Section Editors Gerard P. Aurigemma MD William J. Kostuk MD,FRCPC ProfessorofMedicineand Radiology Emeritus ProfessorofMedicine University ofMassachusettsMedicalSchool SchulichSchool ofMedicine&Dentistry DirectorofNoninvasiveCardiology University ofWesternOntario Director, CardiologyFellowshipTrainingProgram Consultant, CardiologyDivision UMassMemorialMedicalCenter University Hospital Worcester, Massachusetts London, Ontario,Canada George L. Bakris MD Gregory Y H Lip MD,FRCP, DFM,FESC,FACC Professor ofCardiovascularMedicine ProfessorofMedicine University Department ofMedicine University ofChicagoPritzkerSchool ofMedicine CityHospital Director, HypertensiveDiseases Unit Birmingham, UnitedKingdom SectionofEndocrinology,Diabetes andMetabolism University ofChicagoMedicalCenter Barry M. Massie MD Chicago,Illinois Professor ofMedicine Helmut Drexler MD UCSFSchool ofMedicine Chief,CardiologyDivision ProfessorofMedicine SanFrancisco VAMedicalCenter Chief,DivisionofCardiology SanFrancisco, California MedicalUniversity ofHannover Hannover,Germany David J. Sahn MD,MACC,FAHA Professor ofPediatrics(Cardiology), Erling Falk MD,PhD Diagnostic Radiology,Obstetrics and ProfessorofCardiovascular Pathology Gynecology, andBiomedicalEngineering Institute ofClinicalMedicine OregonHealth &ScienceUniversity Aarhus UniversityHospital Skejby Portland, Oregon Aarhus, Denmark Prediman K. Shah MD,FACC,FACP,FCCP Michael A. Gatzoulis MD,PhD,FACC, FESC Shapelland WebbChair andDirector ProfessorofCardiology DivisionofCardiology NationalHeartandLungInstitute Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis ResearchCenter Imperial CollegeLondon CedarsSinaiMedicalCenter Head,AdultCongenital HeartCentreand Professor ofMedicine Centrefor Pulmonary Hypertension David GeffenSchoolofMedicineatUCLA RoyalBrompton Hospital LosAngeles,California London, UnitedKingdom David Waters MD George J. Klein MD,FRCPC,FACC Emeritus Professor Professor,DepartmentofMedicine Department ofMedicine University ofWestern Ontario UCSFSchool ofMedicine London, Ontario,Canada SanFrancisco, California 1600JohnF.KennedyBlvd. Ste1800 Philadelphia,PA19103-2899 CARDIOLOGY ISBN:978-0-7234-3485-6 Copyright#2010,2004,2001byElsevierLtd. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyany means,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageand retrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Permissionsmaybesoughtdirectly fromElsevier’sRightsDepartment:phone:(þ1)2152393804(US)or(þ44)1865843830(UK);fax: (þ44)1865853333;e-mail:[email protected] lineviatheElsevierwebsiteathttp://www.elsevier.com/permissions. Notice Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperience broadenourknowledge,changesinpractice,treatment,anddrugtherapymaybecomenecessary orappropriate.Readersareadvisedtocheckthemostcurrentinformationprovided(i)on proceduresfeaturedor(ii)bythemanufacturerofeachproducttobeadministered,toverifythe recommendeddoseorformula,themethodanddurationofadministration,andcontraindications. Itistheresponsibilityofthepractitioner,relyingonhisorherexperienceandknowledgeof thepatient,tomakediagnoses,todeterminedosagesandthebesttreatmentforeachindividual patient,andtotakeallappropriatesafetyprecautions.Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neither thePublishernortheEditorsassumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsor propertyarisingoutoforrelatedtoanyuseofthematerialcontainedinthisbook. ThePublisher LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Cardiology/[editedby]MichaelH.Crawford...[etal.].—3rded. p.;cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-7234-3485-6 1.Cardiology.I.Crawford,MichaelH.,1943– [DNLM:1.HeartDiseases—diagnosis. 2.HeartDiseases—etiology. 