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UGANDAAAAARWANDAKanapoiGUINEATugen HillsKENYANNNENEEKEEKKKKKENNNENENEEEKEKEKEKEEKEKEKKKKKKKKKGABONECUADORDEMOCRATICOlduvai/LaetoliSAO TOME GALAPAGOS IS.CONGOREPUBLIC& PRINCIPEBURUNDIINDIDINDINDIDIDDDDNN(ECUADOR)OF THE CONGOTANZANIAICABINDA(Angola)SEYCHELLESBRAZILPERUCOMOROS ISLANDSANGOLAZAMBIAKabweBOLIVIAMADAGASCARZIMBABWEMALAWINAMIBIAMAURITIUSBOTSWANAMOZAMBIQUEPARAGUAYWALVIS BAYSterkfontein/Swartkrans/Drimolen/MalapaCHILE(Status to beTaungdetermined)EASTER ISLANDSWAZILANDFlorisbadBorder Cave(CHILE)SOUTH H ARGENTINALESOTHOLESLEAFRICAAAAAURUGUAYKlasies River Mouth SLOVENIA1.CROATIA2.BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA3.ALBANIA4.MACEDONIA5.FALKLAND ISLANDS (U.K.)SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO6.1000 milesSOUTH GEORGIA ISLAND 1000 kilometers Antarctic Circle 75°S 0°30°W60°W90°W120°W150°W30°E60°E90°E120°E Major Fossil Hominin Sites 0 0 60°N Tropic of Cancer PACIFIC OCEAN FRENCH POLYNESIA (FR.) Tropic of Capricorn PITCAIRNISLANDS (U.K.) 60°S TAHITI(FR.) 45°N 30°N HAWAII(U.S.)15°N Equator0° WESTERNSAMOAAMERICAN SAMOA15°SSOCIETY ISLANDS(FR.)TONGA 30°S 45°S Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. UNDERSTANDING HUMANS Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. UNDERSTANDING HUMANS Introduction to Physical Anthropology and Archaeology Eleventh Edition Barry Lewis Professor Emeritus, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign Robert Jurmain Professor Emeritus, San Jose State University Lynn Kilgore University of Colorado, Boulder Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore Spain • United Kingdom • United States Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Understanding Humans: Introduction to © 2013, 2010 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright Eleventh Edition herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form Barry Lewis, Robert Jurmain, and Lynn Kilgore or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not Executive Editor: Mark Kerr limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval Acquiring Sponsoring Editor: Erin Mitchell systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 Developmental Editor: Lin Gaylord United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Assistant Editor: Mallory Ortberg Media Editor: John Chell For product information and technology Marketing Program Manager: Janay Pryor assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, Content Project Manager: Cheri Palmer 1-800-354-9706. 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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. vv Brief Contents Anthropology CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Anthropology  Heredity and Evolution CHAPTER 2 The Development of Evolutionary Theory  CHAPTER 3 Heredity and Evolution  CHAPTER 4 Modern Human Variation and Adaptation  CHAPTER 5 M acroevolution: Processes of Vertebrate and Mammalian Evolution  Primates CHAPTER 6 An Overview of the Primates  CHAPTER 7 Primate Behavior  Paleoanthropology/Fossil Hominins CHAPTER 8 Understanding The Past: Archaeological and Paleoanthropological Methods  CHAPTER 9 Hominin Origins  CHAPTER 10 The First Dispersal of the Genus Homo: Homo erectus and Contemporaries  CHAPTER 11 Premodern Humans  CHAPTER 12 The Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans  Archaeology CHAPTER 13 Early Holocene Hunters and Gatherers  CHAPTER 14 Food Production  CHAPTER 15 The First Civilizations  CHAPTER 16 Biocultural Evolution and the Anthropocene  Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.