DETAIL OF COURSES COURSE TITLE: CELL BIOLOGY (2 + 1) COURSE OBJECTIVES: To acquaint students with cell structure, function and visualization of cell and its components. COURSE CONTENTS: Introduction to cell theory, structure, chemical constituents of cell and cell organelles and their functions, separation of cell organelles, Cell membrane, its molecular organization and functional role, The concept of the unit membrane, the fluid mosaic model, membrane receptors and transport mechanisms. Endoplasmic Reticulum. Lysosome, Micro-bodies, Mitochondrial ultra structure and function, Chloroplast ultra structure and the mechanism of photosynthesis, Cell movements, structure and function of cytoskeleton, centriole, cilia and flagella, the mitotic apparatus, The nucleus, structure and function of chromosomes, the cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis. Practical: Microscopy and staining techniques, Study of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, Study of plant and animals cell, Cell structure in the staminal hair of Tradescantia, Study of different types of plastids, Cellular reproduction, Mitosis: smear/squash preparation of onion roots. RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS: 1. Molecular Biology of the Cell, Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, 4rh Edition, 2006. Garland Sciences. Published by Academic Internet Publishers. 2. Molecular Cell Biology, Lodish, Berk,Zipursky, 4th Edition. 2000. W.H. Freeman. 3. Cell and Molecular Biology, Karp, 3rd Edition. 2002. John Wiley and Sons. MICROBIOLOGY (2 + 1) COURSE OBJECTIVES: To acquaint student with the knowledge of Microbiology and its applications. COURSE CONTENTS: Introduction and scope of Microbiology, Historical foundations of Microbiology, General characteristics of Microbes, methods of Microbiology, bacterial forms and ultrastructure, microbial nutrition, cultivation, reproduction and growth, Metabolic characteristics, symbiotic relationships, taxonomy, classification, nomenclature of microorganism/bacteria. Physical and chemical control of microbes. Role of microbes in industry, agriculture, health, basic research and environment. Practicals: Sterilization techniques, culturing, staining (Gram, simple, negative, capsule and spore), colony and cell morphology, bacterial cell count and growth curve, biochemical tests (Oxidation Fermentation (OF), urease, oxidase and catalase) of bacteria. RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS: 1. Talaro, K. P., 2006. Foundations in Microbiology: Basic Principles. Mcgraw Hill. Publisher. th 2. Black, J. G., 2005. Microbiology: principles and explorations, by 6 Edition, J. Wiley & Sons, USA. 3. Cappuccino, J. G. and Sherman, N. 2004, Microbiology: a laboratory manual. Pearson Education, USA. 4. Pollack, R. A. Findlay, L., Mondschein, W. Modesto R. R., 2004. Laboratory nd Exercises in Microbiology by 2 Edition, J. Wiley and Sons, USA. 5. Tortora, G. J., Funke , B. R. and Case, C. L. 2008. Microbiology: an th introduction 9 Edition, Pearson Education, USA. 6. Kathleen P. T., and Arthur, T. 2001. Foundations in Microbiology: Basic Principles McGraw-Hill Companies/ 7. Tortora, G. J., Funke, B. R., Case, C. L. 2000. Microbiology: An Introduction, Study Guide. Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company. 8. Tortora, G. J., Funke, B. R. and Case, C. L. 2004. Microbiology: an th introduction 8 Edition, Pearson Education, USA. 9. Tortora,G. J., Christine, L. Case, C. L., Funke, B. R., Funke, B., Case, C., 2006. Microbiology: An Introduction, Publisher: Pearson Education. 10. Alcamo, I. E., 2001. Fundamentals of Microbiology published by Jones and Bartlett Publishers, USA. 11. Baker, S., Khan, N., Nicklin, J. and Killington, R., 2006. Instant Notes in rd Microbiology, 3 Ed edition, Taylor and Francis. 