232 Bulletin ofZoological Nomenclature 61(4) December 2004 Case 3317 Scavabaeus avenarius Olivier, 1789 (currently Aphodius arenarius) and Scarabaeusfasciatus Olivier, 1789 (currently Aphodiusfasciatus) (Insecta, Coleoptera): proposed conservation of the specific names Frank-Thorsten Krell Department ofEntomology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, U.K. (e-mail: [email protected]) Abstract. The purpose of this application, under Article 23.9.3 of the Code, is to conserve the specific names of the scarab beetles Scarabaeusfasciatus Olivier, 1789 (currently Aphodius fasciatus) and S. arenarius Olivier, 1789 (currently Aphodius arenarius). These names arejuniorprimary homonyms ofS.fasciatus Linnaeus, 1758 (currently Trichius fasciatus) and S. arenarius Fabricius, 1787 (currently Aegialia arenaria) respectively. Despite their homonymy the two specific names have been used since publication and are currently in use. S.fasciatus Linnaeus and S.fasciatus Olivier have never been considered congeneric, and S. arenarius Fabricius and S. arenarius Olivier have not been considered congeneric since 1807. Trichiusfasciatus (Linnaeus) is a common and well-known pollinophagous Palaearctic species of the subfamily trichiinae. Aegialia arenaria (Fabricius) (subfamily aegialiinae or subfamily aphodiinae, tribe aegialiini) is a localized European sand-dwelling scarab beetle. Aphodius (Pianolinus)fasciatus (Olivier) and Aphodius (Plagiogonus) arenarius (Olivier) are well-known European dung beetle species (subfamily aphodiinae, tribe aphodiini). It is also proposed that the name Scarabaeus putridus Geoffrey in Fourcroy, 1785 should be suppressed. Keywords. Nomenclature; taxonomy; Coleoptera; scarabaeidae; aphodiinae; aegialiinae; trichiinae; Aphodius arenarius; Aphodiusfasciatus; Aegialia; Trichius; dung beetles. 1. Linnaeus (1758, p. 352) described Scarabaeusfasciatus, a common European pollen feeding chafer, known as the bumblebee beetle. The species was transferred to Trichius Fabricius, 1775 (scarabaeidae. trichiinae) by Fabricius (1775, p. 40) where it has remained. Latreille (1810, p. 428) designated it as the type species ofthe genus A Trichius Fabricius. lectotype has not been designated, but four syntypes are preserved in the collection of the Linnean Society of London (Landin, 1956b, p. 12). Scarabaeusfasciatus Linnaeus, 1758 has been placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology (Opinion 2079, September 2004). 2. Olivier (1789, p. 90) described Scarabaeusfasciatus, a widespread Palaearctic dung beetle. The species was transferred to Aphodius Illiger, 1798 (scarabaeidae, aphodiinae) by Fabricius (1801, p. 79) where it has remained. The lectotype was designated by Landin (1956a, p. 2180 and is deposited in The Natural History Museum, London, in the Banks collection. It is identical to Aphodius putridus (Herbst, 1789, nee Geoffroy in Fourcroy, 1785) (Landin, 1956a, p. 218). Silfverberg Bulletin ofZoological Nomenclature 61(4) December 2004 233 (1977, p. 91) recognized the preoccupation of A. fasciatus (Olivier) and proposed Aphodius tenellus Say, 1823 as the oldest available name for that species. This has been followed by a number ofauthors as shown in para. 10 below. However, already in 1967, Brown statedthatAphodiusuliginosusHardy, 1847 is theoldest available (i.e. non-preoccupied name) for Scarabaeusfasciatus Olivier, because Aphodius tenellus Say, 1823 is a different species. In spite of the formal preoccupation of Aphodius fasciatus, thisname is still inuse, simultaneouslywith thetwo othernames(seeparas. 10 and 11). 