Ceramic Materials Ceramic Materials Science and Engineering C. Barry Carter M. Grant Norton Second Edition C.BarryCarter M.GrantNorton DepartmentofChemical,Materials SchoolofMechanicalandMaterials andBiomolecularEngineering Engineering UniversityofConnecticut WashingtonStateUniversity Storrs,CT06269,USA Pullman,WA99164,USA [email protected] [email protected] DetailsforFiguresandTablesarelistedfollowingtheindex ISBN978-1-4614-3522-8 ISBN978-1-4614-3523-5(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-1-4614-3523-5 SpringerNewYorkHeidelbergDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012939221 #SpringerScience+BusinessMediaNewYork2013 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation arebriefexcerptsinconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyfor thepurposeofbeingenteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserof thework.Duplicationofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsofthe CopyrightLawofthePublisher’slocation,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalways beobtainedfromSpringer.PermissionsforusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyright ClearanceCenter.ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with respecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Praise for Ceramic Materials “Theunprecedentedcompletenessofthisbookmakesitabibleonceramicmaterials. It is a must read textbook for researchers, graduate students, and undergraduate students who are interested in ceramics.” —Zhong Lin Wang, Regents’ Professor, The Hightower Chair in Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology “...an outstanding introduction to the subject, clearly written, very detailed, and actuallyfunandquiteeasytoreadforanyonewithsomebasicscientificbackground. Eachchaptercontainsseveralexercises,whichthisreviewerfoundtobeveryhelpful. I also found extremely useful the shaded boxes on almost every page with short definitions plus “people in history.” After being exposed to many books on ceramic scienceduringmy40-yearcareer,IfinallyfoundabookwithwhichIcanrestartmy ceramic education again.” —Dr. Antoni Tomsia, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory “...avaluableresourceforthematerialsscienceandengineeringcommunity,both as a textbook and as a general reference to this important field ... recommended reading and a serious study source for anyone interested in ceramics....” —Professor Richard W. Siegel, Director, Rensselaer Nanotechnology Center, Rensselaer Poly- technicInstitute “The book is just wonderful, and one can only envy what the authors have done! It is the best book I have seen to date. Very clearly written with excellent examples and explanations [as well as] beautiful figures and photographs.” —Professor Safa Kasap,CanadaResearchChairinElectronicandOptoelectronicMaterials,University ofSaskatchewan “This new book...covers all important topics including history, microstructures, tools, defects, mechanical properties, and processing of ceramics for understanding andsolvingtheproblemsofceramicscienceandengineering,....”—ProfessorYuichi Ikuhara,TheUniversityofTokyo “Thisisacomprehensivetextcovering,asthetitlesuggests,boththescienceand engineeringofceramicmaterials.WhatIparticularlylikeaboutthepresentationofthe materialisthatitisbrokendownintousefulthemedsectionswhererelatedtopicsare grouped together.... This will be a very useful text for MSE undergraduate ceramic courses and for post graduates starting M.Sc. or Ph.D. work and who are new to the field of ceramic materials.” —Professor John Kilner, BCH Steele Chair in Energy Materials,DepartmentofMaterials,ImperialCollegeLondon “Ceramic Materials: Science and Engineering is a very thorough book.... Its uniqueness lies in the coverage of fundamentals...