Forktail 29 (2013) SHORT NOTES 145 Causes of injury and mortality of Fairy Pitta Pitta nympha on Jeju Island, Republic of Korea EUN-MI KIM, CHANG-YONG CHOI & CHANG-WAN KANG Introduction identified or reported. Threat assessment, involving the The Fairy Pitta Pitta nympha is a migratory species known to breed identification, evaluation and ranking of threats to species or only in mainland China, Taiwan, Japan and Korea (Lambert & habitats of conservation interest, is an essential part of conservation Woodcock 1996, Brazil 2009). It is listed as Vulnerable in the IUCN planning and management (Rao etal. 2007). In this study, in order Red List (BirdLife International 2001,2013). As a summer visitor to to provide the first quantitative data that may facilitate the Korea, arriving in early May and departing in October (Kim 1964), it development of a conservation strategy and mitigation measures breeds mainly in coastal forests and on some islands off the for the threatened Fairy Pitta, threats to the species over the last southern part of the Korean peninsula, although new breeding decade were identified and prioritised by documenting causes of records have been reported inland (for example Gwangneung injury and mortality on Jeju Island. forest in Gyeonggi province and on Mt Gyeryong in Daejeon). Given that the species's breeding range extends to the Shandong Methods peninsula, China, and there is a record in North Korea (Lambert & The study area was the whole of Jeju Island (33.367°N 126.533°E), Woodcock 1996, Tomek 2002), the breeding range on the Korean Jeju Special Self-Governing province, Republic of Korea; this oval¬ peninsula may extend to other as yet unknown areas. Currently, shaped volcanic island, located 80 km south of the Korean mainland Jeju Island, the most southerly part of Korea, is its most important and approximately 230 km west of Kyushu, Japan, is also part of known breeding area in the peninsula, since more than 60 pairs the breeding range. It is believed that Fairy Pitta also stop over there are believed to breed there regularly (Kim 2006). during their spring and autumn migrations. The world population of Fairy Pitta numbers only a few Field records and the rescue database of the Korea Association thousand birds and is suspected to be in rapid decline due to for Bird Protection, Jeju Branch, were examined for details of the deforestation and habitat loss in its breeding range together with injury and mortality of Fairy Pitta from 2002 to 2012 and the date, hunting and human disturbance (BirdLife International 2001,2013). locality, habitat and age or developmental stage of each individual In Taiwan, where there is a significant breeding population, were recorded. Causes of injury and mortality were categorised as: poaching and habitat degradation and destruction were previously head trauma caused by collision with windows or other man-made regarded as important threats to this species (Severinghaus et at. structures, dehydration, traffic accident, natural predation and 1991), with habitat loss, including dam construction projects in key disasters such as floods and human disturbance. The age or breeding areas, remaining as a key threat (BirdLife International developmental stage of each individual was defined as: egg, chick, 2013). In spite of the species's vulnerable status and general first year and adult. Four habitat types were identified: forest, urban, knowledge of the threats it faces, quantitative data on the pressures suburban and coastal. affecting the Fairy Pitta are poor, resulting in an information gap hampering conservation efforts. Results Urbanisation, road construction and reclamation throughout Thirty Fairy Pitta casualties were recorded on Jeju Island in the study Korea cause habitat degradation (Ministry of Environment 2002), period (Table 1, Figure 1). Of these, 22 (71%) resulted in death while but no specific threats to the Fairy Pitta in Korea have ever been eight injured birds survived and were rehabilitated. Six causes of Figure 1. Locations of reported cases of dead or injured Fairy Pitta Pitta nympha from 2002 to 2012 on Jeju Island, Republic of Korea. Number at each location (filled circle) corresponds with the reports listed in Table 1. O' S 17, 18, 19, 20 24 36 km 146 SHORT NOTES Forktail 29 (2013) injury and mortality were confirmed: predation by natural enemies Discussion (11 cases, 36.7%) and head trauma during window strikes (11 cases, Despite rapid infrastructure and resort development along the 36.7%) were the most frequent causes, followed by traffic accidents coast, the forests of Jeju Island have been well protected and (3, 10.0%), flooding (2, 6.7%), dehydration (2, 6.7%), and human managed for the past several decades (including strong natural and disturbance (1, 3.3%). Fifteen casualties (50%) were attributed prescribed forest fire controls, no fuel-wood harvesting, and human activities, and the remaining cases were not. national park designation). Therefore, good habitat conditions for Over the whole study period (2002-2012), most casualties were breeding Fairy Pittas on Jeju have been maintained, and thus recorded during