CChhaannddaarr__FFMM..iinndddd vvii 1100//3311//22000099 1100::0055::2299 AAMM Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews: Cell and Molecular Biology Nalini Chandar, PhD Professor of Biochemistry Midwestern University Downers Grove, Illinois Susan Viselli, PhD Professor of Biochemistry Midwestern University Downers Grove, Illinois CChhaannddaarr__FFMM..iinndddd ii 1100//3311//22000099 1100::0055::2288 AAMM Acquisitions Editor: Crystal Taylor Product Manager: Jennifer Verbiar Marketing Manager: Christen Melcher Development Editor: Kelly Horvath Designer: Holly McLaughlin Compositor: SPi Technologies Copyright © 2010 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business. 351 West Camden Street 530 Walnut Street Baltimore, MD 21201 Philadelphia, PA 19106 Printed in China All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright. To request permission, please contact Lippincott Williams & Wilkins at 530 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19106, via email at [email protected], or via website at lww.com (products and services). 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Chandar, Nalini. Cell and molecular biology / Nalini Chandar, Susan Viselli. p. ; cm.—(Lippincott’s illustrated reviews) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7817-9210-3 (alk. paper) 1. Cytology—Examinations, questions, etc. 2. Cytology—Outlines, syllabi, etc. 3. Molecular biology—Examinations, questions, etc. 4. Molecular biology—Outlines, syllabi, etc. I. Viselli, Susan. II. Title. III. Series: Lippincott’s illustrated reviews. [DNLM: 1. Cells—Examination Questions. 2. Biological Transport—physiology—Examination Questions. 3. Cell Physiological Phenomena—Examination Questions. 4. Genetic Processes—Examination Questions. QU 18.2 C454c 2010] QH581.2.C47 2010 611'.0181—dc22 2009037688 DISCLAIMER Care has been taken to confirm the accuracy of the information present and to describe generally accepted practices. How- ever, the authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any consequences from application of the information in this book and make no warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the currency, completeness, or accuracy of the contents of the publication. Application of this information in a particular situation remains the professional responsibility of the prac- titioner; the clinical treatments described and recommended may not be considered absolute and universal recommendations. The authors, editors, and publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accordance with the current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new or infrequently employed drug. Some drugs and medical devices presented in this publication have Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clearance for limited use in restricted research settings. It is the responsibility of the health care provider to ascertain the FDA status of each drug or device planned for use in their clinical practice. To purchase additional copies of this book, call our customer service department at (800) 638-3030 or fax orders to (301) 223-2320. International customers should call (301) 223-2300. Visit Lippincott Williams & Wilkins on the Internet: http://www.lww.com. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins customer service representatives are available from 8:30 am to 6:00 pm, EST. CChhaannddaarr__FFMM..iinndddd iiii 1100//3311//22000099 1100::0055::2288 AAMM This book is dedicated to those we teach and to those who taught us Acknowledgments Special thanks are extended to Matt Chansky who expertly and patiently trans- formed our sketches into the works of art that appear as fi gures throughout this book. We are grateful to the team at Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. We thank Crystal Taylor whose support has been invaluable throughout the course of this project. We extend our gratitude to Kelly Horvath for her encouragement and skillful devel- opmental editing. We also greatly appreciate the guidance provided by Jennifer Verbiar. We value the support and critical reviews provided to us by our department chair- man, Dr Lon Van Winkle. We are also thankful to all peer and student reviewers who read and critiqued the early versions of the chapters of this book. We extend special gratitude to Dr Pamela Champe and Dr Richard Harvey, editors of the Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews series. We have used LIR Biochemistry as our coursebook for many years. We hope that this newest addition to the series will complement it and other fi ne LIR books and will become a helpful resource to students of the health professions. And, of course this book would not have been possible without the support of our families. Thank you! CChhaannddaarr__FFMM..iinndddd iiiiii 1100//3311//22000099 1100::0055::2288 AAMM CChhaannddaarr__FFMM..iinndddd iivv 1100//3311//22000099 1100::0055::2288 AAMM Contents UNIT I: Cell and Tissue Structure and Organization Chapter 1: Stem Cells and Their Differentiation 2 Chapter 2: Extracellular Matrix and Cell Adhesion 9 Chapter 3: Biological Membranes 26 Chapter 4: Cytoskeleton 35 Chapter 5: Organelles 47 UNIT II: Organization of the Eukaryotic Genome and Gene Expression Chapter 6: The Eukaryotic Genome 58 Chapter 7: DNA Replication 69 Chapter 8: Transcription 83 Chapter 9: Translation 92 Chapter 10: Regulation of Gene Expression 107 Chapter 11: Protein Traffi cking 117 Chapter 12: Protein Degradation 126 UNIT III: Membrane Transport Chapter 13: Basic Concepts of Transport 132 Chapter 14: Active Transport 140 Chapter 15: Glucose Transport 146 Chapter 16: Drug Transport 154 UNIT IV: Cell Signaling Chapter 17: G Protein Signaling 160 Chapter 18: Catalytic Receptor Signaling 169 Chapter 19: Steroid Receptor Signaling 178 UNIT V: Regulation of Cell Growth and Cell Death Chapter 20: The Cell Cycle 188 Chapter 21: Regulation of the Cell Cycle 196 Chapter 22: Abnormal Cell Growth 205 Chapter 23: Cell Death 215 Chapter 24: Aging and Senescence 226 Index 233 v CChhaannddaarr__FFMM..iinndddd vv 1100//3311//22000099 1100::0055::2299 AAMM CChhaannddaarr__FFMM..iinndddd vvii 1100//3311//22000099 1100::0055::2299 AAMM CChhaannddaarr__CChhaapp0011..iinndddd 11 1100//3311//22000099 99::3355::0022 AAMM Stem Cells and 1 Their Differentiation I. OVERVIEW All cells within an organism are derived from precursor cells. Precursor cells divide along specifi c paths in order to produce cells that are dif- ferentiated to perform specialized tasks within tissues and organs. Cells with the capacity to give rise to the whole organism are referred to as stem cells. Stem cells are characterized by the ability to self-renew. They also generate many daughter cells committed to differentiate (change) into a diverse range of specialized cell types. A daughter cell with the ability to differentiate into a wide variety of cell types is pluri- potent. The human body is made up of about 200 different types of cells. The human genome is the same in all cell types, meaning that within an individual person, all cells have exactly the same DNA sequences and genes. Stem cells represent all the different ways that human genes are expressed as proteins. In order for different regions of the genome to be expressed in different cell types, the genome has to be reversibly modifi ed. In fact, the organization of chromatin (a complex of specifi c proteins and DNA) varies between cell types and is made possible by reversible covalent modifi cation of the proteins that are associated with DNA and sometimes the DNA itself (see also Chapter 6). These modifi cations are important to expose regions of the DNA to the proteins and enzymes that are required for transcription (DNA → RNA), allowing for variation in gene expression as proteins (see also Chapter 8). Different cell types arise from single precursor cells that proliferate (divide) and eventually differentiate into cells with unique structures, functions, and chemical composition. From specifi c proteins produced in the cells, a special type of cell division, and the microenvironment of the precursor cell, a progeny of cells is produced. This progeny can both sustain the organism as well as carry out specifi c functions in the body. II. STEM CELLS Stem cells exist in both early embryos and in adult tissues (Figure 1.1). The stem cells present in early embryos have an extensive capacity to differentiate into all cell types of the organism. Populations of stem cells exist in adults that can differentiate into various cells within a lineage but not outside that lineage. For example, a hematopoietic stem cell can 2 CChhaannddaarr__CChhaapp0011..iinndddd 22 1100//3311//22000099 99::3355::0022 AAMM