Cell and Tissue Culture in Forestry FORESTRY SCIENCES Baas P, ed: New Perspectives in Wood Anatomy. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2526-7 Prins CFL, ed: Production, Marketing and Use of Finger-Jointed Sawnwood. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2569-0 Oldeman RAA, et aI., eds: Tropical Hardwood Utilization: Practice and Prospects. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2581-X Den Ouden P and Boom BK: Manual of Cultivated Conifers: Hardy in Cold and Warm- Temperate Zone. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2148-2 Bonga JM and Durzan DJ, eds: Tissue Culture in Forestry. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2660-3 Satoo T and Magwick HAl: Forest Biomass. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2710-3 Van Nao T, ed: Forest Fire Prevention and Control. 1982. ISBN 90-247-3050-3 Douglas J: A Re-appraisal of Forestry Development in Developing Countries. 1983. ISBN 90-247-2830-4 Gordon JC and Wheeler CT, eds: Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Forest Ecosystems: Foundations and Applications. 1983. ISBN 90-247-2849-5 Nemeth MV: The Virus-Mycoplasma and Rikettsia Disease of Fruit Trees. ISBN 90-247-2868-1 Duryea ML and Landis TD, eds: Forest Nursery Manual: Production of Bareroot Seed lings. 1984. ISBN 90-247-2913-0 Hummel FC, ed: Forest Policy: A Contribution to Resource Development. 1984. ISBN 90-247-2883-5 Manion PD, ed: Scleroderris Canker of Conifers. 1984. ISBN 90-247-2912-2 Duryea ML and Brown GN, eds: Seedling Physiology and Reforestation Success. 1984. ISBN 90-247-2949-1 Staaf KAG and Wiksten NA: Tree Harvesting Techniques. 1984. ISBN 90-247-2994-7 Boyd JD: Biophysical Control of Microfibril Orientation in Plant Cell Walls. 1985. ISBN 90-247-3101-1 Findlay WPK, ed: Preservation of Timber in the Tropics. 1985. ISBN 90-247-3112-7 Samset I: Winch and Cable Systems. 1985. ISBN 90-247-3205-0 Leary RA: Interaction Th~oJ;Y .in Forest Ecology and Management. 1985. ISBN 90-247-3220-4 .' Gessel SP: Forest Site and Productivity. 1986. ISBN 90-247-3284-0 Hennessey TC, Dougherty PM, Kossuth SV and Johnson JD, eds: Stress Physiology and Forest Productivity. 1986. ISBN 90-247-3359-6 Shepherd KR: Plantation Silviculture. 1986. ISBN 90-247-3379-0 Sohlberg Sand Sokolov VE, eds: Practical Application of Remote Sensing in Forestry. 1986. ISBN 90-247-3392-8 Bonga JM and Durzan DJ, eds: Cell and Tissue Culture in Forestry. Volume 1: General Principles and Biotechnology. 1987. ISBN 90-247-3430-4 Bonga JM and Durzan DJ, eds: Cell and Tissue Culture in Forestry. Volume 2: Specific Principles and Methods: Growth and Developments. 1987. ISBN 90-247-3431-2 Bonga JM and Durzan DJ, eds: Cell and Tissue Culture in Forestry. Volume 3: Case Histories: Gymnosperms, Angiosperms and Palms. 1987. ISBN 90-247-3432-0 (Set Vols. 1-3: ISBN 90-247-3433-9) Cell and Tissue Culture in Forestry Volume 3 Case Histories: Gymnosperms, Angiosperms and Palms edited by 1.M. BONGA and DON 1. DURZAN Canadian Forestry Service / University of California SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V. 1987 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Cell and tissue culture in forestry. (Forestry sciences) Rev. ed. of: Tissue culture in forestry. 1982. Includes index. Contents: v. 1. General principles and biotechnology v. 2. Specific principles and methods -- v. 3. Case histories--gymnosperms, angiosperms, and palms. 1. Plant cell culture--Collected works. 2. Plant tissue culture--Collected works. 3. Trees--Propagation- In vitro--Collected works. 