Springer Series in Translational Stroke Research Min Lou · Jianmin Zhang · Yilong Wang  Yan Qu · Wuwei Feng · Xunming Ji  John H. Zhang Editors Cerebral Venous System in Acute and Chronic Brain Injuries Springer Series in Translational Stroke Research Series Editor John Zhang Loma Linda, CA, USA More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10064 Min Lou • Jianmin Zhang • Yilong Wang Yan Qu • Wuwei Feng • Xunming Ji John H. Zhang Editors Cerebral Venous System in Acute and Chronic Brain Injuries Editors Min Lou Jianmin Zhang Department of Neurology Department of Neurosurgery The Second Affiliated Hospital Second Affiliated Hospital, School of School of Medicine of Medicine Zhejiang University Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China Yilong Wang Brain Research Institute Beijing Tiantan Hospital Zhejiang University Capital Medical University Hangzhou, China Beijing, China Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Wuwei Feng Science Department of Neurology Zhejiang University Medical University of South Carolina Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China Charleston, SC, USA Yan Qu John H. Zhang Department of Neurosurgery Department of Anesthesiology Tangdu Hospital and Physiology PLA Air Force Medical University Loma Linda University Xian, China Loma Linda, CA, USA Xunming Ji Xuanwu Hospital Neurosurgery Capital Medical University Beijing, China ISSN 2363-958X ISSN 2363-9598 (electronic) Springer Series in Translational Stroke Research ISBN 978-3-319-96052-4 ISBN 978-3-319-96053-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96053-1 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018957835 © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Contents 1 Neurovascular Network as Future Therapeutic Targets . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Yujie Chen, Yang Zhang, Zhenni Guo, Ling Liu, Feng Gao, Yanfeng Lv, Meng Zhang, Xiaochuan Sun, Andre Obenaus, Yi Yang, Jiping Tang, Hua Feng, and John H. Zhang 2 Animal Models of Venous Stroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Qin Hu and Anatol Manaenko 3 Imaging of Cerebral Vein in Acute Brain Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Xiaocheng Zhang and Min Lou 4 Cerebral Venous Regulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Zhenni Guo, Hang Jin, Xin Sun, Lu-Sha Tong, John H. Zhang, and Yi Yang 5 Cerebral Venous Collateral Circulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Lu-Sha Tong, Yan-nan Yu, Jiping Tang, Min Lou, and John H. Zhang 6 Cerebral Venous System in Acute and Chronic Brain Injuries . . . . . 119 Liang Liu and Qing-Wu Yang 7 Cerebral Venous System and Implications in Neurosurgery . . . . . . . 129 Yongxin Zhang, Wanling Wen, and Qinghai Huang 8 Pediatric Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis: More Questions than Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Fazeel M. Siddiqui and Chirantan Banerjee 9 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: A Venous Disease? . . . . . . . . . 149 Alain Lekoubou and Wuwei Feng 10 The Role of Veins in Arteriovenous Malformation and Fistula, Pathophysiology and Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Yongxin Zhang and Qinghai Huang v vi Contents 11 Role of Cerebral Venous System in Hemorrhagic Stroke . . . . . . . . . . 173 Yan Qu, Lei Zhao, and Hao Guo 12 Role of Cerebral Venous System in Neurodegenerative Disorders . . . 179 Yan Qu, Lei Zhao, and Hao Guo 13 Role of Cerebral Venous System in Traumatic Brain Injury . . . . . . . 187 Yan Qu, Lei Zhao, and Hao Guo 14 Involvement of Cerebral Venous System in Ischemic Stroke . . . . . . . 195 Lu-Sha Tong, Yan-nan Yu, Jiping Tang, Min Lou, and John H. Zhang 15 Spontaneous Thrombosis of the Main Draining Veins Revealing an Unruptured Brain Arteriovenous Malformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Feng Yan, Gao Chen, and Jianmin Zhang 16 Endovascular Treatment of Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis: A Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Liang Xu, Weilin Xu, and Jianmin Zhang 17 Functional Recovery After Cerebral Venous Thrombosis . . . . . . . . . . 221 Samir Belagaje and Wuwei Feng 18 Drug Therapy of Cerebral Venous Thrombosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Yilong Wang 19 A Movement toward Precision Medicine in Acute Brain Injury: The Role of the Cerebral Venous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Jinqi Luo, Sheng Chen, Cesar Reis, and Jianmin Zhang Chapter 1 Neurovascular Network as Future Therapeutic Targets Yujie Chen, Yang Zhang, Zhenni Guo, Ling Liu, Feng Gao, Yanfeng Lv, Meng Zhang, Xiaochuan Sun, Andre Obenaus, Yi Yang, Jiping Tang, Hua Feng, and John H. Zhang Abstract In recent years, endovascular treatment, including pharmaceutical drugs and intervention therapy, has become one of the most effective strategies for stroke patients. However, neurobiological and neurovascular functions, before, during and after endovascular therapy, have not been fully addressed and remain to be clarified. It is extremely important for basic neurovascular scientists and clinicians to under- stand the neurobiological and neurovascular fundamentals of neuroimaging mismatches and the infarct size of stroke patients, hyperperfusion or hypoperfusion after thrombolysis or thrombolectomy, and brain swelling and hemorrhage after successful thrombolectomy. These clinical mismatches and complexities after endovascular therapy are related to active tissue connections in the neurovascular Author contributed equally with all other contributors.Yujie Chen and Yang Zhang Y. Chen Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China