Cardiology Procedures A Clinical Primer Robert C. Hendel Carey Kimmelstiel Editors Second Edition 123 Cardiology Procedures Robert C. Hendel • Carey Kimmelstiel Editors Cardiology Procedures A Clinical Primer Second Edition Editors Robert C. Hendel Carey Kimmelstiel Section of Cardiology Division of Cardiology Deming Department of Medicine Tufts Medical Center Tulane University School of Medicine Tufts University School of Medicine New Orleans, LA, USA Boston, MA, USA ISBN 978-3-030-95258-7 ISBN 978-3-030-95259-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95259-4 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2017, 2022 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland To our past, current, and future trainees, who continue to inspire us, with the hope that this book will help set a foundation of excellence in cardiovascular medicine. And to our families, friends, and colleagues who have supported us through this endeavor. Robert C. Hendel, Carey Kimmelstiel To Judy, Adam, and Jason for your unwavering love, patience, and support. And to my patients and fellows from Miami, Chicago, and New Orleans, who provide reason for all that I do professionally. Robert C. Hendel To Laurie, Dana, Matt, and Frankie for understanding Cardiology is a calling. To my parents, Albert and Jacqueline, for instilling in me the love of learning. And to my brother, Fred, for being the best human I know. Carey Kimmelstiel Foreword I was happy to hear that Robert Hendel and Carey Kimmelstiel were in the process of preparing edition number two of Cardiology Procedures. I keep the first edition of this excellent text on my desk for easy access. While teach- ing residents and students or answering questions from hospitalists, primary care physicians, and nurse practitioners, it is not rare for one of them to ask what a particular cardiovascular test involves. The answer is easy: I show them Hendel and Kimmelstiel’s first edition of Cardiology Procedures and refer them to the appropriate chapter. The material in this first-rate primer is clearly written with easy-to-understand figures and diagrams. The cardiovascular world is constantly changing with new technology and innovative protocols appearing almost every month. Rapid progress makes it challenging for trainees and practitioners who are attempting to understand why the attending cardiologist had ordered a CT coronary angiogram for patient X, while requesting a pharmacologic nuclear stress test for patient Y. Cardiology Procedures, edition two, provides succinct and lucid answers to all these queries. The editors are to be congratulated for producing this out- standing update which enlarges and extends the scope that was so well-done in the first edition. The material covered is comprehensive and subdivided into four parts. The first part covers various non-invasive procedures, starting with echocardiog- raphy and followed by stress testing and imaging. Part II describes practices done in critically ill patients, while Part III covers the ever-expanding area of electrophysiology. The final part deals with many techniques employed by interventional cardiologists. Clinicians will welcome this second edition of Hendel and Kimmelstiel’s excellent and valuable primer. This book will find widespread use in medical schools, clinics, and hospitals. Joseph S. Alpert, MD Editor in Chief, The American Journal of Medicine Professor of Medicine University of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson, AZ, USA vii Contents Part I Non-invasive Cardiology 1 Transthoracic Echocardiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Eddy Karnabi 2 Transesophageal Echocardiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Eddy Karnabi 3 Contrast Echocardiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Cesia Gallegos and Robert C. Hendel 4 Exercise ECG Stress Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Eddy Karnabi 5 Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Alexis Rodriguez 6 Pharmacologic Stress Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Eddy Karnabi 7 Stress Echocardiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Cesia Gallegos and Robert C. Hendel 8 Single Photon Emission Computed Tomographic Myocardial Perfusion Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Eddy Karnabi 9 Positron Emission Tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Eddy Karnabi 10 Radionuclide Angiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Cesia Gallegos 11 Amyloid Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Adam Horblitt 12 Cardiac Computed Tomography (CT) and Fractional Flow Reserve- Computed Tomography (FFR-CT) . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Arieh Fox and Nitin Sabharwal 13 Cardiac Magnetic Resonance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Cesia Gallegos ix x Contents Part II C ritical Care 14 Central Venous Cannulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Saleh Alshalash and Carey Kimmelstiel 15 Right Heart Catheterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Youssef Rahban and Carey Kimmelstiel 16 Pericardiocentesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Saleh Alshalash and Carey Kimmelstiel 17 Procedural Sedation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Grace M. Wu 18 Endotracheal Intubation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Aaron E. Brice Part III Electrophysiology 19 The Electrocardiogram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Alexis Rodriguez 20 Ambulatory Electrocardiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 William J. Gionfriddo, Douglas W. Laidlaw, and N. A. Mark Estes III 21 Tilt Table Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Alexis Rodriguez 22 Electrophysiologic Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Christopher A. Clyne and Jonathan Weinstock 23 Temporary Transvenous Pacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Ahlam Al Awadhi and Alawi A. Alsheikh-Ali 24 Cardiac Pacemakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Constancia F. C. Macatangay 25 Biventricular Pacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Ryley McPeters 26 Pacemaker Interrogation and Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Aadhavi Sridharan, D. Michael Farmer, and Munther Homoud 27 Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators (ICD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Harold Rivner and Camilo A. Gomez 28 Cardioversion and Defibrillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Aaron E. Brice 29 Pulmonary Vein Isolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Gursukhman Deep Singh Sidhu 30 Left Atrial Appendage Closure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Michael Crawford Contents xi Part IV I nterventional Cardiology 31 Coronary Angiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Nima Aghili, Edouard Daher, and Carey Kimmelstiel 32 Coronary Blood Flow and Pressure Measurements . . . . . . . . . . 241 Travis J. Cohoon and Morton J. Kern 33 Percutaneous Coronary Intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Yousef Bader, Fahim H. Jafary, and Carey Kimmelstiel 34 Alcohol Septal Ablation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Carey Kimmelstiel 35 Transcatheter Closure of Atrial Septal Defects and Patent Foramen Ovale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Francisco Garay and Ziyad M. Hijazi 36 Balloon Valvuloplasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Pankaj Jain and Charles Resor 37 Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 Samuel P. Powell, Nicholas S. Amoroso, and Daniel H. Steinberg 38 Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 Charles Resor 39 Endomyocardial Biopsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 Johny Kuttab and Carey Kimmelstiel 40 Circulatory Support Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 Navin K. Kapur and Michele Esposito Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 Part I Non-invasive Cardiology