® CBAP Certification ® and BABOK Study Guide ® CBAP Certification ® and BABOK Study Guide Hans Jonasson ® CBAP Certification ® and BABOK Study Guide Hans Jonasson CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper Version Date: 20160726 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-6725-5 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the valid- ity of all materials or the consequences of their use. 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Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents ABOUT THE AUTHOR xi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Objectives 1 1.2 Overview 2 1.3 Early Days 3 1.4 Project Management Institute® 5 1.5 International Institute of Business Analysis™ 6 1.6 Role of the Business Analyst 7 1.7 Where Is It All Going? 8 1.8 Book Project 9 1.9 Summary 9 Activity 10 CHAPTER 2 LAYING THE FOUNDATION 1 2.1 Objectives 11 2.2 Overview 11 2.3 Life Cycle Defnitions 12 2.4 What Is a Body of Knowledge? 14 2.5 Overview of PMI Applicable Standards 15 2.6 Overview of IIBA Framework and Standards 17 2.7 SEI-CMMI and Applicability 19 2.7.1 Requirements Management 20 2.7.2 Requirements Development 21 2.8 Which Standard to Use? 21 2.9 Comments on Tool Standards 22 Activity 23 CHAPTER 3 BABOK OVERVIEW 25 3.1 Objectives 25 3.2 Overview 25 3.3 Key Concepts 25 V VI CONTENTS 3.4 Perspectives 26 3.4.1 Agile 27 3.4.2 Business Intelligence 27 3.4.3 Information Technology 27 3.4.4 Business Architecture 27 3.4.5 Business Process Management 28 3.5 Business Analyst’s Skills 28 3.5.1 Analytical Tinking and Problem Solving 28 3.5.2 Behavioral Characteristics 29 3.5.3 Business Knowledge 29 3.5.4 Communication Skills 29 3.5.5 Interaction Skills 30 3.5.6 Tools and Technology 31 3.6 Summary 31 CHAPTER 4 BUSINESS ANALYSIS PLANNING AND MONITORING 33 4.1 Objectives 33 4.2 Overview 33 4.3 IIBA View 34 4.3.1 Plan the Business Analysis Approach 34 4.3.1.1 Overview of Approaches 36 4.3.1.2 Selecting and Customizing a Process 37 4.3.1.3 Waterfall 38 4.3.1.4 Iterative 41 4.3.1.5 Agile 43 4.3.2 Plan Stakeholder Engagement 49 4.3.2.1 User Profling 52 4.3.2.2 Experienced or Novice Users 53 4.3.2.3 Full-Time or Part-Time Users 54 4.3.2.4 Organizational Entities 54 4.3.2.5 Internal or External Users 54 4.3.2.6 Language and Cultural Diferences 54 4.3.2.7 Geographical Diferences 55 4.3.2.8 Stakeholder Communication 55 4.3.3 Plan Business Analysis Governance 56 4.3.4 Plan Business Analysis Information Management 57 4.3.5 Plan Business Analysis Performance Improvements 57 4.4 Business Analysis Plan 58 4.4.1 Project Overview and Background 59 4.4.2 Scope and Deliverables 59 4.4.3 Project Activities 60 4.4.4 Roles and Responsibilities 61 4.4.5 Resource Plan 62 4.4.6 Requirements Risk Plan 62 4.4.7 Manage Changes to Requirements 63 4.5 General Guidelines for the Requirements Plan 64 4.5.1 Risk 64 4.5.1.1 Step 1: Develop the Risk Management Approach 64 4.5.1.2 Step 2: Identify Risks 64 4.5.1.3 Step 3: Assess Risks 66 4.5.1.4 Step 4: Respond to Risks 67 4.5.1.5 Step 5: Monitor and Control Risks 67 CONTENTS VII 4.5.2 Estimating 68 4.5.3 Laying Out Tasks 68 4.5.4 Costing 69 4.5.5 Tracking and Reporting 70 4.5.6 Kickof Meeting 71 4.5.7 Summary 71 Activity 72 CHAPTER 5 ELICITATION AND COLABORATION 73 5.1 Objectives 73 5.2 Overview 74 5.3 IIBA View 74 5.4 How to Select the Right Technique for Gathering Requirements 76 5.4.1 Diferent Ways for Diferent Customers 77 5.4.2 Diferent Ways for Diferent Categories 77 5.4.3 Impact of Globalization 78 5.5 Customer Interviews 79 5.6 Observation or Job Shadowing 87 5.7 Studying Existing Systems 89 5.8 Studying Interfaces 90 5.9 Surveys 92 5.10 Discovery/JAD/Facilitated Sessions 94 5.10.1 History 95 5.10.2 Characteristics of a JAD Project 95 5.10.3 What Is Created in a JAD Session? 