3.HeartDiseases—therapy. WG100C26552010] RC667.C3772010 616.102—dc22 2009018142 AcquisitionsEditor:NatashaAndjelkovic DevelopmentalEditor:PamelaHetherington PublishingServicesManager:LindaVanPelt ProjectManager:FrankMorales DesignDirection:LouForgione PrintedinChina Lastdigitistheprintnumber: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contributors Nicola Abate, MD Henning Rud Andersen, MD, DMSc Malcolm Barlow, MBBS, FRACP, Professor,ChiefDivisionofEndocrinology, AssociateProfessorofCardiology, FCANZCS UniversityofTexasMedicalBranch, UniversityofAarhusFacultyofHealth ConjointSeniorLecturer,Schoolof Galveston,Texas,USA Sciences,CardiacElectrophysiologist, MedicineandPublicHealth,Facultyof Ahmed Tageldien Abdellah, MD AarhusUniversityHospitalSkejby,Aarhus, Health,UniversityofNewcastle,Newcastle, Denmark SeniorStaffSpecialist,JohnHunter ProfessorofCardiology,HullYorkMedical Mark E. Anderson, MD, PhD Hospital,NewLambton,NewSouthWales, School,UniversityofHull,CastleHill Australia Hospital,KingstonuponHull,UnitedKingdom ProfessorofInternalMedicine,Universityof IowaCarverCollegeofMedicine,Director, Margot M. Bartelings, MD, PhD Jonathan Abrams, MD DivisionofCardiovascularMedicine, AssistantProfessorofCardiac ProfessorofMedicine,Divisionof UniversityofIowaHospitalsandClinics, Pathophysiology,DepartmentofAnatomy Cardiology,DepartmentofInternal IowaCity,Iowa,USA andEmbryology,LeidenUniversityMedical Medicine,UniversityofNewMexicoSchool ChristianeE.Angermann,MD Center,Leiden,TheNetherlands ofMedicine,Albuquerque,NewMexico,USA ProfessorofMedicineandCardiology, George A. Beller, MD Christophe Acar, MD UniversityofWu¨rzburgFacultyofMedicine, RuthC.HeedeProfessorofCardiologyand ProfessorofCardiacSurgery,Universite´ Head,DivisionofCardiology(Polyclinic), PierreetMarieCurie–ParisVI,Staff DepartmentofMedicineI,University InternalMedicine,UniversityofVirginia SchoolofMedicine,Charlottesville,Virginia, Surgeon,CHUPitie´-Salpeˆtrie`reHospital, HospitalWu¨rzburg,Wu¨rzburg,Germany USA Paris,France Stefan D. Anker, MD, PhD Lisa J. Bergerson, MD Jean Acar, MD ProfessorofCardiologyandCachexia AssistantProfessorinPediatrics,Harvard ProfessorEmeritusofCardiology,Universite´ Research,DivisionofAppliedCachexia PierreetMarieCurie–ParisVI,Former Research,DepartmentofCardiology, MedicalSchool,AssociateinCardiology, Children’sHospitalBoston,Boston, Chief,DepartmentofCardiology,CHU Charite´ UniversityMedicalSchool,Campus Massachusetts,USA TenonHospital,Paris,France Virchow-Klinikum,Berlin,Germany Sandro Betocchi, MD, FACC, FESC Harry Acquatella, MD, FACC, FAHA Ramon Arroyo-Espliguero, MD ProfessorofCardiology,Departmentof ProfessorofMedicine,FacultyofMedicine, AssociateProfessorofCardiology, UniversidadCentraldeVenezuela,Centro UniversityofGuadalajaraFacultyof ClinicalMedicine–Cardiovascularand ImmunologicalSciences,Universityof Medico,Caracas,Venezuela Medicine,ConsultantCardiologist,Hospital NaplesFedericoIISchoolofMedicine M. Jacob Adams, MD, MPH GeneralUniversitario,Guadalajara,Spain andSurgery,Chief,CardiologyConsultant AssistantProfessorofCommunityand Gerard P. Aurigemma, MD Service,FedericoIIUniversityHospital, PreventiveMedicine,Divisionof ProfessorofMedicineandRadiology, Naples,Italy Epidemiology,UniversityofRochester UniversityofMassachusettsMedicalSchool, Ami B. Bhatt, MD SchoolofMedicineandDentistry, DirectorofNoninvasiveCardiology, Rochester,NewYork,USA Director,CardiologyFellowshipTraining FellowinCardiology,Brighamand Women’sHospital,Boston,Massachusetts, Teiji Akagi, MD, PhD, FACC, FAHA Program,UMassMemorialMedicalCenter, USA Worcester,Massachusetts,USA AssociateProfessor,Departmentof CardiovascularSurgery,Okayama Sonya V. Babu-Narayan, MBBS, BSc, Kalkidan G. Bishu, MD UniversityGraduateSchoolofMedicine MRCP