DRAFT Carlton Landing Phase I Archaeological Survey Eufaula Lake, Oklahoma J. Howard Beverly, Jr., RPA, GISP United States Army Corps of Engineers Tulsa District June 2012 Sensitive archaeological information has been redacted from this report in accordance with federal (Section 304 16 U.S.C. 470w-3a NHPA and 16 U.S.C. 470hha ARPA) and Oklahoma state (Title 53 §361) laws pertaining to confidentiallyity of cultural resources locations. Table of Contents Section 1 Summary 1 1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Site 34PS166 ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2.1 Interpretation ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2.2 National Register Status ......................................................................................................... 1 1.2.3 Recommendations ................................................................................................................. 1 1.3 Site 34PS167 ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1.3.1 Interpretation ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.3.2 National Register Status ......................................................................................................... 2 1.3.3 Recommendations ................................................................................................................. 2 1.4 Site 34PS168 ..................................................................................................................................... 2 1.4.1 Interpretation ......................................................................................................................... 2 1.4.2 National Register Status ......................................................................................................... 2 1.4.3 Recommendations ................................................................................................................. 2 1.5 Site 34PS553 ..................................................................................................................................... 2 1.5.1 Interpretation ......................................................................................................................... 2 1.5.2 National Register Status ......................................................................................................... 3 1.5.3 Recommendations ................................................................................................................. 3 1.6 Site 34PS554 ..................................................................................................................................... 3 1.6.1 Interpretation ......................................................................................................................... 3 1.6.2 National Register Status ......................................................................................................... 3 1.6.3 Recommendations ................................................................................................................. 3 1.7 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 3 Section 2 Introduction 5 2.1 Project Description ........................................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Cultural Resources Terminology ...................................................................................................... 5 2.3 Project Sponsor and Regulatory Agency .......................................................................................... 6 2.4 Project Location ............................................................................................................................... 6 2.5 Archaeological APE Description ....................................................................................................... 6 2.6 Personnel ....................................................................................................................................... 10 2.6.1 Principal Investigator ........................................................................................................... 10 2.6.2 Field Crew............................................................................................................................. 10 2.6.3 Laboratory Crew ................................................................................................................... 10 2.7 Records Research ........................................................................................................................... 10 2.8 Curation .......................................................................................................................................... 10 2.9 Archaeological Resources Protection Act....................................................................................... 10 2.10 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 10 Section 3 Environment 11 3.1 Physiography and Geology ............................................................................................................. 11 3.2 Soils ................................................................................................................................................ 11 3.3 Hydrology ....................................................................................................................................... 13 i 3.4 Flora and Fauna.............................................................................................................................. 14 3.4.1 Arkansas Valley (Level III Ecoregion 37) ............................................................................... 14 3.4.2 Central Irregular Plains (Level III Ecoregion 40) ................................................................... 17 3.4.3 Cross Timbers (Ecoregion 29) .............................................................................................. 17 3.5 Climate ........................................................................................................................................... 18 3.6 Cultural Ecology ............................................................................................................................. 19 3.7 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 19 Section 4 Cultural Context, Previous Investigations, and Summary of Known Sites 21 4.1 Prehistoric Period ........................................................................................................................... 21 4.1.1 Paleoindian Period ............................................................................................................... 21 4.1.2 Archaic Period ...................................................................................................................... 24 4.1.3 Woodland Period ................................................................................................................. 26 4.1.4 Late Prehistoric Period ......................................................................................................... 27 4.2 Historic Period ................................................................................................................................ 28 4.2.1 Early Explorers and Trail Blazers .......................................................................................... 28 4.2.2 Native Americans ................................................................................................................. 29 4.2.3 Railroads and Coal ............................................................................................................... 