Sierra Wireless CDPD Primer 2130006 Rev 1.0 April 2001 Sierra Wireless, Inc. CDPD Primer Copyright ©2001 Sierra Wireless, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior permission of the publisher. The information in this manual is subject to change without notice and does not represent a commitment on the part of Sierra Wireless, Inc. Sierra Wireless, Inc. shall not be liable for incidental or consequential damages resulting from the furnishing, performance, or use of this manual. Trademarks AirCard® is a registered trademark of Sierra Wireless, Inc. GroupWatcher™ is a trademark of Sierra Wireless, Inc. Windows® and Microsoft® are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. All other brand or product names, logos, trademarks, etc. mentioned in this manual are owned by their respective companies. Contact Information Technical Canada/US: 1-877-231-1144 Support: Worldwide: 1-604-231-1128 Hours: 6:00am to 5:00pm Pacific Time e-mail: [email protected] Sales Desk: Phone: 1-604-232-1488 Hours: 8:00am to 5:00pm Pacific Time e-mail: [email protected] Post: Sierra Wireless, Inc. 13811 Wireless Way, Richmond, BC Canada V6V 3A4 Fax: 1-604-231-1109 Web: www.sierrawireless.com Consult our website for up-to-date product descriptions, documentation, application notes, firmware upgrades, troubleshooting tips, and press releases: www.sierrawireless.com 2130006 Rev 1.0 Page ii Sierra Wireless, Inc. CDPD Primer Contents 1. About this Guide............................................................................1 1.1. Introduction...........................................................................................................1 1.2. Document Structure..............................................................................................1 1.2.1. Format....................................................................................................1 1.2.2. Organization..........................................................................................1 1.3. References..............................................................................................................1 1.3.1. Terminology and Acronyms..................................................................1 2. Telephones and Wireless Data Transmission.............................2 2.1. Telecommunications and the Telephone.............................................................2 2.1.1. Wireline Telephones..............................................................................2 2.1.2. Wireless Telephones..............................................................................2 2.2. The Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)....................................................2 2.2.1. Why Cellular?........................................................................................3 2.2.2. Analog FM Using Different Channels to Send and Receive.................3 2.2.3. A-side and B-side Carriers.....................................................................3 2.2.4. Cell Sites Coordinated by the MTSO....................................................4 2.2.5. Assigning and De-Assigning Frequencies.............................................4 2.2.6. Reusing Frequencies..............................................................................5 2.2.7. Cell Handoff..........................................................................................6 2.3. Cellular Data Transmission..................................................................................6 2.3.1. Circuit-Switched vs. Packet-Switched Data..........................................6 3. Background: Introduction to CDPD..............................................8 3.1. Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD)..................................................................8 3.1.1. Packet-Switched Data Shared With Voice Calls...................................8 3.1.2. Channel Hopping...................................................................................9 3.1.3. Dedicated CDPD Channels..................................................................10 3.1.4. Base Station Broadcast Parameters......................................................11 3.1.5. CDPD Services Provided Over the Airlink.........................................11 3.1.6. A Buffer Between the Internet and the Modem...................................11 2130006 Rev 1.0 Page iii Sierra Wireless, Inc. CDPD Primer 3.2. Features of CDPD................................................................................................12 3.2.1. Packet-Switched..................................................................................12 3.2.2. Based on Internet Protocols.................................................................12 3.2.3. Full Duplex..........................................................................................12 3.2.4. Transmission Rate and Peak Throughput............................................13 3.2.5. Number of Users Supported................................................................13 3.2.6. Coverage and Availability...................................................................13 3.2.7. Encryption and Security......................................................................14 3.2.8. Access Control and Congestion...........................................................14 3.2.9. CDPD Data Transmission Format.......................................................15 4. Infrastructure: CDPD Network Architecture..............................16 4.1. Physical: Components of the CDPD Network...................................................16 4.1.1. End Systems (M-ES and F-ES)...........................................................16 4.1.2. Mobile Data Base Station (MDBS).....................................................17 4.1.3. Mobile Data Intermediate Station (MD-IS).........................................17 4.1.4. Connections to Other Networks – Intermediate Systems (IS).............17 4.2. Services: CDPD Network Services.....................................................................18 4.2.1. Domain Name Server..........................................................................18 4.2.2. Subscriber Location