CompTIA® CASP+® Study Guide Exam CAS- 004 Fourth Edition CompTIA® CASP+® Study Guide Exam CAS- 004 Fourth Edition Nadean H. Tanner Jeff T. Parker Copyright © 2023 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada and the United Kingdom. ISBN: 978- 1-1 19-8 0316- 4 ISBN: 978- 1-1 19-8 0318- 8 (ebk.) ISBN: 978- 1-1 19-8 0317- 1 (ebk.) No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per- copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750- 8400, fax (978) 750- 4470, or on the web at www .copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6 011, fax (201) 748- 6008, or online at www.wiley.com/go/permission. Trademarks: WILEY, the Wiley logo, Sybex, and the Sybex logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates, in the United States and other countries, and may not be used without written permission. CompTIA and CASP+ are trademarks or registered trademarks of CompTIA, Inc. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762- 2974, outside the United States at (317) 572- 3993 or fax (317) 572- 4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Control Number: 2022942942 Cover image: © Jeremy Woodhouse/Getty Images, Inc. Cover design: Wiley Acknowledgments My first three books were dedicated to Kenneth, Shelby, and Gavin: thank you for your love and support and all your electronical advice. To Kelly Talbot, my editor, thank you for your kind patience and making things easy when you could, which wasn’t often. To Chris Crayton, my technical editor, you were right— most of the time. As a woman in IT for 20+ years, I know there are still man- made disasters. And to Ophelia. . .because I can, so I did.