Caribbean Crossing This page intentionally left blank Early American Places is a collaborative project of the University of Georgia Press, New York University Press, Northern Illinois University Press, and the University of Nebraska Press. The series is supported by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. For more information, please visit www.earlyamericanplaces.org. Advisory Board Vincent Brown, Duke University Stephanie M. H. Camp, University of Washington Andrew Cayton, Miami University Cornelia Hughes Dayton, University of Connecticut Nicole Eustace, New York University Amy S. Greenberg, Pennsylvania State University Ramón A. Gutiérrez, University of Chicago Peter Charles Hoffer, University of Georgia Karen Ordahl Kupperman, New York University Joshua Piker, University of Oklahoma Mark M. Smith, University of South Carolina Rosemarie Zagarri, George Mason University This page intentionally left blank Caribbean Crossing African Americans and the Haitian Emigration Movement sara fanning a New York University Press new york and london NeW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS New York and London www.nyupress.org © 2015 by New York University All rights reserved For Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data, please contact the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-08147-6493-0 (hardback) References to Internet Web sites (URLs) were accurate at the time of writing. Neither the author nor New York University Press is responsible for URLs that may have expired or changed since the manuscript was prepared. New York University Press books are printed on acid-free paper, and their binding materials are chosen for strength and durability. We strive to use environmentally responsible suppliers and materials to the greatest extent possible in publishing our books. Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Also available as an ebook For Rob, Gracie, and Lydia This page intentionally left blank Contents Acknowledgments xi Introduction 1 1 Migration to Haiti in the Context of Other Contemporary Migrations 17 2 Haiti’s Founding Fathers 25 3 Boyer’s Recognition Project 41 4 The Marketing of Haiti 59 5 Push and Pull in Haitian Emigration 77 6 Haitian Realities and the Emigrants’ Return 99 Conclusion 119 Notes 125 Index 159 About the Author 169