4. Forests and forestry- collected works. I. Bonga, J. M. Il. Durzan, D. J. III. Title: Tissue culture in forestry. IV. Series. SD403.5.C45 1987 634.9'56 86-23767 ISBN 978-90-481-8301-2 ISBN 978-94-017-0992-7 ( eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-0992-7 Copyright © 1987 by Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Martinus NijhoffPublishers, Dordrecht in 1987 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1987 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers, Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V. v VOLUME 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. PICEA ABIES - C.H. Bornman 2 1. INTRODUCTION 2. TERMINOLOGY 3. APPLICATION OF IN VITRO CULTURE TECHNOLOGY TO PICEA ABIES 4. BASIC RESEARCH 4.1. Regulation of development 4.1.1. Role of cytokinin 4.1.2. Culture medium 4.2. Control of maturation 5. CLONAL MICROPROPAGATION 5.1. Non-genetic effects 5.2. Constraints on clonal forestry imposed by legislation 5.3. Purchaser resistance 6. ORGANOGENESIS 6.1. Callus-mediated organogenesis 6.2. Non Callus-mediated organogenesis from induced meristematic tissues 6.2.1. Adventitious buds from cotyledons 6.2.2. Adventitious buds from leaves 6.3. Non callus-mediated organogenesis from existing meristematic tissues 6.3.1. Axillary and preventitious buds 6.3.2. Resting buds and embryonic shoots 6.3.3. Epicormic buds and sphaeroblasts 6.4. Seedlings to plantlings 7. SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS 8. BIOTECHNOLOGY 9. OTHER APPLICATIONS 9.1. Somaclonal variation and genetic instability 9.2. Molecular plant genetic engineering 9.3. Apomictic seed 9.4. Natural vegetative propagation 10.SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 3. SITKA SPRUCE (PICEA SITCHENSIS (BONG.) CARR.) - A. John, and 30 K.J. Webb ----- 1. INTRODUCTION 2. ORGANOGENESIS ON CALLUS DERIVED FROM JUVENILE TISSUE 2.1. Embryos 2.2. Seedlings and two-year-old shoots VI 3. MICROPROPAGATION OF SHOOTS EXCISED FROM JUVENILE SEEDLINGS 3.1. On hormone-free medium 3.2. By vitrification 4. MORPHOGENESIS "DIRECTLY-ON JUVENILE AND MATURE EXPLANTS 5. THE ROOTING OF SHOOTS PRODUCED IN VITRO ---- 5.1. In vitro 5.2. Under non-sterile conditions 4. EUROPEAN PINES - S. Jelaska 42 1. INTRODUCTION 2. EMBRYO CULTURE 3. INDUCTION AND ESTABLISHMENT OF CALLUS CULTURE 4. MICROPROPAGATION METHODS 4.1. Adventitious buds 4.1.1. Histological origin of adventitious buds 4.1.2. Peroxidases during the differentiation of adventitious buds 4.1.3. Chromosome behaviour in the primary culture of embryos and seedlings 4.2. Axillary bud development 4.3. Brachyblasts 4.4. Shoot elongation 4.5. Remultiplication 4.6. Root formation 4.6.1. Adventitious rooting 4.6.2. Branching of short roots and mycorrhizae 4.6.3. Initiation of root primordia 5. REGENERATION IN MATURE PLANTS 6. MICROGRAFTING 7. CONCLUSION 5. TISSUE CULTURE OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICAN CONIFERS - 61 A. Mehra-Palta, and D.G. Thompson 1. INTRODUCTION 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1. Embryonic tissue 2.2. Mature tissue 2.3. Callus and cell suspension cultures 2.4. Haploids 2.5. protoplasts 3. FUTURE PROSPECTS 6. TISSUE CULTURE OF DOUGLAS-FIR AND WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN 80 CONIFERS - M.M. Aboel-Nil 1. INTRODUCTION 2. DOUGLAS-FIR 2.1. Distribution 2.2. Seed propagation 2.3. Tree improvement 2.4. Vegetative propagation VII 2.5. Tissue culture 2.5.1. Embryo culture 2.5.2. Callus and cell suspension culture 2.5.3. Organogenesis of cultured tissues and organs 2.5.3.1. Culture of juvenile tissue 2.5.3.2. Culture of mature tissue 2.5.3.3. Rooting and extra vitrum establishment 2.5.4. Field performance 2.5.5. Embryogenesis 2.5.6. Protoplast culture 3. WESTERN HEMLOCK 3.1. Tissue culture of western hemlock 4. WESTERN RED CEDAR 4.1. Tissue culture of western red cedar 5. CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION 7. LOBLOLLY