiating and accomplishing preventive maintenance programs. (2) TM 55–1500–204–25/1 contains standard inspection and maintenance procedures for auxiliary power units, maintenance work stands, portable air compressors, aircraft jacks, and other ground support equipment. (3) All ground support equipment operating on or around airfields should be marked with reflective tape. k. Ground Handling. When directing aircraft movements during land operations, aircraft service personnel (guides or marshalers) should use the appropriate hand and arm (marshaling) signals in FM 21–60. When available, signal flags may be used with hand and arm signals during daylight hours. Ground guides or marshalers should wear hearing and eye protection when guiding fixed– and rotary–wing aircraft. (1) Night signaling. At night, a ground guide will signal with a lighted baton (wand) in each hand. The intensity of these lights will vary, depending on whether the aircrew is aided or unaided. Signals given with wands will be identical to the day signals unless stated otherwise in FM 21–60. Wands should remain lighted at all times. During surface taxiing and parking, the pilot will stop immediately when one or both of the ground guide's wands fail. (2) Flagman and ground guide. When required, a flagman will be stationed so as to be clearly visible to approaching aircraft. This person will direct the pilot to the ground guide. The ground guide will indicate when he is ready to guide the aircraft. FM 1–300 3–8 (3) Ground guide position. (a) The position of the ground guide for a fixed–wing aircraft is on a line extending forward of and at an oblique angle from the left (port) wing. The pilot's eyes must be visible to the ground guide from this position. (b) The position of the ground guide for a rotary–wing aircraft is relatively the same as that for a fixed–wing aircraft. However, the ground guide may be on either side of the aircraft as long as the pilot's eyes are visible to him. k. Communications. To ensure the safety of aircraft and vehicles on the airfield movement area, two–way radio communication is desirable for tower controllers. The SOP should require pilots and vehicle drivers to obtain tower clearance before they proceed onto the aircraft movement area.