3. In 1801 (p. 68), Fabricius used the name Aphodiusfasciatus for another new species although he had adopted this binomen for Olivier's species already (see para. 2). This was an error since the type ofthis species is labelled 'Aphodius unifasciatus' in Fabricius's hand (Landin, 1957). A.fasciatus Fabricius is ajunior synonym ofA. coniugatus (Panzer, 1795) (Illiger, 1803, p. 292; Landin, 1957). It has not been treated as a valid name since, and is a junior secondary homonym of Aphodiusfasciatus (Olivier, 1789). 4. Fourcroy (1785, p. 12) described in six words Scarabaeus putridus (the name given by Geoffroy, see d'Aguilar & Raimbault, 1990), which was synonymized with Scarabaeus arenarius Fabricius, 1787 by Olivier (1789, p. 97). The name had been forgotten until Bedel (1911, p. 48) rediscovered and used it as the valid name for the species Aphodius arenarius sensu Olivier. The type is not known (Dellacasa, 1988, p. 186). Hence, its specific identity was considered by Landin (1956a, p. 224) 'impossible to interpret' and by Dellacasa (1983, p. 389) to be indecipherable ('indecifrabile'). Baraud (1992, p. 249) denies the synonymy of Fourcroy's Scarabaeusputridus with Aphodius arenarius (Olivier): 'putridus auct., nee Fourcroy'. 5. Herbst (1789, p. 160f) described Scarabaeus putridus, a junior homonym of Fourcroy's (1785) S. putridus. The species was transferred to Aphodius Illiger, 1798 (scarabaeidae, aphodiinae) by Illiger (1798, p. 30, as a synonym ofA.foetidus (F.)). It has remained in this genus. No type specimen is known (Dellacasa, 1988, p. 186). 6. Sturm (1805, p. 125) described Aphodius putridus (scarabaeidae, aphodiinae). It has been considered a synonym of A. borealis Gyllenhal, 1827 (Dellacasa, 1988, pp. 186, 393; Baraud, 1992, p. 251). However, no type specimen is known (Dellacasa, 1988, p. 186). Apart fromAdam (1994, 1996), A. putridus Sturmhas not been treated as a valid name since and is a junior secondary homonym of Scarabaeus putridus Geoffroy in Fourcroy, 1785. 7. Fabricius (1787, p. 11) described Scarabaeus arenarius. The species was transferred to Aphodius Illiger, 1798 (scarabaeidae, aphodiinae) by Illiger (1798, p. 22), to Psammodius Fallen, 1807 by Fallen (1807, p. 37), and finally to Aegialia Latreille, 1807 by Dejean (1821, p. 55) (scarabaeidae. aegialiinae) where it has remained and is the type species. It has been used constantly and frequently since its description (e.g. Stebnicka, 1977, p. 460 (older references therein); Paulian & Baraud, 1982, p. 89; Jessop, 1986, p. 17; Lundberg & Gustafsson, 1986, p. 65; Dellacasa, 1988, p. 359; Krai, 1989, p. 19, 1993, p. 68; Lumaret, 1990, p. 338; McNamara, 1991, p. 147; Tiberghien, 1991, p. 225; Baraud, 1992, p. 105; Krell & Fery, 1992, p. 210; Silfverberg, 1992, p. 37; Duff, 1993, p. 127; Rossner, 1993, p. 6; Giirlich, Suikat & Ziegler, 1995, p. 71; Hansen, 1995, p. 125; Anderson et al., & 1997, p. 27; Bordat, 1997, p. 37; Cantonnet, Casset Toda, 1997, p. 107; Telnov et al., 1997, p. 55; Kohler & Klausnitzer, 1998, p. 129; Bunalski, 1999, p. 13). The 234 Bulletin ofZoological Nomenclature 61(4) December 2004 lectotype has been designated by Landin (1956a, p. 223) and is deposited in Fabricius's collection in Kiel. 8. Olivier (1789, p. 96 [Scarabe]) used Scarabaeus arenarius for a different species. He adopted this name for Scarabaeusputridus Geoffroy in Fourcroy, 1785, and cited Scarabaeus arenarius Fabricius with a question mark. The latter synonymy was definitely rejected by Illiger (1800, p. 201) in his annotated translation of Olivier's monograph. However, the name 5. arenarius became established with Olivier's authorship. The species was transferred to Aphodius Illiger, 1798 (scarabaeidae, aphodiinae) by Fabricius (1801, p. 82) (as a synonym of Aphodius arenarius (F.)) where it has remained. The type is deposited in the Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris (Dellacasa, 1988, p. 90). 9. Scarabaeusfasciatus Olivier, 1789 is ajunior primary homonym ofScarabaeus fasciatus Linnaeus, 1758. However, as shown in paras. 