the time of migration and the early stages of habitat loss is not a major threat at this stage on the island (Kim et breeding; monthly totals were: May, 8; June, 8, July, 9; August, 2; at. 2003). Neither hunting nor trapping was recorded during this and September, 3. Casualties (17 cases) were most frequently study and predation and window strikes were found to be the most reported in forests (the species's preferred habitat); five cases were significant causes of injury and death. recorded in coastal areas mainly during migration, and four cases Collisions between birds and man-made structures have been were reported in urban and in suburban environments. Adult birds widely reported (Tanner 1954, Johnston & Haines 1957, Jones & were most vulnerable, 18 cases (60%), followed by eight cases of Francis 2003, Martinez et at. 2010); in particular, collisions with egg destruction (26.7%), three cases involving first-year birds (10%) windows can cause massive, non-selective mortality of birds (Klem and only one case (3.3%) involved a chick. 1990, Dunn 1993, Klem etal. 2004). Based on the 11 reported cases, Four predatory species were identified: Peregrine Falcon Falco window strikes were identified as the most serious threat to the peregrinus, Large-billed Crow Corvus macrorhynchos, Eurasian pitta population on Jeju, other than natural predation. Just two Magpie Pico pica and Steppe Rat Snake Elaphe dione. The main buildings in forests caused 5 of the 11 window strikes. As the natural predators were Peregrine Falcons, which tookfive migrating number of buildings in forests and the number and area of windows adults, and Large-billed Crows, which predated 19 eggs from four gradually grows, the threat of window strike also increases. nests (Table 1). Repeated incidences involving deaths of first-year birds at specific buildings in forests suggest that detrimental effects of window strike may be greater under certain conditions (e.g. when a high Table 1. Fairy Pitta Pitta nympha injury and mortality records from 2002 to 2012 on Jeju Island, Republic of Korea. No. Date Age class of pitta Cause of injury and mortality Outcome Habitat Related species 1 14 September 2002 Adult Dehydration Rehabilitated Suburban 2 23 June 2004 Adult Car accident Dead Forest Human 3 14 July 2004 Adult Window strike Rehabilitated Forest Human 4 2 July 2005 Eggs Flooding Dead Forest 5 7 July 2005 Adult Window strike Dead Forest Human 6 2 August 2005 1st year Window strike Dead Suburban Human 7 8 September 2005 Adult Window strike Rehabilitated Urban Human 8 27 May 2006 Adult Window strike Dead Urban Human 9 4 June 2006 Adult Window strike Dead Forest Human 10 28 June 2006 Eggs Predation Dead Forest Eurasian Magpie 11 17 July 2006 Eggs Disturbance Nest abandonment Forest Human 12 27 July 2006 Chick Predation Dead Forest Steppe Rat Snake 13 11 June 2007 Eggs Predation Dead Forest Large-billed Crow 14 29 July 2007 Eggs Flooding Dead Forest 15 21 May 2009 Adult Dehydration Rehabilitated Urban 16 24 May 2009 Adult Predation Dead Coast Peregrine Falcon 17 27 May 2009 Adult Predation Dead Coast Peregrine Falcon 18 27 May 2009 Adult Predation Dead Coast Peregrine Falcon 19 27 May 2009 Adult Predation Dead Coast Peregrine Falcon 20 27 May 2009 Adult Predation Dead Coast Peregrine Falcon 21 13 June 2009 Adult Car accident Dead Suburban Human 22 6 July 2009 Adult Window strike Dead Forest Human 23 15 June 2010 Eggs Predation Dead Forest Large-billed Crow 24 22 June 2010 Adult Window strike Rehabilitated Forest Human 25 9 July 2010 Eggs Predation Dead Forest Large-billed Crow 26 30 May 2011 Adult Window strike Dead Forest Human 27 14 June 2011 Adult Window strike Rehabilitated Suburban Human 28 19 July 2011 Eggs Predation Dead Forest Large-billed Crow 29 29 August 2012 1st year Car accident Rehabilitated Forest Human 30 14 September 2012 1st year Window strike Rehabilitated Urban Human Forktail 29(2013) SHORT NOTES 147 proportion of reflective windows have been used).Traffic accidents 4. Human disturbance at nesting sites should be minimised; may cause local wildlife mortality (Hell ef al. 2005, Gryz & Krauze although nest abandonment resulting from disturbance was 2008, Litvaitis & Jeffrey 2008), but such accidents (3 cases) were recorded only once during this study, human access to nests less frequent than collisions with windows. Nevertheless, head may incidentally increase the predation risk. Construction or trauma caused by human-related accidents was the main cause of forest management (such as thinning and felling) near known mortality or the main reason for rescuing pittas on the island. nesting sites should only be carried out outside the breeding The high proportion of adult birds involved in accidents, season. Access by inexperienced photographers should also be including nine window strike cases, may be significant in terms of controlled. Strict adherence to the current domestic legislation impacting the pitta population on Jeju. The small proportion of relating to this species (Endangered Species Class II under the casualties involving first-year birds, on the other hand, possibly Protection and Management of Wildlife