PINEl MICROPROPAGATION, SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS AND 101 ENCAPSULATION - P.K. Gupta, D. Shaw, and D.J. Durzan 1. INTRODUCTION 2. MICROPROPAGATION VERSUS ROOTING OF CUTTINGS 3. SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS 3.1. Explant 3.2. Culture medium 3.3. Culture procedures 3.4. Cytological staining 3.5. Planting 3.6. Encapsulation for production of artificial seeds 4. DISCUSSION 8. IN VITRO CULTURE OF CRYPTOMERIA CALLUS AND ORGANS 109 =-H--:-ISIkawa I. INTRODUCTION 2. IN VITRO CULTURE OF CALLUS 3. HYPOCOTYL CULTURE 4. EMBRYO CULTURE 5. IN VITRO CULTURE OF SHOOT APICES AND AXILLARY BUDS 5.1~Culture of shoot apices 5.2. Culture of axillary buds 6. CONCLUSION 9. VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION IN VITRO OF CUNNINGHAMIA LANCEOLATA 114 (LAMB.) HOOK. - C. Bigo~ and F. Engelmann 1. INTRODUCTION 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS 3. RESULTS 3.1. In vitro behav ior of stem explants wi th emphp.s,~s on shoot production 3.2. Rhizogenesis 3.3. Acclimatization 3.4. Plagiotropic behavior 4. CONCLUSIONS VIII 10. PINUS RADIATA - K. Horgan 128 1. INTRODUCTION 2. MICROPROPAGATION OF JUVENILE RADIATA PINE 2.1. Our experience and changing rationale 2.2. Methods used to micropropagate juvenile radiata pine 2.2.1. Shoot initiation 2.2.2. Shoot elongation 2.2.3. Shoot mUltiplication 2.2.4. Rooting 3. THE MICROPROPAGATION OF MATURE RADIATA PINE 3.1. Background 3.2. Progress in micropropagation from mature radiata pine 3.2.1. Explant selection and culture establishment 3.2.2. Shoot elongation 3.2.3. Shoot proliferation 3.2.4. Root formation 3.3. Problems 3.3.1. Repeatability of results 3.3.2. Bacterial contaminants 3.3.3. Cultural dynamics 3.3.4. Hard buds 4. SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS 5. CONCLUSION 11. TISSUE CULTURE MULTIPLICATION OF SEQUOIA - E.A. Ball 146 1. INTRODUCTION 2. SURFACE-STERILIZATION OF THE EXPLANTS 3. CULTURE MEDIA 3.1. Cytokinin 3.2. Auxin 3.3. Sugar 3.4. Agar 4. STEM PIECES AS EXPLANTS 5. LEAVES AS EXPLANTS 6. REGENERATION OF TREES FROM THE FEMALE GAMETOPHYTE 7. TRANSFER TO SOIL 8. DISCUSSION 12. TISSUE CULTURE OF HIMALAYAN CONIFERS AND ALLIED 159 GYMNOSPERMS - R. Nagmani 1. INTRODUCTION 2. TISSUE CULTURE OF PINUS SPECIES 3. TISSUE CULTURE OF CEDRUS DEODORA 4. TISSUE CULTURE OF PICEA SMITH lANA 5. TISSUE CULTURE OF BIOTA ORIENTALIS 6. TISSUE CULTURE OF EPHEDRA SPECIES IX 13. IN VITRO REGENERATION OF CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICAN 166 CONIFERS - D.T. Webb, and V.M. Villalobos 1. INTRODUCTION 2. METHODS AND RESULTS 2.1. Seed sou~ces 2.2. Decontamination 2.3. Explant p~eparation and selection 2.4. Culture environment 2.5. Culture media 2.6. Growth regulators and organogenesis 3. DISCUSSION 14. ARAUCARIA - L. Maene, and P. DeBergh 176 1. INTRODUCTION 2. TISSUE CULTURE OF ARAUCARIA SPP. 2.1. Explant choice 2.2. Induction of juvenility 2.3. Preparation of stock plants - Stage 0 2.4. Aseptic initiation - Stage I 2.5. Multiplication - Stage II 2.6. Rooting 3. CONCLUSION 15. CONIFER MICROPROPAGATION: APPLIED RESEARCH AND COMMERCIAL 185 ASPECTS - M. Boulay 1. INTRODUCTION 2. METHODS USED AND COMMON APPLICATIONS 2.1. Embryo or seedling cloning 2.2. Cloning young and adult genotypes 3. SPECIES PROPAGATED ON A SMALL TO LARGE COMMERCIAL SCALE 3.1. Sequoia sempervirens 3.1.1. Micropropagation techniques used in AFOCEL 3.1.2. Other commercial propagation 3.2. Sequoiadendron giganteum 1.3. Pinus species 3~ Pinus radiata 3.3.2. Pinus taeda 3.3.3. Pinus prnaBter 3.4. PseudotsUga menziesii 3.5. Thuya plicata and occidental is 3.6. cunnInghamia lanceolata 4. OTHER ATTEMPTS AT MASS PROPAGATION 4.1. European countries 4.2. North America and Canada 4.3. South Korea 5. CONCLUSION