12. Madigan, M. T. and Martinko, J., 2005. Brock Biology of Microorganisms 11 International Ed edition Prentice Hall. 13. Talaro, K. P., 2006. Foundations in Microbiology: Basic Principles. Mcgraw Hill. Publisher. BIOCHEMISTRY-I (2 + 1) COURSE OBJECTIVES: To acquaint the student with the chemistry and biology of biomolecules. COURSE CONTENTS: Introduction to biochemistry, amino acids and proteins, general functions, classification, primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure, Fibrous and globular proteins, Protein stability, Protein folding. Enzyme nomenclature and classification, co-factors and co-enzymes, general characteristics of enzymatic reactions. Enzyme kinetics. Classification of carbohydrates, structure and functions of mono, oligo and polysaccharides, sugar derivates, Structural polysaccharides, storage polysaccharides, Structure and function of bacterial cell- walls. Classification, structure, properties and functions of different types of lipids, fatty acids, trigycerides, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, cholesterol, Micelles, bilayers and liposomes. Properties and functions of lipoproteins, Fat and water soluble vitamins, Structural and functional aspects of nucleic acids, Chemical structures of nucleotides, nucleosides and bases. Practicals: Qualitative tests for amino acids, Amino acid titration, Hydrolysis of proteins and chromatographic separation of amino acids, Isolation and solublization of proteins from plant and animal tissues, Estimation of proteins using different methods, Estimation of glucose in a mixture of monosaccharides, estimation of sucrose by polarimeter, chromatographic separation of sugars. Estimation of acid, saponification and iodine values of fat, Enzymes assay, effect of pH, temperature and substrate concentration on the properties of enzymes, Kinetic analysis of enzymes. Isolation of nucleic acids. RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS: 1. Principles of Biochemistry, A. L. Lehninger, D.L. Nelson, 3rd edition (2000), Worth Publishers. 2. Biochemistry, L. Stryer, 6th Edition (2006), W.H. Freeman and Co. 3. Biochemistry, D. Voet, T. G. Voet, 3nd edition (2004), John Wiley and Sons, New York. 4. Harper‟s Illustrated Biochemistry, 27th edition (2006), McGraw-Hill Medical. 5. Lippincott‟s Biochemistry, P.C. Champe, R.A. Harvey, D.R. Ferrier, 4th edition (2008), J.B. Lippincott Company. 6. An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry, D. T. Plummer, 3rd edition (1987), McGraw-Hill. 7. Handbook of Molecular and Cellular Methods in Biology and Medicines, P.B. Kaufmann, W.Wu, L.J. Creke (1995), CRC Press. 8. Modern Experimental Biochemistry, R.F. Boyer, 2nd edition (1993), Benjamin/Cumings Publishing. 9. The Basic Protein & Peptide Protocols, J.M. Walker (1994), Humana Press. BIOCHEMISTRY-II (2 + 1) COURSE OBJECTIVES: To acquaint the student with the key concepts of intermediary metabolism of proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids. COURSE CONTENTS: Amino acid deamination mechanisms, urea cycle and its regulation, biosynthesis and degradation of essential and non-essential amino acids, RNAs and their role in protein synthesis, transcription and translational processes, Chemical nature, synthesis and degradation of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, Glycolytic pathway and its significance, fermentation, Glycogen breakdown and synthesis pathways. Citric acid cycle, mechanism of electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation and regulation of ATP production, gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway, Properties and functions of lipoproteins, fatty acid oxidation, fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis, Ketone bodies, utilization of cholesterol, Prostaglandins, postacyclines, thromboxanes and leukotrienes. Practicals: Lodine test for polysaccharides, Formation of sugar derivatives, Fermentation of sugars by Baker‟s yeast. Isolation of amylose and amylopectin from starch, extraction of glycogen from liver, acid and enzymatic hydrolysis of glycogen. Extraction and estimation of Lipids from wheat grain, Lipid separation from brain tissue and fractionation by TLC. Effect of UV light on vitamin A. Preparation of mitochondrial fraction from heart muscles and measurement of enzyme activities like malate dehydrogenase and monoamine oxidase. RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS: 1. Biochemistry, D. Voet, J.G. Voet, 3rd (2004), John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2. Principles of Biochemistry, A.L. Lehninger, D.L. Nelson, 3rd edition (2000), Worth Publishers. 3. Lippincott‟s Biochemistry, P.C. Champe, R.A. Harvey, D.R. Ferrier, 4th edition (2008), J.B. Lippincott Company. 