Edited by Ralf Riedel and I-Wei Chen Ceramics Science and Technology Volume 2: Properties Edited by Ralf Riedel and I-Wei Chen Ceramics Science and Technology Related Titles Ghosh, S.K.(ed.) Li, K. Self-healing Materials Ceramic Membranes for Fundamentals,DesignStrategies, Separation and Reaction andApplications 2007 2009 ISBN:978-0-470-01440-0 ISBN:978-3-527-31829-2 Boch, P., Niepce, J.-C.(eds.) Krenkel, W.(ed.) Ceramic Materials Ceramic Matrix Composites Processes,Properties,andApplications FiberReinforcedCeramics 2007 andtheirApplications ISBN:978-1-905209-23-1 2008 Ghosh, S.K.(ed.) ISBN:978-3-527-31361-7 Heimann, R.B. Functional Coatings byPolymerMicroencapsulation Plasma Spray Coating 2006 PrinciplesandApplications ISBN:978-3-527-31296-2 2008 Scheffler,M.,Colombo, P. (eds.) ISBN:978-3-527-32050-9 Riedel, R.,Chen,I-W. (eds.) Cellular Ceramics Structure,Manufacturing,Properties Ceramics Science and andApplications Technology 2005 Volume1:Structures ISBN:978-3-527-31320-4 2008 Raabe, D., Roters,F.,Barlat, F., ISBN:978-3-527-31155-2 Chen, L.-Q.(eds.) Öchsner,A.,Murch, G. E.,de Lemos, Continuum Scale Simulation M. J.S.(eds.) of Engineering Materials Cellular and Porous Materials Fundamentals-Microstructures- ThermalPropertiesSimulation ProcessApplications andPrediction 2004 2008 ISBN:978-3-527-30760-9 ISBN:978-3-527-31938-1 TheEditors AllbookspublishedbyWiley-VCHarecarefully produced.Nevertheless,authors,editors,and Prof.Dr.RalfRiedel publisherdonotwarranttheinformationcontained TUDarmstadt inthesebooks,includingthisbook,tobefreeof InstitutfürMaterialwissenschaft errors.Readersareadvisedtokeepinmindthat Petersenstr.23 statements,data,illustrations,proceduraldetailsor 64287Darmstadt otheritemsmayinadvertentlybeinaccurate. Germany LibraryofCongressCardNo.: appliedfor Prof.Dr.I-WeiChen BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData UniversityofPennsylvania Acataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromthe SchoolofEngineering BritishLibrary. 3231WalnutStreet Philadelphia,PA19104-6272 Bibliographicinformationpublishedby USA theDeutscheNationalbibliothek TheDeutscheNationalbibliothekliststhis publicationintheDeutscheNationalbibliografie; detailedbibliographicdataareavailableonthe Internetathttp://dnb.d-nb.de. #2010WILEY-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA, Weinheim Allrightsreserved(includingthoseoftranslationinto otherlanguages).Nopartofthisbookmaybe reproducedinanyform–byphotoprinting, microfilm,oranyothermeans–nortransmittedor translatedintoamachinelanguagewithoutwritten permissionfromthepublishers.Registerednames, trademarks,etc.usedinthisbook,evenwhennot specificallymarkedassuch,arenottobeconsidered unprotectedbylaw. Composition ThomsonDigital,Noida,India PrintingandBookbinding betz-druckGmbH, Darmstadt CoverDesign SchulzGrafik-Design,Fußgönheim PrintedintheFederalRepublicofGermany Printedonacid-freepaper ISBN:978-3-527-31156-9 V Contents Preface XXI List of Contributors XXIII I CeramicMaterialClasses 1 1 CeramicOxides 3 Dus4anGalusekandKatarínaGhillányová 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 AluminumOxide 4 1.2.1 CrystalStructure 4 1.2.2 NaturalSourcesandPreparationofPowders 5 1.2.2.1 High-Temperature/Flame/LaserSynthesis 6 1.2.2.2 ChemicalMethods 6 1.2.2.3 MechanicallyAssistedSynthesis 