1 and 2 above, the two binomina Scarabaeusfasciatus had never been used simultaneously since S.fasciatus Linnaeus had been transferred to Trichius 14 years before S. fasciatus Olivier was described. Therefore they have never been considered congeneric and will never be because the species belong to two different subfamilies which are, according to some authors, even families. Despite their homonymy both names have been used constantly and frequently since their description (for thejunior homonym Aphodius fasciatus, see para. 10, for the senior homonym Trichius fasciatus, see Paulian & Baraud, 1982, p. 397; Stebnicka, 1983, p. 132 (older references therein); Jessop, 1986 p. 30; Lundberg & Gustafsson, 1986, p. 68; Nikolaev, 1987, p. 207; Krai, 1989, p. 25 1993, p. 70; Dzhambazishvili, 1990, p. 57; Gangloff, 1991, p. 54; Baraud, 1992, p. 774 Silfverberg, 1992, p. 39; Duff, 1993, p. 132; Rossner, 1993, p. 13, 1996, p. 52; Adam 1994, p. 10; Carpaneto &Piattella, 1995, p. 15; Giirlich, Suikat &Ziegler, 1995, p. 73 Alexandrovitch, 1996, p. 30; Kahlen & Hellrigl, 1996, p. 476; Nikritskii et al., 1996 & p. 59; Cantonnet, Casset Toda, 1997, p. 109; Inglebert, 1997, p. 54; Telnov et al. 1997, p. 58; Brandstetter & Kapp, 1998, p. 68; Kohler & Klausnitzer, 1998, p. 131 & Bunalski, 1999, p. 28; Rossner Schulze, 1999, p. 59; Mitter, 2000, p. 107 Negrobov, 2000, p. 94; Rossner & Kaltz, 2000, p. 10; Bragina, 2002, p. 90). 10. Presently four different names are used for one species: Aphodius fasciatus (Olivier, 1789) (Dellacasa, 1983, p. 386; Jessop, 1986, p. 8 Nikolaev, 1987, p. 123; Berlov, 1989, p. 400; Gangloff, 1991, p. 40; Krell & Fery & 1992, p. 218; Duff, 1993, p. 128; Rossner, 1993, p. 7, 1996, p. 50; Giirlich, Suikat Ziegler, 1995, p. 72; Kahlen & Hellrigl, 1996, p. 475; Brandstetter & Kaupp, 1998 p. 67; Kohler & Klausnitzer, 1998, p. 130; Bunalski, 1999, p. 21; Mitter, 2000, p. 85 Rheinheimer, 2000, p. 104); Aphodius putridus (Herbst, 1789) (Stebnicka, 1976, pp. 22, 119; Bast, 1985 Dellacasa, 1988, p. 393; Dzhambazishvili, 1990, p. 31; Franzen, 1992, p. 244; Koch 1993, p. 230; Kim, 1995, p. 70, 2000, p. 100; Negrobov, 2000, p. 93); & Aphodius tenellus auct. nee Say, 1823 (Paulian Baraud, 1982, p. 183; Stebnicka 1983, p. 96; Lundberg& Gustafsson, 1986, p. 66; Krai, 1989, p. 22; Silfverberg, 1992 p. 37; Milander et al., 1993, p. 21; Nikritskii et al., 1996, p. 55; Roslin, 2000, pp. 323 355); Aphodius uliginosus Hardy, 1847 (Lumaret, 1990, p. 250; Baraud, 1992, p. 251 Krai, 1993, p. 69; Adam, 1994, p. 13, 1996, p. 304; Hansen, 1995, p. 126; Carpaneto &Piattella, 1995, p. 8; Alexandrovitchet al., 1996, p. 29; Anderson et al., 1997, p. 28 . Bulletin ofZoological Nomenclature 61(4) December 2004 235 Bordat, 1997, p. 33; Cantonnet, Casset & Toda, 1997, p. 105; Palestrini, Barbero & Rolando, 1998, p. 104; Nadai & Merkl, 1999, p. 217; Tagliaferri, 1999, p. 4). 11 Presently the binomen Aphodiusputridus is used for two oreven three different species: Bast (1985), Dellacasa (1988, p. 393), Dzhambazishvili (1990, p. 31; 2000, p. 183), Franzen (1992, p. 244), Koch (1993, p. 230), Kim (1995, p. 70; 2000, p. 100), Koteles & Bakonyi (1996, p. 100), and Negrobov (2000, p. 93), e.g. use the name Aphodiusputridus (Herbst, 1789) for Aphodiusfasciatus (Olivier, 1789). Paulian & Baraud (1982, p. 114), Jessop (1986, pp. 8, 21), Nikolaev (1987, p. 112), Lumaret (1990, p. 134), Nikcevic (1991, p. 98), Silfverberg (1992, p. 37), Krai (1993, p. 68), Milanderet al. (1993, p. 16), Carpeneto & Piattella(1995, p. 8), Hansen (1995, p. 126), Alexandrovitch (1996, p. 29), Bordat (1997, p. 33), Cantonnet et al. (1997, p. 103), Telnov et al. (1997, p. 57), Martynov (1998, p. 44), and Bragina(2002, p. 90), e.g. use the name Aphodius putridus (Geoffroy in Fourcroy, 1785) for Aphodius