95 5.10.4 JAD Participants 96 5.10.4.1 Facilitator 96 5.10.4.2 Business Analyst 98 5.10.4.3 Scribe 98 5.10.4.4 User (Customer) 99 5.10.4.5 Subject-Matter Experts 99 5.10.4.6 Developer 100 5.10.4.7 Sponsor 100 5.10.4.8 Observers 101 5.10.5 JAD Process 101 5.10.5.1 Establish Goals and Objectives 101 5.10.5.2 Prepare for the Session 101 5.10.5.3 Conduct the Session 103 5.10.5.4 Follow-Up 107 5.10.6 Facilitation 107 5.10.7 Summary 109 5.11 Focus Groups 110 5.12 Market Research 111 5.13 Evaluate Best Practices 12 5.14 Prototyping 113 5.15 Storyboarding 115 5.16 Idea-Generating Techniques (Brainstorming) 117 5.16.1 Basic Brainstorming 117 5.16.2 Anonymous Brainstorming 119 5.16.3 Afnity Diagramming 119 5.16.4 Brainstorming with One Person 120 5.16.5 Brainstorming for a Virtual Team 121 5.16.6 Summary 121 VIII CONTENTS 5.17 Tools for Virtual Environments 122 5.18 Requirements Prioritization Techniques 122 5.18.1 Dollar Approach 123 5.18.2 Forced-Pair Ranking 124 5.18.3 Density Dotting 125 5.18.4 Analytical Hierarchy Process 126 5.18.5 Summary 126 5.19 Prepare Requirements Package 126 5.20 Communicate Requirements 131 5.21 Summary 132 Activity 13 CHAPTER 6 REQUIREMENTS LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT 135 6.1 Objectives 135 6.2 Overview 135 6.3 IIBA Tasks 136 6.3.1 Trace Requirements 136 6.3.2 Maintain Requirements 137 6.3.3 Prioritize Requirements 137 6.3.4 Assess Requirements Changes 138 6.3.5 Approve Requirements 138 6.4 Summary 139 Activity 139 CHAPTER 7 STRATEGY ANALYSIS 141 7.1 Objectives 141 7.2 Overview 141 7.3 IIBA Tasks 143 7.3.1 Defne the Business Need 145 7.3.2 Assess Capability Gaps 150 7.3.3 Determine the Approach to Finding a Solution 152 7.3.4 Defne Solution Scope 152 7.3.4.1 Business Goals and Objectives 153 7.3.4.2 Assumptions 153 7.3.4.3 Constraints 154 7.3.4.4 Scope Statement 154 7.3.4.5 Impacted Organizations 154 7.3.5 Defne the Business Case 156 7.4 Conducting the Initial Risk Assessment 157 7.5 Preparing the Decision Package 158 7.6 Understanding the Business 159 7.7 Business Models 160 7.7.1 Organization Charts 160 7.7.2 Infrastructure Models 161 7.7.3 Business Location Models 162 7.7.4 Business Events 162 7.7.5 Business Entity Models 164 7.7.6 Business Process Models 165 7.8 Summary 166 Activity 167 CONTENTS IX CHAPTER 8 REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN DEFINITION 169 8.1 Objectives 169 8.2 Overview 170 8.3 IIBA Tasks 172 8.3.1 Specify and Model Requirements 173 8.3.1.1 Process Models 173 8.3.1.2 Data Models 177 8.3.1.3 Data Flow Diagrams 181 8.3.1.4 UML Family 184 8.3.1.5 Matrix Documentation 197 8.3.1.6 How to Decide Which Model to Select 198 8.3.1.7 Text Documentation 198 8.3.2 Verify the Requirements 201 8.3.3 Validate the Requirements 202 8.3.4 Defne Requirements Architecture 202 8.3.4.1 How Much Detail Do You Need? 205 8.3.4.2 Stakeholder-Based Classifcation 207 8.3.4.3 Sequence-Oriented Classifcation 208 8.3.4.4 Purpose-Based Classifcation 213 8.3.4.5 Combining Structures 214 8.3.5 Defne Design Options 214 8.3.6 Analyze Potential Value and Recommend Solution 218 8.4 Summary 219 Activity 20 CHAPTER 9 SOLUTION EVALUATION 21 9.1 Objectives 221 9.2 Overview 221 9.3 IIBA Tasks 222 9.4 Matching the Solution to the Needs of the Customer 222 9.5 Support Testing and Quality Assurance 223 9.5.1 Validation versus Verifcation 224 9.5.2 Planning for the Test 224 9.5.3 Types of Tests 227 9.5.4 Evaluating Customer Satisfaction 229 9.6 Implementing and Supporting the Solution 230 9.7 Summary 231 Activity 231 CHAPTER 10 SWEDE-MART CASE STUDY 23 10.1 Introduction 233 10.2 Strategy 233 10.3 Industry Background 234 10.4 Project Background 234 10.5 Distribution Center/Inventory Operations 234 10.6 Product Lines 235 10.7 Purchasing 235 10.8 Receiving 236 10.9 Accounts Payable 236 10.10 Order Processing and Shipping 236 10.11 Reporting 237 10.12 Summary 237 10.13 Interview with Store Buyer 238