Service................................................................18 4.2.3. Mobility Management Service.............................................................18 4.2.4. Network Management Services...........................................................19 4.2.5. Accounting Services............................................................................19 4.2.6. Authentication Services.......................................................................19 4.2.7. Encryption Services.............................................................................19 4.3. Logical: CDPD Protocols....................................................................................19 4.3.1. The Application Layer (Layer 7).........................................................20 4.3.2. The Presentation Layer (Layer 6)........................................................20 4.3.3. The Session Layer (Layer 5)................................................................20 4.3.4. The Transport Layer (Layer 4)............................................................20 4.3.5. The Network Layer (Layer 3)..............................................................20 4.3.6. The Data Link Layer (Layer 2)............................................................21 4.3.7. The Physical Layer (Layer 1)..............................................................21 4.3.8. Where CDPD Fits Into the Protocol Stack..........................................21 4.3.9. CDPD Communications Subprofiles...................................................21 2130006 Rev 1.0 Page iv Sierra Wireless, Inc. CDPD Primer 5. Operations: Making a CDPD Connection...................................23 5.1. The Registration Process....................................................................................23 5.1.1. Network Entity Identifier (NEI) and Home Subdomain......................23 5.1.2. Temporary Equipment Identifier (TEI)...............................................23 5.1.3. Equipment Identifier (EID)..................................................................24 5.1.4. Authentication and Verification...........................................................24 5.1.5. Service Provider Network Identifier (SPNI)........................................25 5.2. Moving Data Through the CDPD Network.......................................................25 5.2.1. CDPD Mobility Management..............................................................25 5.2.2. Functions of a Modem on a CDPD Network.......................................27 5.3. Subnetwork-Dependent Convergence Protocol (SNDCP)...............................28 5.4. Mobile Data Link Protocol (MDLP)..................................................................28 5.5. Medium Access Control (MAC).........................................................................28 5.5.1. Details of MAC Transmission Access Management...........................29 5.5.2. The Exponential Back-Off Process......................................................29 5.6. Radio Resource Management (RRM)................................................................29 5.6.1. The Radio Resource Management Entity (RRME).............................30 5.6.2. Power Level Issues..............................................................................30 5.7. Sleep Mode...........................................................................................................31 6. Sierra Wireless Products and CDPD..........................................32 6.1. CDPD-Only and Multi-Mode Devices...............................................................32 6.2. AirCard® PC Cards for Handhelds and Notebooks.........................................32 6.3. Wireless Telemetry Systems...............................................................................32 6.4. Mobile In-Vehicle Dispatch/Database Access...................................................32 6.5. Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) CDPD Devices.............................33 6.6. End-to-End and Legacy Systems........................................................................33 6.7. Software................................................................................................................33 7. Additional Resources..................................................................34 7.1. Books....................................................................................................................34 7.2. Web Sites..............................................................................................................34 7.2.1. CDPD Coverage and Carriers..............................................................35 7.2.2. Related Technologies...........................................................................35 7.3. Additional Sierra Wireless Documents..............................................................35 2130006 Rev 1.0 Page v Sierra Wireless, Inc. CDPD Primer List of Figures Figure 2-1: Forward and reverse channels........................................................................................3 Figure 2-2: A cellular telephone system............................................................................................4 Figure 2-3: Cellular channel reuse using three sectors per cell.........................................................5 Figure 2-4: Cell handoff in three-sector cells....................................................................................6 Figure 3-1: Cellular radio channel usage within a single cell sector.................................................9 Figure 3-2: CDPD channel hopping..................................................................................................9 Figure 3-3: How cellular voice and CDPD coexist in a three-channel sector.................................10 Figure 4-1: ISO layered communications architecture....................................................................20 Figure 4-2: Example of a CDPD virtual terminal subprofile..........................................................22 Figure 5-1: CDPD mobility management scenario 1......................................................................26 Figure 5-2: CDPD mobility management