Cartography in Antiquity and the Middle Ages Technology and Change in History VOLUME 10 Cartography in Antiquity and the Middle Ages Fresh Perspectives, New Methods Edited by Richard J.A. Talbert and Richard W. Unger LEIDEN • BOSTON 2008 Cover illustration: Augustus Caesar commissioning a survey of the world, as imagined in the 1280s by the makers of the Hereford mappa mundi. From a nineteenth century facsimile edition, cour- tesy of Hereford Cathedral, Hereford, U.K. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in Publication data Cartography in antiquity and the Middle Ages : fresh perspectives, new methods / edited by Richard J.A. Talbert and Richard W. Unger. p. cm. — (Technology and change in history ; v. 10) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-16663-9 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Cartography—History. 2. Early maps. I. Talbert, Richard J. A., 1947- II. Unger, Richard W. III. Title. IV. Series. GA205.C37 2008 526.093—dc22 2008009749 ISSN 1385-920X ISBN 978 90 04 16663 9 Copyright 2008 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands contents v To the Memory of John Brian Harley and David Woodward vi contents contents vii CONTENTS List of Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix List of Illustrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi Introduction Richard Talbert and Richard W. Unger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Greek and Roman Mapping: Twenty-First Century Perspectives Richard Talbert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 L’Héritage Antique de la Cartographie Médiévale: les Problèmes et les Acquis Patrick Gautier Dalché . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Process and Transformation on the Severan Marble Plan of Rome Jennifer Trimble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Constructing a Digital Edition for the Peutinger Map Tom Elliott . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Rethinking the Peutinger Map Emily Albu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 The Book of Curiosities and a Unique Map of the World Yossef Rapoport and Emilie Savage-Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 New Perspectives on Paradise—The Levels of Reality in Byzantine and Latin Medieval Maps Maja Kominko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Rashi’s Map of the Land of Canaan, ca. 1100, and Its Cartographic Background Benjamin Z. Kedar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 viii contents Maps and Panegyrics: Roman Geo-Ethnographical Rhetoric in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages Natalia Lozovsky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 “Usque ad Ultimum Terrae”: Mapping the Ends of the Earth in Two Medieval Floor Mosaics Lucy E.G. Donkin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Maps in Context: Isidore, Orosius, and the Medieval Image of the World Evelyn Edson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Medieval Maps in a Renaissance Context: Gregorio Dati and the Teaching of Geography in Fifteenth-Century Florence Raymond Clemens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Cartes et Chroniques: Mapping and History in Late Medieval France Camille Serchuk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 Colour Plates contents ix LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Emily Albu is Associate Professor of Classics at the University of California, Davis. Her special interests are Late Antiquity, the twelfth century, and the classical tradition. She is the author of The Normans in their Histories (Boydell & Brewer, 2001), and “Imperial geography and the medieval Peutinger map” (Imago Mundi 2005). Raymond Clemens is Associate Professor of History at Illinois State University. His research focuses on the archaeology of book and map production. With Timothy Graham, he is co-author of Introduction to Manuscript Studies (Cornell, 2007). Lucy Donkin is a British Academy Postdoctoral Fellow at University College, Oxford. She specializes in perceptions of sacred space dur- ing the Middle Ages, and has published “Mosaici pavimentali medi- evali nell’ Italia settentrionale e i loro rapporti con la liturgia” (AISCOM, Tivoli, 2005). Evelyn Edson is Professor Emerita of History at Piedmont Virginia Community College, Charlottesville, Virginia. Her books include Mapping Time and Space: How Medieval Mapmakers Viewed their World (British Library, 1997), and (with Emilie Savage-Smith), Medieval Views of the Cosmos: Picturing the Universe in the Christian and Islamic Middle Ages (Bodleian Library, 2004). Tom Elliott is Director of the Pleiades Project at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. He specializes in Roman history, geog- raphy and epigraphy, and in humanities computing. Patrick Gautier Dalché is Directeur de recherche (Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Institut de recherche et d’histoire des textes, Paris), and Directeur d’études (École pratique des hautes études, Sorbonne). He specializes in medieval representations of space (texts and images), and his many publications include: La “Descriptio mappe mundi” de Hugues de Saint-Victor (Études Augustini-