31 4.2.4 Towns and Outlaws .............................................................................................................. 33 4.2.5 Agriculture ........................................................................................................................... 34 4.2.6 Lake Building ........................................................................................................................ 36 4.3 Known Cultural Resources at Eufaula Lake .................................................................................... 36 4.3.1 Previous Archaeological Surveys ......................................................................................... 36 4.3.2 Known Archaeological Sites ................................................................................................. 38 4.4 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 39 Section 5 Methodology 41 5.1 Land Classification .......................................................................................................................... 41 5.2 Field Conditions ............................................................................................................................. 44 5.3 Field Investigative Strategies ......................................................................................................... 44 5.3.1 Surface Inspection ............................................................................................................... 47 5.3.2 Shovel Turns......................................................................................................................... 47 5.3.3 Examination for Rock Shelters ............................................................................................. 47 5.3.4 Site Boundary identification ................................................................................................ 47 5.4 GPS Equipment .............................................................................................................................. 47 5.5 Evaluation of Field Methods Used ................................................................................................. 48 5.6 National Register Evaluation of Archaeological Sites .................................................................... 48 5.7 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 49 Section 6 Materials Recovered 51 6.1 General Laboratory Procedures ..................................................................................................... 51 6.1.1 Analytical Methods: Prehistoric Artifact Assemblages ........................................................ 51 6.1.2 Analytical Methods: Historic Artifact Assemblages ............................................................. 56 6.2 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 67 Section 7 Results 69 7.1 Results ............................................................................................................................................ 69 ii 7.1.1 Site 34PS166 ......................................................................................................................... 69 7.1.2 Site 34PS167 ......................................................................................................................... 81 7.1.3 Site 34PS168 ......................................................................................................................... 87 7.1.4 Site 34PS553 ......................................................................................................................... 94 7.1.5 34PS554.............................................................................................................................. 100 7.2 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 104 Section 8 Summary and Conclusion 109 8.1 Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 109 8.2 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 110 Section 9 References Cited 111 Appendices Appendix A Acronyms and Abbreviations Appendix B New Oklahoma Archaeological Survey Site Forms Appendix C Updated Oklahoma Archaeological Survey Site Forms Appendix D Artifact Catalog List of Figures Figure 2-1. Project Location ....................................................................................................................................... 7 Figure 2-2. USGS Topographical Maps showing Project Location ............................................................................. 8 Figure 2-3. 2010 NAIP Aerial Photograph showing Project Location ......................................................................... 9 Figure 3-1. Soils Inside the Archaeological APE ....................................................................................................... 12 Figure 3-2. Present Drainage of the Study Area....................................................................................................... 15 Figure 3-3. Historical Drainage of the Study Area .................................................................................................... 16 Figure 4-1. Known Archaeological Sites within the APE .......................................................................................... 40 Figure 5-1. Example of Deciduous Forest Areas Found Inside the APE ................................................................... 42 Figure 5-2. Example of Evergreen Forest Areas Found Inside the APE .................................................................... 42 Figure 5-3. Example of Mixed Forest Areas Found Inside the APE .......................................................................... 43 Figure 5-4. Example of Grassland/Herbaceous Areas Found Inside the APE ........................................................... 43 Figure 5-5. Example of Woody Wetland Areas Found Inside the APE ..................................................................... 45 Figure 5-6. Example of Open Water Areas Found Inside the APE............................................................................ 45 Figure 5-7. Field Conditions and Methodology Employed ....................................................................................... 46 Figure 6-1. Prehistoric Lithics from 34PS168 ........................................................................................................... 56 Figure 6-2 . Selected Kitchen Group Ceramic Artifact Examples ............................................................................. 58 Figure 6-3. Selected Glass Artifacts .......................................................................................................................... 62 Figure 6-4. Transportation Group Artifacts, Automotive Hood Ornament ............................................................. 66 Figure 6-5. Transportation Group Artifacts, Horse Shoe ......................................................................................... 66 Figure 7-1. Location of Sites 34PS166, 34PS167, 34PS168, 34PS553, and 34PS554 on USGS Topographical Map . 70 Figure 7-2. Location of Sites 34PS166, 34PS167, 34PS168, 34PS553 and 34PS554 on Aerial Photography ............ 71 Figure 7-3. Location of Site 34PS166 and 34PS554 on USGS Topographical Map ................................................... 72 Figure 7-4. Location of Site 34PS166 and 34PS554 on Aerial Photography ............................................................. 73 Figure 7-5. Site 34PS166 and 34PS554 field map .................................................................................................... 