Departments of Anesthesiology, Neurosurgery, Neurology and Physiology, Neuroscience Research Center, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA Y. Zhang Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China Z. Guo · Y. Yang Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China L. Liu Department of Neurology, The People’s Hospital of Nanpi County, Nanpi, Hebei, China F. Gao Department of Interventional Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2019 1 M. Lou et al. (eds.), Cerebral Venous System in Acute and Chronic Brain Injuries, Springer Series in Translational Stroke Research, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96053-1_1 2 Y. Chen et al. network and the function of neurobiological and neurovascular components after stroke. This comprehensive review summarizes the fundamental neurobiology and neurovascular function in endovascular therapy for stroke patients, using both basic science research and clinical studies, with a focus on cerebral hemodynamics, cell energy metabolism, and neurovascular injuries such as brain swelling, hemorrhage or over-reperfusion. A major emphasis is the potential role of cerebral collateral circu- lation and venous circulation during and after endovascular therapy. It is clear that the cerebral hemodynamic balance, venous function, and autoregulation are all involved in endovascular therapy. Keywords Neurovascular network · Cerebral veins · Stroke Abbreviations CBF Cerebral blood flow CBF Cerebral blood flow CFI Collateral flow index CO Carbon dioxide 2 CPP Cerebral perfusion pressure CT Computed tomography CTA computed tomography angiography CTP Computed tomography perfusion CTV Computed tomography venography Y. Lv Department of Interventional Neurology, The First People’s Hospital of Shijiazhuang City, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China M. Zhang Department of Neurology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China X. Sun Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China A. Obenaus Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA J. Tang · J. H. Zhang (*) Department of Anesthesiology and Physiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA H. Feng (*) Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA e-mail: [email protected] 1 Neurovascular Network as Future Therapeutic Targets 3 DSA Digital subtraction angiography DVP Draining vein pressure DWI Diffusion weighted imaging ECD Echo color Doppler EG Emptying gradient ET Emptying time FG Filling gradient FLAIR Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery fMUS Functional micro-ultrasound FT Filling time GOS Glasgow outcome scale HBinF Head inflow HBoutF Head outflow MCAO Middle cerebral artery occlusion MRA Magnetic resonance angiography MRI Magnetic resonance imaging MRV Magnetic resonance venography NIHSS National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale NO Nitric oxide OPS Orthogonal polarized spectral PDGF Platelet-derived growth factor PDGF-BB Platelet-derived growth factor-BB PPARγ Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma rCBF Relative cerebral blood flow rCBV Relative cerebral blood volume ROS Reactive oxygen species rtPA Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator RV Residual volume SPECT Single photon emission computed tomography SSS Superior sagittal sinus SWI Susceptibility weighted imaging VEGF Vascular endothelial growth factor VV Venous volume 1 Introduction Despite decades of efforts in basic and clinical research worldwide, stroke remains an intractable disease associated with high morbidity and mortality. Since 1847, R. Virchow’s observation that venous thrombi often migrate to the lungs and other organs, which were subsequently named “embolism” and “thrombosis”, the origins of ischemia, has altered our understanding of stroke [1, 2]. Since then, neurologists started to emphasize the vascular cause of ischemic stroke and prevention in the 1950s, which was followed by the introduction of endovascular therapies in the 4 Y. Chen et al. 1980s and recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) in the 1990s [3, 4]. These strategies tended to retard ischemia progression and to re-establish vascular reperfusion. To date, these strategies remain at the frontline of early treatment after stroke [5], partially due to failures related to clinical translational studies of neuro- protective drugs based on the concept of neuroprotection to reduce infarction since 1980s [6]. Upon entering the twenty-first century, the concept of the neurovascular unit presented by Lo del Zoppo and Iadecola et al., gained attention for the discovery of novel strategies for stroke patients [7–9]. In this unit, neurologists attempted to emphasize and protect connections among vulnerable neurons, simultaneously sup- porting astrocytes and endothelial cells, not only to reduce infarction but also to regenerate and reorganize the ischemic brain tissues after stroke [10, 11]. Thus, the blood brain barrier, as the classical and most typical structure in the neurovascular unit, has become the hot topic for stroke research [12]. However, additional cellular populations and other structures are also present in the central nervous system, such as microglia, pericytes and venules, among others, all of which influence the out- comes of stroke patients [13–15]. Hence, the vascular neural network might provide an advanced comprehension of the neurobiology of stroke, shedding new light on the neurovascular network, reperfusion control and vein drainage during endovas- cular therapies for stroke patients [16–18] (Fig. 1.1). Fig. 1.1 History of stroke pathophysiology