arenarius (Olivier, 1789). Adam (1994, p. 13; 1996, p. 304) used Planolinus putridus (Sturm, 1805) for AphodiusborealisGyllenhal, 1827 (hepromoted the subgenera ofAphodiusto generic level). However, Aphodiusfasciatus (Olivier) is still in use (see para. 10), as is Aphodius arenarius (Olivier) (Rey, 1986, p. 119; Bouyon, 1991, p. 172; Gangloff, 1991, p. 35; & Baraud, 1992, p. 249; Krell Fery, 1992, p. 302; Rossner, 1993, p. 7, 1996, p. 49; & & Ziegler, Suikat Gurlich, 1994, p. 5; Gurlich, Suikat Ziegler, 1995, p. 71; Koteles & Bakonyi, 1996, p. 100; Kohler & Klausnitzer, 1998, p. 129; Nadai & Merkl, 1999, p. 218, 2000, p. 75; Dzhambazishvili, 2000, p. 181, Negrobov, 2000, p. 91; Rheinheimer, 2000, p. 103; Rossner & Kalz, 2000, p. 8; Verdii & Galante, 2000, p. 397; Bunalski, 2001, p. 30; Schmidt, 2002p. 76; Weichselbaumer, 2003, p. 84)despite their preoccupation. The only way to name these two species unequivocally is to avoid the equivocal binomen Aphodiusputridus and to use the welLknown and unequivocal synonyms Aphodiusfasciatus (Olivier) and Aphodius arenarius (Olivier) instead. As in another similar case (Case 2878, BZN 51: 121-127; Opinion 1890, BZN 55: 54-57) the formally correct acts of replacing long forgotten homonyms have resulted in nomenclatural inconsistency and confusion rather than in any kind ofstability. 12. The InternationalCommission onZoological Nomenclatureis accordinglyasked: (1) to use its plenary power: (a) to suppress the nameputridus Geoffroy in Fourcroy, 1785, as published in the binomen Scarabaeus putridus, for the purposes of the Principle of Priority but not for those ofthe Principle of Homonymy; (b) to rule that the following specific names are not invalid: (i) fasciatus Olivier, 1789, as published in the binomen Scarabaeus fasciatus, by reason of being a junior primary homonym of Scarabaeusfasciatus Linnaeus, 1758; (ii) arenarius Olivier, 1789, as published in the binomen Scarabaeus arenarius, by reason of being a junior primary homonym of Scarabaeus arenarius Fabricius, 1778; (2) to place on the Official List ofSpecific Names in Zoology the followingnames: {a)fasciatus Olivier, 1789, as published in the binomen Scarabaeusfasciatus (not invalid by reason ofbeing a junior primary homonym of Scarabaeus fasciatus Linnaeus, 1758 as ruled in (l)(b)(i) above); 236 Bulletin ofZoological Nomenclature 61(4) December 2004 (b) arenarius Fabricius, 1787, as published in the binomen Scarabaeus arenarius; (c) arenarius Olivier, 1789, as published in the binomen Scarabaeus arenarius (not invalid by reason ofbeing ajunior primary homonym of Scarabaeus arenarius Fabricius, 1787 as ruled in (l)(b)(ii) above); (3) to place on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific Names in Zoology the following names: (a) putridus Geoffroy in Fourcroy, 1785, as published in the binomen Scarabaeusputridus and as suppressed in (l)(a) above; (b)putridus Herbst, 1789, as published in the binomen Scarabaeus putridus (ajunior primary homonym of S. putridus Geoffroy in Fourcroy, 1785); (c) putridus Sturm, 1805, as published in the binomen Aphodius putridus (a junior primary homonym of S. putridus Geoffroy in Fourcroy, 1785); (d)fasciatus Fabricius, 1801, as published in the binomen Aphodiusfasciatus (ajunior primary homonym ofAphodiusfasciatus Olivier, 1789). 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Rote Liste der in Schleswig-Holstein gefdhrdeten Kaferarten. 96pp. LandesamtfurNaturschutzund LandschaftspflegeSchleswig-Holstein, Kiel. Acknowledgement ofreceipt ofthis application was published in BZN 61: 133. Comments on this case are invited for publication (subject to editing) in the Bulletin; they should be sent to the Executive Secretary, I.C.Z.N., The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, U.K. (e-mail: [email protected]).