4. An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry, D. T. Plummer, 3rd edition (1987), McGraw-Hill. 5. Modern Experimental Biochemistry, R.F. Boyer, 3rd edition (2000), Pearson Education Inc. ANALYTIC CHEMISTRY & INSTRUMENTATION (2 + 1) COURSE OBJECTIVES: To acquaint the student with key analytical concepts of identification and analysis at molecular levels. COURSE CONTENTS: General methods of fractionation and characterization of proteins and nucleic acids, dialysis, ultrafiltration, lyophilisation, principles and application of visible, UV, IR, mass spectroscopy, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR), flame photometry, atomic absorption, fluorescence spectroscopy, Chromatographic techniques (thin layer, adsorption, partition, ion-exchange, hydrophobic and affinity), Chromatofocusing, native and SDS-PAGE, isoelectric focusing, agarose gel electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis. Radioisotopes and their applications in molecular and biomedical sciences, Amino acid analyzer, thermal cycler (PCR), DNA sequencer, Protein/DNA microarray. Practicals: Experiments in chromatography (TLC, column and paper), Dialysis, ultrafiltration, fractionation of proteins using gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography, chromatofocussing and other chromatographic techniques. Fractionation of proteins using native and SDS gel electrophoresis, Molecular weight determination of proteins using UVP gel based computer software program, Isoelectric focusing, Preservation of biological samples by lyophilization. RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS: 1. Methods for protein analysis, R.A. Copeland, (1994), Chapman and Hall. 2. Basic Biochemical Methods, R.R. Alexander, J. M. Griffiths, 2nd edition (1993), Wiley Liss. 3. A Biological Guide to Principles and Techniques of Practical Biochemistry, K.Wilson, K.H. Goulding, 3rd edition (1991), ELBS. 4. Protein Methods, D.M. Bollag, M.D. Rozycki, S.J. Edelstein, 2nd Edition (1996), Wiley- Liss. 5. A Biological Guide to Principles and Techniques of Practical Biochemistry, K.Wilson, K.H. Goulding, 3rd edition (1991), ELBS. 6. Methods for Protein Analysis, R.A. Copeland, (1994), Chapman and Hall. 7. Protein Methods, D.M. Bollag, M. D. Rozycki, S.J. Edelstein, 2nd Edition (1996), Wiley- Liss. 8. Analytical Chemistry, A. Skoog, M. Donald (2000), Saunder Publishers IMMUNOLOGY (2 + 1) COURSE OBJECTIVES: To acquaint the student with the basic principles of defense mechanism and immune system. COURSE CONTENTS: Body defense mechanisms, the immune system, elements of innate and acquired immunity, antibody structure and function, antigen-antibody interactions, cells of the immune system, monoclonal antibodies, Genetics of antibody structure and diversity, Activation and function of T and B cells and their receptors, Major histocompatibility complex, Complement system, Hypersensitivity, cytokines, Autoimmunity, resistance and immunity to infectious diseases, Immunochemical techniques. Practicals: Radioimmunoassay of hormones (thyroid, growth, adrenal and others), Enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Blood group determination (ABO and Rh), Western blot. Ouchterlony analysis. RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS: 1. Immunology, J. Kuby, 6th edition (2007), W.H. Freeman and Co. 2. Immunobiology - The immune system in health and disease, C.A. Janeway, P.Travers, 3rd edition (1997), Garland Publication Inc. New York. 3. Roitt‟s Essential Immonology, Ivan Roitt, 11th edn (2007), Blackwell Scientific Publication. 4. Harlow ED, David L., Antibodies - A laboratory Manual, (1988), Cold Spring Harbor laboratory Press. 5. Methods for protein analysis, R.A. Copeland, (1994), Chapman and Hall. 6. The Basic Protein and Peptide Protocols, J.M. Walker (1994), Humana Press. 7. The Protein Protocols Handbook, J.M. Walker (1996), Humana Press. 