6 1.2.3 Solid-StateSinteredAlumina 7 1.2.3.1 SubmicrometerandTransparentAlumina 7 1.2.4 Liquid-PhaseSintered(LPS)Aluminas 8 1.2.5 PropertiesofPolycrystallineAlumina 11 1.3 MagnesiumOxide 13 1.3.1 CrystalStructureandPropertiesofSingle-CrystalMgO 14 1.3.2 NaturalSourcesandProduction 14 1.3.3 PolycrystallineMagnesia 15 1.4 ZincOxide 15 1.4.1 CrystalStructureandPropertiesofSingle-CrystalZnO 16 1.4.2 NaturalSourcesandProduction 16 1.4.3 Properties 16 1.4.4 Applications 17 1.4.4.1 ZnO-BasedVaristors 17 1.4.4.2 OtherApplicationsofZnOCeramics 19 1.5 TitaniumDioxide 20 1.5.1 CrystalStructureandPropertiesofSingle-CrystalTiO 20 2 CeramicsScienceandTechnologyVolume2:Properties.EditedbyRalfRiedelandI-WeiChen Copyright(cid:1)2010WILEY-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA,Weinheim ISBN:978-3-527-31156-9 VI Contents 1.5.2 NaturalSourcesandProduction 22 1.5.2.1 SynthesisofAnatase 22 1.5.2.2 SynthesisofRutile 23 1.5.2.3 SynthesisofBrookite 23 1.5.3 PropertiesofTiO Polymorphs 24 2 1.5.4 PolycrystallineTitania 24 1.5.5 ApplicationsofTiO 25 2 1.6 ZirconiumOxide 27 1.6.1 CrystalStructureandPropertiesofSingleCrystals 28 1.6.2 NaturalSourcesandProduction 29 1.6.2.1 PhaseTransformationofZirconia 31 1.6.3 PartiallyStabilizedZirconia 32 1.6.3.1 Mg-PSZ 32 1.6.3.2 Ca-PSZ 34 1.6.3.3 Y-PSZ 34 1.6.3.4 CeriaandOtherRareEarth-StabilizedZirconias 34 1.6.4 TetragonalZirconiaPolycrystals(TZP) 35 1.6.5 Zirconia-ToughenedAlumina(ZTA) 37 1.6.6 ApplicationsofZirconia 38 1.6.6.1 ThermalBarrierCoatings 38 1.6.6.2 SolidElectrolytes 39 1.6.6.3 FuelCells 41 1.6.6.4 Bioceramics 42 1.7 CeriumOxide 43 1.7.1 CrystalStructureandPropertiesofSingle-CrystalCeO 43 2 1.7.2 NaturalSourcesandProduction 44 1.7.3 Properties 45 1.7.4 Applications 46 1.7.4.1 Abrasives 46 1.7.4.2 SolidElectrolytes 46 1.7.4.3 Catalysts 47 1.8 YttriumOxide 48 1.8.1 CrystalStructureandPropertiesofSingleCrystalYttriumOxide 48 1.8.2 NaturalSourcesandPreparation 48 1.8.3 Properties 49 1.8.4 Applications 50 References 51 2 Nitrides 59 PavolS4ajgalík,ZoltánLenc4és4,andMiroslavHnatko 2.1 SiliconNitride 59 2.1.1 Introduction 59 2.1.2 AmorphousSiliconNitride 60 2.1.3 SiliconNitrideSingleCrystals:Structure 60 2.1.3.1 a-andb-Si N 60 3 4 Contents VII 2.1.3.2 g-Si N 61 3 4 2.1.4 SiliconNitrideSingleCrystals:MechanicalProperties 63 2.1.4.1 a-Si N 63 3 4 2.1.4.2 b-Si N 63 3 4 2.1.4.3 g-Si N 64 3 4 2.1.5 SiliconNitride-BasedMaterials 64 2.1.6 OxynitrideGlasses 65 2.1.6.1 PropertiesofOxynitrideGlasses 66 2.1.7 PolycrystallineSi N 66 3 4 2.1.8 Lu-DopedSi N Ceramics 67 3 4 2.1.9 SiAlONCeramics 68 2.1.9.1 a-andb-SiAlONs 68 2.1.9.2 Si N OandO0-SiAlON 70 2 2 2.2 BoronNitride 71 2.2.1 CrystallographicStructures 71 2.2.1.1 HexagonalBoronNitride 71 2.2.1.2 CubicBoronNitride 72 2.2.1.3 WurtziticBoronNitride 72 2.2.2 SynthesisofBN 72 2.2.3 PropertiesofBN 73 2.2.3.1 h-BN 73 2.2.3.2 c-BNandw-BN 73 2.3 AluminumNitride 74 2.3.1 Structure 74 2.3.2 Synthesis 74 2.3.3 Properties 75 2.4 TitaniumNitride 75 2.4.1 Structure 75 2.4.2 Synthesis 75 2.4.3 Properties 76 2.5 TantalumNitride 77 2.6 ChromiumNitride 77 2.7 TernaryNitrides 78 2.7.1 TernarySiliconNitrides 78 2.7.1.1 MgSiN 78 2 2.7.1.2 OtherAlkalineEarthSiliconNitrides 79 2.7.1.3 LaSi N 79 3 5 2.7.1.4 LiSi N 80 2 3 2.8 Light-EmittingNitrideandOxynitridePhosphors 80 References 