74 Figure 7-6. Field Conditions at Site 34PS166, showing Eroded Shoreline at Eufaula Lake ...................................... 75 iii Figure 7-7. Abandoned Roadbed Adjacent to Site 34PS166 .................................................................................... 76 Figure 7-8. Rectangular Arrangements of Sandstone Slabs at 34PS166 .................................................................. 76 Figure 7-9. Sandstone Rock Pile at Site 34PS166 ..................................................................................................... 77 Figure 7-10. Possible Chimney Rubble at Site 34PS166 ........................................................................................... 77 Figure 7-11. United Stove Company Gas Stove at Site 34PS166 ............................................................................. 79 Figure 7-12. Manufacture ID Tag on United Stove Company Gas Stove at Site 34PS166 ....................................... 80 Figure 7-13. Railroad Tie with Embedded Spike ...................................................................................................... 80 Figure 7-14. Location of Site 34PS167 on USGS Topographical Map ...................................................................... 82 Figure 7-15. Location of Site 34PS167 on Aerial Photography ................................................................................ 83 Figure 7-16. Site 34PS167 field map ........................................................................................................................ 84 Figure 7-17. Field Conditions at Site 34PS167 ......................................................................................................... 85 Figure 7-18. Field Conditions at Site 34PS167 Showing Eroded Shoreline .............................................................. 85 Figure 7-19. Potential Burned Rock at Site 34PS167 ............................................................................................... 86 Figure 7-20. Location of Site 34PS168 on USGS Topographical Map ...................................................................... 88 Figure 7-21. Location of Site 34PS168 on Aerial Photography ................................................................................ 89 Figure 7-22. Site 34PS168 field map ........................................................................................................................ 90 Figure 7-23. Field Conditions at Site 34PS168 ......................................................................................................... 91 Figure 7-24. Field Conditions at Site 34PS168 ......................................................................................................... 91 Figure 7-25. Stratigraphy of STP5 from Site 34PS168 .............................................................................................. 92 Figure 7-26. Photograph of STP5 from Site 34PS168 .............................................................................................. 92 Figure 7-27. Potential Burned Rock at Site 34PS168 ............................................................................................... 93 Figure 7-28. Location of Site 34PS553 on USGS Topographical Map ...................................................................... 95 Figure 7-29. Location of Site 34PS553 on Aerial Photography ................................................................................ 96 Figure 7-30. Site 34PS553 field map ........................................................................................................................ 97 Figure 7-31. Field Conditions at Site 34PS553 ......................................................................................................... 98 Figure 7-32. Field Conditions at Site 34PS553 ......................................................................................................... 98 Figure 7-33. Stratigraphy of STP1 R1 from Site 34PS553 ......................................................................................... 99 Figure 7-34. Stratigraphy of STP1 R1 from Site 34PS553 ......................................................................................... 99 Figure 7-35. Site 34PS554 field map ...................................................................................................................... 101 Figure 7-36. Field Conditions at Site 34PS554 ....................................................................................................... 102 Figure 7-37. Field Conditions at Site 45PS554 ....................................................................................................... 102 Figure 7-38. Stratigraphy of STP2 from Site 34PS554 ............................................................................................ 103 Figure 7-39. Domesticated Plants at Site 34PS554 ................................................................................................ 103 Figure 7-35. 1948 USACE Map with Sites 34PS166 and 34PS554 .......................................................................... 107 Figure 7-36. 1936 WPA Map with Sites 34PS166 and 34PS554 ............................................................................. 108 iv List of Tables Table 5-1. Land Classification found within the APE ................................................................................................ 41 Table 5-2. Weather for Field Dates .......................................................................................................................... 44 Table 6-1. Prehistoric Artifacts Recovered from 34PS167, 34PS168, and 34PS553 ................................................ 55 Table 6-2. Historic Artifacts from 34PS166 and 34PS554 ........................................................................................ 57 Table 6-3. Kitchen Group Artifacts ........................................................................................................................... 57 Table 6-4. Architectural Group Artifacts .................................................................................................................. 64 Table 6-5. Other Group Artifacts. ............................................................................................................................ 65 Table 6-6. Transportation Group Artifacts. .............................................................................................................. 65 Table 6-7. Personal Group Artifacts. ........................................................................................................................ 67 Table 7-1. Historic Artifacts Recovered from 34PS166 ............................................................................................ 78 Table 7-2. Prehistoric Artifacts Recovered from 34PS167. ...................................................................................... 86 Table 7-3. Prehistoric Artifacts Recovered from 34PS168. ...................................................................................... 93 Table 7-4. Prehistoric Artifacts recovered from 34PS553 ...................................................................................... 100 Table 7-5. Historic Artifacts recovered from 34PS554. .......................................................................................... 105 Table 8-1. Summary of Site Recommendations ..................................................................................................... 109 v