Act, and Natural suggests a lower mortality rate or higher survival rate of juveniles Monument #204 under the Cultural Heritage Protection Act) at least in natal areas, once they have successfully fledged avoiding (Ministry of Environment 2002) and to protected areas such as predation and floods. Mt Ha I la National Park should also be enforced. Most casualties were in the spring and early summer from May to July, coincident with the species's spring migration and the most In conclusion, in addition to the known threats to Fairy Pitta active part of the breeding season for adults (Kim 1964, Kim ef al. populations including habitat loss and lowland deforestation 2003); fewer casualties were reported during the autumn migration (BirdLife International 2013), the results of this study lead us to in October (Kim 1964, Kim ef al. 2003). The spring migration suggest that human-related mortality, including window strikes coincides with the breeding season of Peregrine Falcons in coastal and traffic accidents as well as predation, may adversely and areas around Jeju Island, and many Fairy Pittas thus seem to be significantly affect the survival of individual Fairy Pittas, raising new exposed to the danger of predation by Peregrines during their final conservation concerns in human-dominated environments. sea-crossing to the island—a breeding pair of Peregrines on Mara islet killed four pittas in one day (Table 1), suggesting that natural Acknowledgements predation during migration may have a significant effect. We thank all members of the Jeju Wildlife Research Centre and the Korea Although predation is a natural ecosystem process, the Association for Bird Protection, Jeju Branch, for their support. We also thank observed rate of nest predation by corvids, including one case by Mark Brazil for his assistance in the preparation of the final draft of the a Eurasian Magpie—a species introduced into Jeju as recently as manuscript. 1989— may not be entirely natural. Corvids are often attracted to garbageand invade forests along roadsand man-made trails. Only References one case of nest abandonment resulting from human disturbance BirdLife International (2001) Threatened birds of Asia: the BirdLife (photographers) was reported. However, given the indirect effects international Red Data Book. Cambridge UK: BirdLife International. of humans on corvid behaviour and distribution, the overall BirdLife International (2013) Species factsheet: Pitta nympha. Downloaded proportion of anthropogenic causes of mortality and nest failure from http://www.birdlife.org on 19/01/2013. may be higher than that of natural causes. Brazil, M. (2009) The birds of East Asia. London: Christopher Helm. These results identifying current threats to the Fairy Pitta suggest Dunn, E. H. (1993) Bird mortality from striking residential windows in winter. several mitigation measures for this threatened species on Jeju: J. Field Orn. 64:302-309. 1. Preventing window strikes is the most urgently required Gryz, J. & Krauze, D. (2008) Mortality of vertebrates on a road crossing the mitigation. This may include the identification of buildings Biebrza Valley (NE Poland). European J. Wild!. Res. 54: 709-714. threatening local populations and the use of typical anti¬ Hell, P., Plavy, R„ Slameeka, J. & Gasparik, J. (2005) Losses of mammals collision methods there (Dunn 1993, Klem ef al. 2004): habitat (Mammalia) and birds (Aves) on roads in the Slovak part of the Danube modification, physical barrier setting, glass angling and glass Basin. European J. Wildl. Res. 51: 35-40. patterning using bird saving stickers may all be appropriate. Johnston, D. W. & Haines, T. P. (1957) Analysis of bird mortality in October However, restriction on the construction of new buildings in 1954. Auk 74: 447-458. key breeding areas must be a more fundamental solution. Pitta Jones, J. & Francis, C. M. (2003) The effects of light characteristics on avian occurrence and numbers, and the expected effects of building mortality at lighthouses. J. Avian Biol. 34: 328-333. construction on the species should be included in Kim, E. M. (2006) The distribution and breeding ecology of Fairy Pitta (Pitta environmental impact assessment procedures on Jeju, nympha) on Mt. Halla. In Research Institute for Mt. Halla. Report of survey particularly in forested areas. Developing new building and study of Hallasan Natural Reserve in 2006. Jeju: Jeju Special Self- regulations to limit the size or total area of windows in forested Governing Province. areas is applicable, and this kind of regulation would be more Kim, E. M„ Oh, H. S., Kim, S. B. & Kim, W.T. (2003) The distribution and habitat realistic and successful when the greater energy efficiency of environment of Fairy Pitta (Pitta nymphaTemmlnck&i Schlegel) on Jeju buildings with smaller areas of window is also considered. Island, Korea. Korean J. Orn. 10: 77-86. 