8. Basic Biochemical Methods, R.R. Alexander, J. M. Griffiths, 2nd edition (1993), Wiley Liss. STATISTICS (3 + 0) COURSE OBJECTIVES: To acquaint the student with experimental design, data collection and analysis. COURSE CONTENTS: Definition of statistics, characteristics, importance and limitations, population and samples, Frequency distribution and probabilities, formation of frequency table from raw data, histograms, Applications of probabilities to simple events, Measures of central tendencies and dispersion, Arithmatic mean, median, mode, range, variance and standard deviation, standard error of the mean, mean deviation, semi interquartiles range. Standard distribution (Binomial, poison and normal distributions, properties and application, Normality), Test of significance (t-test, X2- test, F-test, L.S.D. test, multiple range test), Design of experiment: Brief account of correlation and regression, Computer based statistical software applications. RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS: 1. Sullivan, L.S., 2008. Essentials of biostatistics. Jones and Bartlett press. 2. Daniel, W.W., 2008. Biostatistics:A Foundation for Analysis in the Health Sciences John Wiley & Sons 3. Gertmsn, B. B, 2007. Basic biostatistics: statistics for public health practice. Jones and Bartlett press. 4. Essex-Sorlie, D. 1995. Medical Biostatics & Epidemiology, International Edition, Appleton & Lange 2nd.Edition, 5. Marzillier, L.F., 1990. Elementary statistics , Wm.C.Brown Publisher 6. Stanton, A.G., 2001. Primer of Biostatistics. McGraw Hill 7. Beth, D.D., Robert, G.T 2000. Basic and clinical biostatistics. Appleton & Lange 8. Streiner, N., Norman, G.R., 2000. Biostatistics: The bare essentials B.C. Decker, Inc. 9. Rosner, B., 2000. Fundamentals of biostatistics. Cole Pub. Co. 10. Quinn, G., 2002. Experimental Design and Data Analysis for Biologists. Cambridge University Press. 11. Bailey, N.T.J., 1994. Statistical Methods in Biology, Cambridge, University Press. 12. Barnett, V., 2003. Environmental Statistics: Methods and Applications. John- Wiley and Son Limited. ECOSYSTEM AND ENVIRONMENT (2 + 1) COURSE OBJECTIVES: To acquaint the students with the knowledge of ecosystems and the environment. COURSE CONTENTS: Concept, overall structure and components of Ecosystem, Energy flow and Biogeochemical cycling, Energy transfer ( Food chain, Food webs, Food cycle, Trophic levels), Ecological pyramids, Productivity of ecosystems, Factors influencing environments and habitats, Impact of man on ecosystem, Fundamental of population ecology and community ecology, Human impacts on ecosystems, The Atmosphere (Composition, Minor and major gases, Water in atmosphere, Aerosols, Global circulation pattern), Pollution (Air, Water, Land, Thermal, Radiation and Noise), Climate Change (Green House Effect and Global Warming), Ozone Depletion (Ozone-structure, Properties/Significances, Ozone destroying catalysts, Natural, Anthropogenic, Antarctic zone hole, Changing ozone Level, Impact on biosphere), Waste Type, Disposal and Management, Environmental Ethics. Practicals: Study of pond freshwater ecosystem, Study of vegetation profile, Study of grassland, rangeland and forest, Study of some biotic and abiotic factors of grassland, rangeland and aquatic ecosystem, methods of sampling. Measurements and description of plant communities by different methods. Study of decomposition of leaf litter by organisms. RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS: 1. Davet, P. 2004. Microbial ecology of soil and plant growth. Science Publishers. 2. Nico, M., Straalen, V., and Roelofs, D., 2006. An Introduction to Ecological Genomics. Oxford University Press. 3. Aston, A., Harris, S., Lowe, A., 2004. Ecological Genetics: Planning and Application. Blackwell Science (UK). 4. Costa, L. G., and Eaton, D. L., 2006. Gene-Environment Interactions: Fundamentals of Ecogenetics. John-Wiley and Son Limited. 5. Freeland, J. R., 2005. Molecular Ecology. John-Wiley and Son Limited. 6. Light. A and Rolston III.H. 2003. Environmental Ethics. Blackwell Publishers Ltd. U.S.A. 7. Wenz, P. S., 2001. Environmental Ethics Today, Oxford University Press. 8. Louis P. and Pojman, L. P., 2004. Environmental Ethics: Readings in Theory th and Application, 4 edition. Wadsworth Publishing. 9. Light, A., and Rolston, III. H., 2005. Environmental Ethics. Blacwell Publishing Incorporated. th 10. Raven, P. H., and Berg, L. R., 2005. Environment, 5 Edition . John-Wiley and Son Limited RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNIQUES (2 + 1) COURSE OBJECTIVES: