Cell and MoleCular Biology ConCepts and experiMents Gerald Karp 7th Edition FEP.qxd 10/25/12 5:23 PM Page 1 Nobel Prizes Awarded for Research in Cell and Molecular Biology Since 1958 Year Recipient* Prize Area ofResearch Pages in Text 2012 John B.Gurdon M & P** Animal cloning,nuclear reprogramming 513 Shinya Yamanaka Cell reprogramming 22,519 Brian K.Kobilka Chemistry G protein-coupled receptors 621 Robert J.Lefkowitz 2011 Bruce A.Beutler M & P Innate immunity 700 Jules A.Hoffmann Ralph M.Steinman Dendritic cells and 707 Adaptive immunity 2009 Venkatraman Ramakrishnan Chemistry Ribosome structure 479 Thomas A.Steitz and function Ada E.Yonath Eliazbeth H.Blackburn M & P Telomeres and 505 Carol W.Greider telomerase Jack W.Szostak 2008 Francoise Barré-Sinoussi M & P Discovery of HIV 24 Luc Montagnier Harald zur Hausen Role of HPV in cancer 668 Martin Chalfie Chemistry Discovery and development 273,737 Osamu Shimomura of GFP Roger Tsien 2007 Mario R.Capecchi M & P Development of techniques 778 Martin J.Evans for knockout mice Oliver Smithies 2006 Andrew Z.Fire M&P RNA Interference 455,780 Craig C.Mello Roger D.Kornberg Chemistry Transcription in eukaryotes 433,494 2004 Richard Axel M& P Olfactory receptors 634 Linda B.Buck Aaron Ciechanover Chemistry Ubiquitin and proteasomes 541 Avram Hershko Irwin Rose 2003 Peter Agre Chemistry Structure of membrane 150,152 Roderick MacKinnon channels 2002 Sydney Brenner M & P Introduction of C.elegans 18 John Sulston as a model organism H.Robert Horvitz Apoptosis in C.elegans 657 John B.Fenn Chemistry Electrospray ionization in MS 758 Koichi Tanaka MALDI in MS 758 Kurt Wüthrich NMR analysis of proteins 57 2001 Leland H.Hartwell M & P Control of the cell cycle 576,611 Tim Hunt Paul Nurse 2000 Arvid Carlsson M & P Synaptic transmission and 168 Paul Greengard signal transduction 617 Eric Kandel 1999 Günter Blobel M & P Protein trafficking 281 1998 Robert Furchgott M & P NO as intercellular 655 Louis Ignarro messenger Ferid Murad FEP.qxd 10/25/12 5:23 PM Page 2 Year Recipient* Prize Area ofResearch Pages in Text (cid:2) (cid:2) 1997 Jens C.Skou Chemistry Na /K -ATPase 157 Paul Boyer Mechanism of ATP synthesis 201 John Walker Stanley B.Prusiner M & P Protein nature of prions 66 1996 Rolf M.Zinkernagel M & P Recognition of virus-infected cells 727 Peter C.Doherty by the immune system 1995 Edward B.Lewis M & P Genetic control of EP12 Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard embryonic development Eric Wieschaus 1994 Alfred Gilman M & P Structure and function of 624 Martin Rodbell GTP-binding (G) proteins 1993 Kary Mullis Chemistry Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 769 Michael Smith Site-directed mutagenesis (SDM) 778 Richard J.Roberts M & P Intervening sequences 444 Phillip A.Sharp 1992 Edmond Fischer M & P Alteration of enzyme activity by 115,627 Edwin Krebs phosphorylation/dephosphorylation 1991 Erwin Neher M & P Measurement of ion flux by 152 Bert Sakmann patch-clamp recording 1990 Joseph E.Murray M & P Organ and cell transplantation 716,20 E.Donnall Thomas in human disease 1989 J.Michael Bishop M & P Cellular genes capable of causing 695 Harold Varmus malignant transformation Thomas R.Cech Chemistry Ability of RNA to catalyze reactions 477 Sidney Altman 1988 Johann Deisenhofer Chemistry Bacterial photosynthetic reaction 218 Robert Huber center Hartmut Michel 1987 Susumu Tonegawa M & P DNA rearrangements responsible 713 for antibody diversity 1986 Rita Levi-Montalcini M & P Factors that affect nerve outgrowth 379 Stanley Cohen 1985 Michael S.Brown M & P Regulation of cholesterol metabolism 319 