Caribbean Slavery J in the Atlantic World This page intentionally left blank Caribbean Slavery in the ' Atlantic World A Student Reader Verene A. Shepherd Hilary McD. Beckles Ian Rändle Publishers James Currey Publishers Marcus Wiener Publishers Kingston Oxford Princeton ISBN: 978-976-8123-61-9 Epub Edition @ November 2013 ISBN: 978-976-637-779-3 Caribbean Slavery in the Atlantic. Copyright © 2000 by Verene Shepherd and Hilary McD. Beckles. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the nonexclusive, non-transferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded, decompiled reverse-engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of Ian Randle Publishers. Dedicated to the memory of Elsa Goveia, C.L.R. James and Eric Williams This page intentionally left blank Contents Introduction xiii Acknowledgments xv SECTION I THE ATLANTIC SLAVERY PROJECT 1 1 How Europe Became the Dominant Section of a World-wide Trade System 2 Walter Rodney 2 Before Columbus: Portugal's African Prelude to the Middle Passage and Contribution to Discourse on Race and Slavery 11 A. J. R. Russell-Wood 3 The Constituent Elements of Slavery 32 Orlando Patterson 4 Madeira and the Beginnings of New World Sugar Cane Cultivation and Plantation Slavery: A Study in Institution Building 42 Sidney M. Greenfield 5 The Birth of an Atlantic World 55 John Thornton SECTION II THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLES: CONQUEST, RESISTANCE AND REPRESENTATION 74 6 On the Contact Population of Hispaniola: History as Higher Mathematics 75 David Henige 1 Amerindian-European Relations in Dutch Guyana 86 Alvin O. Thompson 8 First Impressions: Europeans and Island Caribs in the Pre-Colonial Era, 1492-1623 100 Philip P. Boucher 9 Kalinago (Carib) Resistance to European Colonization of the Caribbean 117 Hilary McD. Beckles 10 The Caribs of St. Vincent: A Study in Imperial Maladministration, 1763-1773 127 J. Paul Thomas SECTION III IMPERIALISM AND COLONIAL SLAVERY 135 11 Early Hispanic New World Agriculture, 1492-1509 136 David Watts v¡¡¡ Contents 12 Imperialism and Slavery 153 Franklin Knight 13 Ambivalent Allies: Anglo-Dutch Relations and the Struggle Against the Spanish Empire in the Caribbean, 1621 -1641 166 Paul E. Kopperman 14 Trade, Plunder and Economic Development in Early English Jamaica, 1655-89 179 Nuala Zahedieh 15 France, the Antilles, and Europe in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: Renewals of Foreign Trade 194 Paul Bute! SECTION IV SERVITUDE, SLAVERY AND NEW ECONOMIC ORDERS 206 16 Why sugar? Economic Cycles and the Changing of Staples hi the English and French Antilles, 1624-1654 207 Robert C. Batie 17 A 'Riotous and Unruly Lot': Irish Indentured Servants and Freemen in the English West Indies, 1644-1713 226 Hilary Mc.D. Beckles 18 The Economics of the Transition to the Black Labour System in Barbados, 1630-1680 239 Hilary Mc.D. Beckles & Andrew Downes 19 Livestock and Sugar: Aspects of Jamaica's Agricultural Development from the Late Seventeenth to the Early Nineteenth Century 253 Ver ene A. Shepherd 20 The Transformation of Cuban Agriculture, 1763-1838 265 Franklin Knight 21 The Origins of Plantation Growth in Puerto Rico 276 Francisco Scarano SECTION V SLAVERY, FINANCE AND TRADE 289 22 The Slave Trade and the Atlantic Economies, 1451-1870 290 Joseph E. Inikori 23 Silver and Situados: New Spain and the Financing of the Spanish Empire in the Caribbean in the Eighteenth Century 309 Carlos Manchal & Matilde Souío Mantecón 24 The Origins of the Commission System in the West India Trade 326 K. G. Davies 25 The French West Indian Sugar Business 335 Robert Stein 26 The United States and the British West Indian Trade, 1783-1807 343 Selwyn H. H. Carrington 27 Trade and Exchange in Jamaica in the Period of Slavery 355 Ver ene A. Shepherd Contents ix SECTION VI THE WORK CULTURE OF THE ENSLAVED 364 28 Physical and Economic Environments 365 B. W. Higman 29 Women Field Workers in Jamaica During Slavery 390 Lucille Mathurin Mair 30 Slavery in a Plantation Society 398 Franklin Knight 31 Slavery in Martinique in the French Caribbean 413 Dale Tomich 32 Slavery in Three West Indian Towns 437 N. A.T.Hall SECTION VII SLAVERY AND CAPITALIST GLOBALIZATION The First Phase 454 33 Capitalism and Slavery 455 Eric Williams 34 French Capitalism and Caribbean Slavery 466 C.L.R. James 35 Slavery and Lagging Capitalism in the Spanish and Portuguese American Empires, 1492-1713 472 Franklin Knight 36 Mercantilism, Slavery and the Industrial Revolution 480 William A. Darity, Jr. SECTION VIII SLAVERY AND CAPITALIST GLOBALIZATION The Second Phase 493 37 Plantations in the Caribbean: Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Dominican Republic in the late Nineteenth Century 494 Manuel Moreno Fraginals 38 The Sweet and the Bitter: Cuban and Puerto Rican Responses to the mid-Nineteenth Century Sugar Challenge 506 Luis Fernandez-Martinez 39 The Early Use of Steam Power in the Jamaican Sugar industry, 1768-1810 518 Ver ont M. Satchell 40 Slave Prices in Cuba, 1840-1875 527 Laird W. Bergad SECTION IX RACE, CLASS, COLOUR AND THE POWER ORDER 543 41 Pro-Slavery Ideology 544 Gordon Lewis 42 The West Indian Slave Laws of the Eighteenth Century 580 Elsa V. Goveia