[as well as] properties and applications...at an unparalleled level, while also providing excellent sections on defects and processing.... Carter and Norton’s book is a must have in the ceramics field.” —Juan Claudio Nino, UFRF Professor, Department of Materials Science and Engineering,UniversityofFlorida,Gainesville “ItisnomeantasktocompetewithKingeryetal.’sclassictextbookonthesubject, buttheauthorshavemanagedtoprovideafreshnewperspectiveonthesubjectwith theiruniqueandstudent-friendlywritingstylecoupledwithspectaculargraphicsand v PRAISE FOR CERAMIC MATERIALS .............................................................................................. micrographs ... a truly remarkable text that is bound to become a benchmark in the field.” —Professor N. Ravishankar, Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute ofScience “...an excellent introductory textbook and basic reference for students and professionals interested in the field of technical ceramics.... There are two aspects whichsetthisbookapartfrommostspecialtyengineeringtextbooks.First,thisbookis replete with micrographs, photographs, and diagrams that complement the refresh- ingly easy-to-read text. Second, the authors discuss the field of technical ceramics in a societal context that will help novices understand why ceramics are important to our past and future. In summary, I highly recommend this text.” —Doreen Edwards, Dean and Professor of Materials Science, Inamori School of Engineering atAlfredUniversity “Asapractitionerofceramicscienceandtechnologyoverthelast25years,Iwas trulyamazedwiththeeasytounderstandandquiteinnovativepresentationapproach ofvariouscontentsinthebook....Thisbookprovidesacomprehensivelookatvarious topicsfromthefundamentalaspectsofceramicstothepropertiesrequiredforvarious applications....Iamsurethis bookwillserve akeyreference tostudents,technology developers, and end users all over the world.” —Dr. Mrityunjay (Jay) Singh, Chief Scientist,OhioAerospaceInstitute,NASAGlennResearchCenter vi .........................................................................................................................................................PRAISE FOR CERAMIC MATERIALS This text is dedicated to our wives Bryony Carter and Christine Wall Words still cannot explain, describe, or say enough Thanks to you both About the Authors C. Barry Carter joined the Department of Chemical, Materials, & Biomolecular EngineeringattheUniversityofConnecticutinStorrsinJuly2007andbegana5-year term as the Department Head. Before that he spent 12 years (1979–1991) on the FacultyatCornellUniversityintheDepartmentofMaterialsScienceandEngineering (MS&E) and 16 years as the 3M Heltzer Multidisciplinary Endowed Chair in the DepartmentofChemicalEngineeringandMaterialsScience(CEMS)attheUniversity of Minnesota (1991–2007). He worked as a research assistant to Oxford University ProfessorH.M.(Tiny)PowelloninclusioncompoundsbeforegoinguptoCambridge in 1967. He obtained his BA (1970), MA (1974), and ScD (2001) from Cambridge University;hisM.Sc.(1971)andDICfromImperialCollege,London;andhisD.Phil. (1976)fromOxfordUniversity.HewasSirPeterWilliams’sfirststudentatImperial College,workingwithhimontheintercalationoflayermaterials.Afterapostdoctoral interval in Oxford with his D.Phil. thesis advisor Sir Peter Hirsch, Barry moved to Cornell University in 1977, initially as a postdoctoral fellow, then becoming an Assistant Professor (1979), Associate Professor (1983), and Professor (1988) and directing the Electron Microscopy Facility (1987–1991). At Minnesota, he was the foundingDirectorof theHigh-ResolutionMicroscopy Centerandthen theAssociate Director of the Center for Interfacial Engineering; he created the Characterization Facility as a unified facility, including many forms of microscopy and diffraction in onephysicallocation.Hehasheldnumerousvisitingscientistpositions:intheUnited States at the Sandia National Laboratories, Los Alamos National Laboratory, and Xerox PARC; in Sweden at Chalmers University (Gothenburg); in Germany at the Max Planck Institut f€ur Metallforschung (Stuttgart), the Forschungszentrum J€ulich, Hannover University, and IFW (Dresden); in France at ONERA (Chatillon); in the UnitedKingdomatBristolUniversityandCambridgeUniversity(Peterhouse);andin JapanattheICYSatNIMS(Tsukuba). Dr. Carter is the co-author of two textbooks (the other is Transmission Electron Microscopy:ATextbookforMaterialsSciencewithDavidWilliams)andtheco-editor of six conference proceedings. He has published more than 290 refereed journal ix ABOUT THE AUTHORS ............................................................................................................