Joseph L.Goldstein and endocytosis 1984 Georges Köhler M & P Monoclonal antibodies 782 Cesar Milstein Niels K.Jerne Antibody formation 704 1983 Barbara McClintock M & P Mobile elements in the genome 408 1982 Aaron Klug Chemistry Structure of nucleic acid-protein 79 complexes 1980 Paul Berg Chemistry Recombinant DNA technology 764 Walter Gilbert DNA sequencing technology 771 Frederick Sanger Baruj Bennacerraf M & P Major histocompatibility complex 716 Jean Dausset George D.Snell 1978 Werner Arber M & P Restriction endonuclease technology 764 Daniel Nathans Hamilton O.Smith Peter Mitchell Chemistry Chemiosmotic mechanism of 187 oxidative phosphorylation 1976 D.Carleton Gajdusek M & P Prion-based diseases 66 1975 David Baltimore M & P Reverse transcriptase and tumor 694 Renato Dulbecco virus activity Howasrd M.Temin FEP.qxd 10/25/12 5:23 PM Page 3 Year Recipient* Prize Area ofResearch Pages in Text 1974 Albert Claude M & P Structure and function of internal 275 Christian de Duve components of cells George E.Palade 1972 Gerald Edelman M & P Immunoglobulin structure 711 Rodney R.Porter Christian B.Anfinsen Chemistry Relationship between primary and 63 tertiary structure of proteins 1971 Earl W.Sutherland M & P Mechanism of hormone 627 action and cyclic AMP 1970 Bernard Katz M & P Nerve impulse propagation 165 Ulf von Euler and transmission Luis F.Leloir Chemistry Role of sugar nucleotides in 285 carbohydrate synthesis 1969 Max Delbrück M & P Genetic structure of viruses 23,422 Alfred D.Hershey Salvador E.Luria 1968 H.Gobind Khorana M & P Genetic code 462 Marshall W.Nirenberg Robert W.Holley Transfer RNA structure 465 1966 Peyton Rous M & P Tumor viruses 694 1965 Francois Jacob M & P Bacterial operons and messenger 484,428 Andre M.Lwoff RNA Jacques L.Monod 1964 Dorothy C.Hodgkin Chemistry X-ray structure of complex biological molecules 758 1963 John C.Eccles M & P Ionic basis of nerve 164 Alan L.Hodgkin membrane potentials Andrew F.Huxley 1962 Francis H.C.Crick M & P Three-dimensional structure 393 James D.Watson of DNA Maurice H.F.Wilkins John C.Kendrew Chemistry Three-dimensional structure 58 Max F.Perutz of globular proteins 1961 Melvin Calvin Chemistry Biochemistry of CO assimilation 226 2 during photosynthesis 1960 F.MacFarlane Burnet M & P Clonal selection theory of 704 Peter B.Medawar antibody formation 1959 Arthur Kornberg M & P Synthesis of DNA and RNA 550,463 Severo Ochoa 1958 George W.Beadle M & P Gene expression 427 Joshua Lederberg Edward L.Tatum Frederick Sanger Chemistry Primary structure of proteins 55 *In a few cases,corecipients whose research was in an area outside of cell and molecular biology have been omitted from this list. **Medicine and Physiology This page is intentionally left blank FMPreface.qxd 10/26/12 5:23 PM Page i (cid:55)(cid:73)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:89)(cid:48)(cid:44)(cid:53)(cid:51) (cid:73)(cid:83) (cid:65) (cid:82)(cid:69)(cid:83)(cid:69)(cid:65)(cid:82)(cid:67)(cid:72)(cid:13)(cid:66)(cid:65)(cid:83)(cid:69)(cid:68) (cid:79)(cid:78)(cid:76)(cid:73)(cid:78)(cid:69) (cid:69)(cid:78)(cid:86)(cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:78)(cid:77)(cid:69)(cid:78)(cid:84) (cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:82) (cid:69)(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:69)(cid:67)(cid:84)(cid:73)(cid:86)(cid:69) (cid:84)(cid:69)(cid:65)(cid:67)(cid:72)(cid:73)(cid:78)(cid:71) (cid:65)(cid:78)(cid:68) (cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:65)(cid:82)(cid:78)(cid:73)(cid:78)(cid:71)(cid:14) WileyPLUS 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