I 29. 2: C 26/4 PU^^ rin^, Casa Grande Ruins< Kation. ^^1^ 23 !Qp 3 1604 019 571 522 Casa Grande Ruins National Monument, Arizona: A Centennial History Of The First Prehistoric Reserve 1892 - 1992 Printed on Recycled Paper A Centennial History of the First Prehistoric Reserve: 1892-1992 march 1992 by A. Berle Clemensen Administrative History CASA GRANDE RUINS NATIONAL MONUMENT ARIZONA • UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR / NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from LYRASIS IVIembers and Sloan Foundation http://www.archive.org/details/centennialhistorOOclem ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Numerous people gave oftheir time and aided me in researching and writing this report. My thanks go to Superintendent Donald Spencer and his staff - Nathan Allen, John Andresen, Bettie Gill, and Aleta Knight-atCasa Grande Ruins National Monument. I valued the efforts of the people in the following agencies and institutions: Western Archeological and Conservation Center, Tucson, Arizona Office of the Bureau ofLand Management in Phoenix, Arizona Department of Library, Archives and Public Records in Phoenix, Arizona Historical Society in Tucson, University of Arizona Library Special Collections, Arizona Foundation in theCarlHayden Library ofArizona StateUniversity inTempe, Sharlot HallHistoricalSociety inPrescott, NationalArchivesand Library ofCongress inWashington, D.C.,andthe Regional Archives and Record Centerin Denver, Colorado. The advice given by Gordon Chappell and Thomas Mulhem of the Western Regional Office in San Francisco was greatly appreciated. I also wish to thank Frank WiUiss, Wil Logan, and my wife Margaret for their comments. SalUe Van Valkenburgh deserves recognition for her pioneering work on Casa Grande Ruins National Monument history. lU TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements iii List of Illustrations vii Introduction 1 Chapter I: Those Who Have Gone 5 Chapter II: The Eye of the Beholder 11 Chapter III: The Reservation of Casa Grande Land and Its Early Administration 27 A. The Establishment and Stabilization of Casa Grande Ruins 27 B. The Era of Isaac T. Whittemore and H.B. Mayo 38 C. Frank Pinkle/s First Tenure 47 D. The James P. Bates Interlude 62 Chapter FV: Casa Grande Ruins as a National Monument 65 A. The Transfer to the National Park Service 65 B The First Years as a National Monument 67 C. The Development of Casa Grande Ruins National Monument 70 1. Depression Era Programs 84 2. The Civilian Conservation Corps at Casa Grande 91 3. After the Civilian Conservation Corps 94 4. Mission 66 96 5. Casa Grande Ruins in the Nuclear Age 99 6. After Mission 66 100 7. Special Use Permits 101 Chapter V: So Precious and Valuable a Resource: Ruins Preservation 107 Chapter VI: Educating the Public: Publicizing and Interpreting the Monument 125 A. The Evolution of the National Park Service Interpretive Story 126 B. Publicity, Visitation, and the Interpretive Medium 134 Chapter VII: The Only Bit of Typical Desert Land 153 A. The Natural Setting 153 B. The Effect of Neighboring Agriculture on the Monument 156 C. Monument Management of Natural Resources 160 Chapter VIE: Southwestern Monuments: Boss Pinkle/s Outfit 167 Appendix A: List of Custodians/Superintendents 181 Appendix B: Employees: Past and Present 182 Appendix C: 1892 Executive Order 201 Appendix D: 1918 National Monument Proclamation 202 Appendix E: Casa Grande Ruins National Monument Visitation Figures 203 Appendix F: Historical Data Sections: Casa Grande Ruins National Monument BuUdings 204 Bibliography 229 VI LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1846 Sketch of the Great House 16 Figure 1848 Drawing of the Casa Grande 17 Figure 1852 Sketch of the Great House 19 Figure 1852 Drawing by John Bartlett 19 Figure 1864 Sketch by Ross Browne 21 J. Figure Casa Grande 1878 28 Figure Casa Grande Ca. 1878 28 Figure Casa Grande Ca. 1878 30 Figure Casa Grande 1891 39 Figure 10 Casa Grande Ca. 1902 41 Figure 11 Casa Grande Ca. 1902 42 Figure 12 Casa Grande Ca. 1902 43 Figure 13 Casa Grande Ruins Boundaries 44 Figure 14 1903 Shelter Roof 53 Figure 15 Fewkes Drawing of Compound A 55 Figure 16 Fewkes Drawing of Compound B 57 Figure 17 Compound B Ca. 1925 58 Figure 18 Pinkley's First House 61 Figure 19 Late 1930 Aerial View of the Monument 75 Figure 20 1926 Roads and Structures 76 Figure 21 1927-1931 Roads and Structures 76 Figure 22 1932 Great House Shelter 81 Figure 23 1932 Master Plan 85 Figure 24 1935 Master Plan 87 Figure 25 1941 Master Plan 89 Figure 26 Turquoise Mosaics Found in 1925 140 Figure 27 Frank "Boss" Pinkley 170 Figure 28 Present-day Building Configuration 205 Figure 29 Visitor Center Floor Plan 208 Figure 30 Visitor Center 209 Figure 31 Building 1 Floor Plan 210 Figure 32 Building 1 211 Figure 33 Building 4 Floor Plan 212 Figure 34 Building 4 213 Figure 35 Building 6 Floor Plan 214 Figure 36 Building 6 214 Figure 37 Building 15 Floor Plan 215 Figure 38 Building 15 215 Figure 39 Maintenance Area 216 Figure 40 Building 8 Floor Plan 218 Figure 41 Building 8 218 Figure 42 Building 9 Floor Plan 219 Figure 43 Building 10 Floor Plan 221 Figure 44 Building 10 222 Figure 45 Building 11 Floor Plan 223 Figure 46 Building 11 223 vu Figure 47: Building 16 Floor Plan 224 Figure 48: Building 16 224 Figure 49: Electrical Transformer Enclosure Walls Plan 225 Figure 50: 1932 Great House Shelter Roof 228 vin