81 3 GalliumNitrideandOxonitrides 91 IsabelKinskiandPaulF.McMillan 3.1 Introduction 91 3.2 GalliumNitrides 94 VIII Contents 3.2.1 PhaseDescription 94 3.2.2 SynthesisRoutestoGaN 99 3.2.2.1 SynthesisofBulkGalliumNitride 99 3.2.2.2 SynthesisofThinFilmGaNandEpitaxialGrowthTechniques 100 3.2.2.3 SynthesisofGaNviaChemicalPrecursorRoutes 101 3.2.3 Propertiesof(Ga,Al,In)NSolidSolutions 101 3.3 GalliumOxides 102 3.3.1 PhaseDescriptionandProperties 102 3.3.2 SynthesisandGrowthTechniques 106 3.4 GalliumOxonitrides 107 3.4.1 NomenclatureIssuesofGa–O–NMaterials 108 3.4.2 TheoreticalPredictionsforGaOxonitrideCompounds 108 3.4.3 LiteratureOverviewonGalliumOxideNitridePhases 110 3.4.4 SynthesisandGrowthTechniques 114 3.4.4.1 PrecursorApproachforGalliumOxideNitridePhases 115 3.4.4.2 CrystallinePhasesofGalliumOxideNitrideSynthesizedunder High-Pressure/High-TemperatureConditions 118 3.4.5 PotentialApplications 122 3.5 Outlook 124 References 124 4 SiliconCarbide-andBoronCarbide-BasedHardMaterials 131 ClemensSchmalzriedandKarlA.Schwetz 4.1 Introduction 131 4.2 StructureandChemistry 131 4.2.1 SiliconCarbide 131 4.2.1.1 PhaseRelationsintheSystemSilicon–Carbon 132 4.2.1.2 StructuralAspects 132 4.2.2 BoronCarbide 134 4.2.2.1 PhaseRelationsintheSystemBoron–Carbon 135 4.2.2.2 StructuralAspects 135 4.3 ProductionofParticlesandFibers 137 4.3.1 SiliconCarbide 137 4.3.1.1 Technical-ScaleProductionofa-SiliconCarbide 137 4.3.1.2 b-SiliconCarbidePowder 138 4.3.1.3 SiliconCarbideWhiskers 142 4.3.1.4 SiliconCarbidePlatelets 145 4.3.1.5 ContinuousSiliconCarbideFibers 146 4.3.1.6 SiliconCarbideNanofibers 148 4.3.1.7 SiliconCarbideNanotubes(SiCNTs) 149 4.3.2 BoronCarbide 149 4.3.2.1 Technical-ScaleProduction 149 4.3.2.2 SubmicronB CPowders 150 4 4.3.2.3 BoronCarbide-BasedNanostructuredParticles 151 4.4 DenseCeramicShapes 152 Contents IX 4.4.1 DenseSiliconCarbideShapes 152 4.4.1.1 CeramicallyBondedSiliconCarbide 152 4.4.1.2 RecrystallizedSiliconCarbide 152 4.4.1.3 Reaction-BondedSiliconCarbide 154 4.4.1.4 SinteredSiliconCarbide 154 4.4.1.5 Hot-PressedSiliconCarbide 158 4.4.1.6 ChemicalVapor-andPhysicalVapor-Deposited SiliconCarbide 159 4.4.1.7 SiliconCarbideWafers 160 4.4.1.8 SiliconCarbideNanoceramics 161 4.4.1.9 SiliconCarbide-BasedComposites 162 4.4.1.10 MetalMatrixComposites(MMCs) 172 4.4.2 DenseBoronCarbideShapes 174 4.4.2.1 SinteredBoronCarbide 175 4.4.2.2 Hot-PressedandHotIsostatic-PressedBoronCarbide 178 4.4.2.3 Spark-Plasma-SinteredBoronCarbide 179 4.4.2.4 BoronCarbide-BasedComposites 179 4.4.2.5 B C-BasedMMCs 182 4 4.5 PropertiesofSiliconCarbide-andBoronCarbide-BasedMaterials 183 4.5.1 SiliconCarbide 183 4.5.1.1 PhysicalProperties 183 4.5.1.2 ChemicalProperties 186 4.5.1.3 TribologicalProperties 187 4.5.2 BoronCarbide 194 4.5.2.1 PhysicalProperties 194 4.5.2.2 ChemicalProperties 200 4.6 ApplicationofCarbides 202 4.6.1 SiliconCarbide 202 4.6.2 BoronCarbide 207 References 210 5 ComplexOxynitrides 229 DerekP.Thompson 5.1 Introduction 229 5.2 PrinciplesofSilicon-BasedOxynitrideStructures 230 5.3 ComplexSi–Al–O–NPhases 231 5.3.1 SialonX-Phase 231 5.3.2 TheSialonPolytypoidPhases 232 5.3.3 TheY-Si–O–NOxynitrides 233 5.4 M–Si–Al–O–NOxynitrides 238 5.4.1 a-SiAlON 238 5.4.2 JEMPhase 239 5.4.3 S-Phase 240 5.4.4 Lanthanum‘‘New’’Phase 242 5.4.5 M (Si,Al) (O,N) Oxynitrides 242 2 5 8