EarhartTitleHalf.qxd 1/2/2008 4:41 PM Page 2 CERTAIN VICTORY EarhartTitleHalf.qxd 1/2/2008 4:40 PM Page 1 CERTAIN VICTORY Images of World War II in the Japanese Media David C. Earhart An East Gate Book M .E.Sharpe Armonk, New York London, England } An East Gate Book Copyright © 2008 by M.E. Sharpe, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the publisher, M.E. Sharpe, Inc., 80 Business Park Drive, Armonk, New York 10504. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Earhart, David C., 1963- Certain victory : images of World War II in the Japanese media / by David C. Earhart. p. cm. — (Japan in the modern world) “An East gate book” Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7656-1776-7 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. World War, 1939-1945—Japan—Press coverage. 2. World War, 1939-1945—Japan—Mass media and the war. 3. World War, 1939-1945—Japan—Propaganda. I. Title. D799.J3E37 2007 940.53'52—dc22 2006034584 Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z 39.48-1984. ~ BM (c) 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 “I prefer the most unfair peace to the most righteous war.” —Lord Byron, Childe Harold (canto IV, line 177) “Nothing is as good as peace, and nothing so frightening as war.” —Nagai Kaf÷u, Danch÷otei nichij÷o (Danch÷otei Diary), 20 August 1945 v contents Map of the Japanese Empire and the Pacific Theater of World War II ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xv Introduction: A Picture Worth a Thousand Arguments 1 1. Emperor Sh÷owa 11 2. The Great Japanese Empire 37 3. Men of the Imperial Forces 69 4. A People United in Serving the Nation 107 5. Warrior Wives 147 6. Junior Citizens 183 7. “Now the Enemy Is America and Britain!” 215 8. The Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere 261 9. Uchiteshi Yamamu: “Keep Up the Fight”! 309 10. Faces of the Enemy 333 11. Dying Honorably, from Attu to Iwo Jima 375 12. The Kamikazefication of the Home Front 409 Conclusion: Endgame 461 Appendix 1: Annotated Bibliography of Japanese Wartime News Journals 477 Appendix 2: Glossary 489 Bibliography 493 Index 497 vii ds n a II Dutch Harbor Hawaiian Isl HonoluluPearl Harbor World War SNAITUELAKiska Midway ELLICE nese Empire, June 1942 Map of the Japanese Empire and the Pacific Theater of IASRSUAttu MANCHURIAAKHALINSSAKHALIN1950 OUTER MONGOLIAAILOGVladivostokNSapporoOMJEHOLMukdenRSEA OFENJAPANNBeijingI AKOREANSeoulTokyoNPACIFIC OCEANYELLOWHiroshimaASEAsakaOOsakaIPHNagasakiANanjingShanghaiCrJevi.RS eIQongqingHankouz tUgnYaYKUYOGASAWARASRAOkinawaIDIwo Jima TAIWANCantonHong KongBURMA WakeuzonLuzonLHanoiRangoonRangoonMARIANASSOUTHBaguioTHAILANDPHILIPPINESSaipanCHINATinianManilaSEABangkokGuamINDOCHINAEniwetokANDAMANSLeyteSaigonMAYapKwajaleinRSHPonapeCAROLINESAMindanaoLNICOBARSLPalanSTrukJaluitKota Bharu Kuala LumpurKuala LumpurBRITISHBRITISHLEAGUE OF NATIONS MANDATE TO JAPANBORNEOBORNEOMorotaiMALAYAMakinSingaporeTarawaSDUTCHUMGBORNEOIAOceanLHollandiaTBBalikpapanREARBISMARCKSCelebesTSDUTCHPalem BangPalem BangRabaulDNEWGUINEABRITISHUSTEBCatINEWHaDLaeviaNEISSSOLOMONSuuATSrrNewaaGUINEABougainvillebbaayyJaaAVBritainADDjjaaPort MoresbykkaarrTulagittaaTIMOR(Dutch/Poruguese) GuadalcanalGuadalcanal CORALDarwinSEANEW HEBRIDESAUSTRALIA Greatest Extent of the JapaTerritorial Gains, 1941-1942Expansion on the Asian Continent, 1931-1940The Japanese Empire in 1910 NI ix