scenario 2......................................................................27 2130006 Rev 1.0 Page vi 1. About this Guide 1.1. Introduction The Sierra Wireless CDPD Primer is an overview of Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD), a standard for data transmission over wireless cellular telephone networks, such as those using the analog AMPS system, and widely available in North America. Many Sierra Wireless products support CDPD (see section 6). You can find more detailed information in the documents noted in section 7 at the end of this guide, and in the technical documents available for download from the Sierra Wireless Web site at www.sierrawireless.com. 1.2. Document Structure 1.2.1. Format This document was prepared for distribution in Adobe Systems’ Portable Document Format (PDF) from the Sierra Wireless Web site at www.sierrawireless.com. It includes bookmarks and hyperlinks to allow you to jump to sections, follow references, and access the Sierra Wireless Web site by clicking within the document. The PDF edition is designed for printing single-sided on standard letter-size paper. If your computer cannot read or print PDF files, Adobe provides a free reader at www.adobe.com/acrobat/readstep.html. 1.2.2. Organization This guide consists of seven sections, of which this introduction is the first. Section 2 covers the traditional and wireless voice telephone systems, including the plain old telephone system (POTS) and cellular telephones. Section 3 discusses the background of the CDPD standard: its history, and its features in comparison with other wireless data standards. Section 4 details the architecture of a CDPD network: its technology, hardware, and protocols. This section includes information about the physical components of the network, its protocol layers and how they interact, and the services it provides. Section 5 goes into some detail about the operation of a CDPD network, including: how CDPD devices register with the network, how data moves through it, how radio resources are managed, how users share bandwidth, and how CDPD modems save power using sleep mode. Section 6 discusses Sierra Wireless products that support CDPD, and section 7 lists resources for further reading, study, and reference. 1.3. References 1.3.1. Terminology and Acronyms This document makes wide use of acronyms that are in common use in data communications. For our Glossary of acronyms and terms used in Sierra Wireless documentation (document 2110032), please consult the document downloads on our Web site at www.sierrawireless.com, as well as section 7 of this document. 2130006 Rev 1.0 Page 1 Sierra Wireless, Inc. CDPD Primer 2. Telephones and Wireless Data Transmission 2.1. Telecommunications and the Telephone Today’s wireless data communications standards, including CDPD and more recent varieties, evolved from technologies in different industries, including radio and data communications. CDPD’s most direct and well known ancestor is the traditional telephone system, which is where we begin our history. 2.1.1. Wireline Telephones The wireline telephones with which we are all familiar evolved from the telegraph system, and are known within the industry as the Plain Old Telephone System, or POTS. They are connected to the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). Wireline telephones operate on a circuit- switched system (see section 2.3.1), which means that in any phone call there is effectively a single, continuous, dedicated wire connecting one party to the other. In today’s digital-switched telephone systems, the situation is slightly more complex, but the dedicated circuit remains. Through the twentieth century, many other technologies piggybacked upon the PSTN, including telegrams, fax transmissions, credit card authorizations, newswires, various videophone techniques, corporate PBX telephone exchanges, e-mail, and Internet access. Each adapted itself to an underlying infrastructure designed purely for the human voice. 2.1.2. Wireless Telephones Most radio transmissions are broadcasts, where a single powerful transmitter sends signals—such as music, speech, or television images—to anyone who can receive them in a given (often fairly large) area. Two-way radio communication has long been used by law enforcement, other public safety agencies, marine and aircraft navigation, the military, urban dispatchers, and CB and Ham radio enthusiasts. Neither broadcast nor two-way radio was initially linked into the vast telephone network. Early attempts to connect them and create a wireless telephone system were unsuccessful, largely because they generally used a single large transceiver station for each city. Radio frequencies are limited, so only a few people could make wireless calls simultaneously, even in a large city. Conversations had to be patched through an operator who linked the radio transmission into the PSTN, and the calling phones (to be powerful enough to reach the single central antenna) were bulky. Also, only one person could speak at a time: the sets could either send or receive, but not both at once. For wireless telephones to succeed, engineers and regulators needed to find ways to make the process simpler and more convenient, subdivide the radio bandwidth, and make smaller phones. 2.2. The Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) Although originally developed in the 1960s, it wasn’t until 1983 that the Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) was implemented in North America. AMPS was the first widespread wireless mobile telephone system, replacing the one or two large and powerful transmitters and receivers in a city with a constellation of dozens or hundreds of small transceivers, running at much lower power (originally about 100 W each, but with new technology about 50 W today). The range of each transceiver—also known as a base station or cell site—is limited, and so it acts as the hub of a relatively small cell. In that cell, personal transceivers—cellular phones, also 2130006 Rev 1.0 Page 2 Sierra Wireless, Inc. CDPD Primer called handsets—can both receive signals from, and send signals to, the base station. All the cell sites for one cellular service provider connect into an automated central management system, and from