2. The construction of new roads or trails should be restricted in Kim, H. K. (1964)The ecology of Fairy Pitta. Korean Culture Research Institute key breeding areas.This may also minimise traffic accidents with Bull. 5: 235-240. other key wildlife species, such as the Jeju Roe Deer Capreolus Klem, D. Jr. (1990) Collisions between birds and windows: mortality and pygargus. More importantly, fewer and shorter roads and trails prevention. J. Field Orn. 61:120-128. may reduce the access of newly introduced exotic predators Klem, D. Jr., Keck, D. C., Marty, K. L., Ball, A. J. M., Niciu, E. E„ & Platt, C. T. (e.g. Eurasian Magpies) into pitta breeding habitat. (2004) Effects of window angling, feeder placement, and scavengers 3. Predator control within pitta breeding habitat should be on avian mortality at plate glass. Wilson Bull. 116: 69-73. considered, with two common corvids, the native Large-billed Lambert, F.&Woodcock, M. (1996) Pittas, broadbillsandasities. Sussex: Pica Crow and the introduced Eurasian Magpie, as the main targets Press. of the programme. Corvid control may mitigate the detrimental Litvaitis, J. A. & Jeffrey, P. T. (2008) An approach toward understanding effects of predation on threatened species (Peery & Henry 2010). wildlife-vehicle collisions. Environmental Management 42:688-697. Specifically, the increasing numbers of invasive Eurasian Martinez, J. E., Calvo, J. F„ Martinez, J. A., Zuberogoitia, I., Cerezo, E„ Magpies at higher altitude and in forested areas should be Manrique, J., Gomez, G. J., Nevado, J. C., Sanchez, M„ Sanchez, R., Bayo, controlled and managed as the highest priority. J., Pallares, A., Gonzalez, C., Gomez, J. M., Perez, P. & Motos, J. (2010) 148 SHORT NOTES Forktail 29 (2013) Potential impact of wind farms on territories of large eagles in Eun-Mi KIM, Department of Biology, Jeju National University, Jeju, Jeju southeastern Spain. Biodiversity and Conservation 19: 3757-3767. province 690-756, Republic of Korea & Warm-Temperate and Ministry of Environment (2002) White paper of environment 2002. Gwacheon: Subtropical Forest Research Center, Korea Forest Research Institute, Korean Ministry of Environment. Seogwipo, Jeju province 697-050, Republic of Korea. Email: Peery, M. Z. & Henry, R. W. (2010) Recovering marbled murrelets via corvid [email protected] management: a population viability analysis approach. Biol. Conserv. 143: 2414-2424. Chang-Yong CHOI, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Rao, M., Johnson, A. & Bynum, N. (2007) Assessing threats in conservation Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea. Email: planning and management. Lessons in Conservation 1: 46-71. [email protected] (corresponding author) Severinghaus, L. L., Liang, C. T., Severinghaus, S. R. & Lo, L. C. (1991) The distribution, status and breeding of Fairy Pitta (Pitta nympha) in Taiwan. Chang-Wan KANG, Korea Association For Bird Protection-Jeju Bull. Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica 30:41-47. Branch, Seogwipo, Jeju province 697-340, Republic of Korea. Email: Tanner, J. T. (1954) Bird mortality during night migration: October 1954. [email protected] Migrant 25: 57-68. Tomek, T. (2002) The birds of North Korea: Passeriformes. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 45:1-235. House Crow Corvus splendens nesting on pylons, Kutch district, Gujarat, India A. MOHAMED SAMSOOR ALI, S. RAMESH KUMAR & P. R. ARUN Introduction nesting purposes is a fairly recent development and has enabled During the past 50 years, electric power transmission lines have some species to expand their breeding ranges into areas where become a conspicuous part of the landscape of industrialised there are no natural nesting sites. countries. These powerlines and their supporting structures Published literature on the use of pylons (large vertical steel (pylons) are known to cause avian mortality, and in recent decades towers supporting high-tension powerlines) for nesting by Indian this has been increasingly documented throughout the world birds is sparse. Here, we report on House Crow Corvus splendens (Bevanger 1994, Brown & Drewien 1995, Winning & Murray 1997, nesting on pylons in Kutch district, Gujarat, India. House Crows Janss & Ferrer 2000, Sundar & Choudhury 2001, Shaw et al. 2010, typically build stick nests, usually in large trees with spreading Tere & Parasharya 2011). A recent review summarised some adverse crowns, but nesting on pylons is a relatively recent phenomenon. effects of the electromagnetic fields around powerlines on avian reproductive biology and physiology (Fernie & Reynolds 2005). In Materials and methods contrast, power cables and supporting structures in open habitats The study was conducted in and around the Samakhiali region benefit some bird species by providing perches offering (23.303°N 70.507°3E) of Bhachau Taluk, Kutch district, in June and commanding views of hunting areas (Lammers & Collopy 2007, July 2012. The study area is flat terrain with scanty vegetation Asokan & Ali 2010) and nest sites (Brown & Lawson 1989, Steenhof dominated by agricultural fields and human settlements with et al. 1993, Infante & Peris 2003). The use of these structures for several scattered waterbodies of varying sizes. The area has a . Figure 1 Map of the study area showing the localities of House Crow nest sites on pylons (black dots). 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