there into the wider PSTN; so AMPS users can seamlessly call both traditional wireline phones and other mobile phones (whether on their network or not), and vice versa. AMPS has been remarkably successful. In the 1960s, its developers predicted perhaps a million users in North America by the year 2000. In reality, that number was in excess of 50 million. AMPS, an analog system, is the oldest of the North American cellular phone technologies. Newer digital systems may use different radio frequencies and encode voice information differently, but as a whole they operate fundamentally the same way. 2.2.1. Why Cellular? A cellular system lets the same limited range of radio frequencies get used over and over again. Even though there are only 832 conversation channels available in the 50 MHz of radio bandwidth assigned to AMPS networks, tens of thousands of simultaneous conversations can take place. Many cellular telephones across a city may be using the same channels at one time, but because each cell base station has a limited range (and because of other limitations imposed on the system, see section 2.2.6 below), they do not interfere with one another. Since cellular telephones must be relatively close to their base stations to operate, the phones can be quite small and use low-power transmitters. Early AMPS phones were suitcase-sized—similar to their non-cellular counterparts—but technological improvements mean that today’s analog cellular phones, and especially their digital descendants, can be small enough to fit in a shirt pocket. 2.2.2. Analog FM Using Different Channels to Send and Receive AMPS is an analog standard, which means that voice conversations are directly represented in the radio transmission as changes in the radio waveforms. Digital systems, by contrast, encode voices as binary digits which are then modulated into the radio waveform. AMPS uses frequency modulation (FM), the same technique implemented in FM radio broadcasts, but an AMPS cellular phone channel has a far smaller slice of bandwidth (30 kHz) than an FM radio station (200 kHz)—so a cellular phone call is obviously of lower quality than an FM radio broadcast. (To avoid interference and crosstalk, the frequency range of the voice transmissions themselves is only 3 kHz, slightly less than the 4 kHz of a wireline POTS phone call.) Cellular networks use a portion of the radio frequency spectrum assigned by government regulators. For AMPS cellular phones, that range is between 824 and 894 MHz. A connection consists of two 30 kHz channels, widely separated in frequency: a receiving channel (also known as the forward channel) from the base station to the phone, and an independent sending channel (known as the reverse channel) from the phone to Figure 2-1: Forward and reverse channels the base station. Since the channels are separated by frequency, the AMPS technology is also known as Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA). The frequency separation allows AMPS calls to be full duplex: both parties can speak, and be heard, at the same time. 2.2.3. A-side and B-side Carriers The 50 MHz of spectrum assigned to AMPS cellular phones has been further divided by regulatory bodies. In each region served by AMPS services, there can be two competing cellular phone providers, arbitrarily known as the A-side and B-side carriers. One carrier is usually the same company that provides local wireline telephone service, and the other is a separate firm, most often one that does not provide wireline phone service. 2130006 Rev 1.0 Page 3 Sierra Wireless, Inc. CDPD Primer A-side carriers use Band A of the AMPS spectrum. Their cellular phones transmit in the frequency ranges 824-835 MHz and 845-846.5 MHz, and they receive in the 869-880 MHz and 890-891.5 MHz ranges. These correspond to cellular channels numbered 1-333, 667-716, and 991-1023. B-side carriers use Band B, which transmits at 835-845 MHz and 846.5-849 MHz, and receives at 880-890 MHz and 891.5-894 MHz, corresponding to cellular channels 334-666 and 717-799. Each carrier has 416 pairs of 30 kHz channels available, although the number for calls is smaller, since each cell requires one or two control channels to manage the operation of the network. Each carrier has its own infrastructure, and sets up transceiver base stations at cell sites on towers, in buildings, or on hilltops. In any particular coverage area, each of the two carriers organizes its cells so that telephones can move from one to another without losing contact with the network. 2.2.4. Cell Sites Coordinated by the MTSO The coverage areas of each base station—the cells that give the cellular network its name—are roughly hexagonal (see Figure 2-3), although in rural areas and those of rough terrain, cell shapes may differ. The interaction between sites is managed by the carrier’s central Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO). At the heart of the MTSO is the cellular switch, which also links into the voice circuits of the PSTN. For cellular phone users, the cellular switch makes the cellular network a nearly seamless part of the PSTN. Figure 2-2: A cellular telephone system The cellular switch is the central coordinating element for all of the cell sites for one carrier in one area, such as a city. It performs all call processing functions and supports certain aspects of network accounting and management. Purchasers of cellular handsets generally activate them with their carrier, and with a particular local cellular switch for that carrier, providing that handset with a home cellular network. Arrangements within that carrier and between it and other carriers in other cities may allow the handset to operate outside the home region when the subscriber travels. When the handset communicates with a different carrier than normal, it is said to be roaming. 2.2.5. Assigning and De-Assigning Frequencies When a cellular subscriber originates or receives a call, the MTSO assigns the subscriber an available radio channel from the group of channels assigned to that carrier. Once assigned this channel, the call progresses until: • the subscriber terminates the call, when the MTSO de-assigns the radio channel from the cell site and makes it available for new calls. –or– 2130006 Rev 1.0 Page 4