Resident,DepartmentofMedicine, andDentistry,Attending,CardiacIntensive HonoraryClinicalResearchFellow, MinneapolisVAMedicalCenter, CareUnit,OkayamaUniversityHospital, NationalHeartandLungInstitute,Imperial Minneapolis,Minnesota,USA Okayama,Japan CollegeLondon,SpecialistRegistrar,Adult Reidar Bjørnerheim, MD, PhD, FESC Inder S. Anand, MD, FRCP, DPhil CongenitalHeartDisease,RoyalBrompton Head,DepartmentofCardiology,Oslo Hospital,London,UnitedKingdom (Oxon) UniversityHospital,Ulleval,Oslo,Norway George L. Bakris, MD ProfessorofMedicine,Universityof Hans Erik Bøtker, MD, PhD, DMSc MinnesotaMedicalSchool,Director,Heart ProfessorofMedicine,UniversityofChicago ProfessorofCardiology,Universityof FailureProgram,MinneapolisVAMedical PritzkerSchoolofMedicine,Director, AarhusFacultyofHealthSciences, Center,Minneapolis,Minnesota,USA HypertensiveDiseasesUnit,Sectionof ConsultantInterventionalCardiologist, Endocrinology,DiabetesandMetabolism David E. Anderson, PhD AarhusUniversityHospitalSkejby,Aarhus, UniversityofChicagoMedicalCenter, SeniorInvestigator,Cancerresearch Chicago,Illinois,USA Denmark Branch,NationalInstituteonAging, Baltimore,Maryland,USA v Harm Jan Bosaard, MD, PhD Filip P. Casselman, MD, PhD, FETCS David Churchill, MBChB, MD, AssistantProfessorofMedicine,Department StaffSurgeon,Departmentof FRCOG ofInternalMedicine,Virginia CardiovascularandThoracicSurgery,Atrial ConsultantObstetrician,ClinicalDirectorof CommonwealthUniversitySchoolof FibrillationClinic,OnzeLieveVrouw Governance,TheRoyalWolverhampton Medicine,VictoriaW.JohnsonCenterfor (OLV)Hospital,Aalst,Belgium HospitalsNHSTrust,NewCrossHospital, s or ObstructiveLungDiseaseResearch,VCU David Celermajer, MBBS, PhD, DSc, Wolverhampton,UnitedKingdom ut HealthSystem,Richmond,Virginia,USA b FRACP John G.F. Cleland, MD ri Jamieson Bourque, MD, MHS t ScandrettProfessorofCardiology, ProfessorofCardiology,HullYorkMedical n o (ClinRes) UniversityofSydneyFacultyofMedicine, School,UniversityofHull,CastleHill C FellowinAdvancedImagingand ClinicalAcademicCardiologist,Director, Hospital,KingstonuponHull,United CardiovascularDisease,Universityof AdultCongenitalHeartDisease,Royal Kingdom VirginiaHealthSystem,Charlottesville, PrinceAlbertHospital,Sydney,NewSouth Peter Clemmensen, MD, PhD Virginia,USA Wales,Australia AssociateProfessorofMedicine,University Craig Broberg, MD, FACC Bojan Cercek, MD, PhD ofCopenhagenFacultyofHealthSciences, AssistantProfessorofMedicine,Oregon ProfessorofMedicine,DavidGeffenSchool Director,CAOServices,Departmentof Health&ScienceUniversitySchoolof ofMedicineatUCLA,Director,Coronary Cardiology,Rigshospitalet,Copenhagen Medicine,Director,AdultCongenitalHeart CareUnits,Co-Director,Atherosclerosis UniversityHospital,Copenhagen, DiseaseProgram,OHSUHospital,Portland, ResearchCenteratCedars-SinaiMedical Denmark Oregon,USA Center,LosAngeles,California,USA Laura J. Collins, MD, FACC, FAHA Fiona Brodie, MBBS, MRCP(UK) Philippe Charron, MD, PhD AssociateProfessorofMedicine,Division StrokeResearchFellow,Universityof AssociateProfessor,Universite´ Pierreet ofCardiology,UniversityofTexas LeicesterCollegeofMedicine,Biological MarieCurie–ParisVI,Departmentof SouthwesternMedicalSchool,Staff andPsychologicalScience,Leicester,United Genetics,CHUPitie´-Salpeˆtrie`reHospital, Cardiologist,DallasVAMedicalCenter, Kingdom Paris,France ParklandMemorialHospital,andUniversity HospitalSt.Paul,Dallas,Texas,USA W. Virgil Brown, MD Shi-Ann Chen, MD CharlesHowardCandlerProfessorof ProfessorofMedicine,Departmentof Louis S. Constine, MD, FASTRO Medicine,EmoryUniversitySchoolof Medicine,DivisionofCardiology,National ProfessorofRadiationOncologyand Medicine,ChiefofMedicine,AtlantaVA Yang-MingUniversitySchoolofMedicine, Pediatrics,UniversityofRochesterSchoolof MedicalCenter,Atlanta,Georgia,USA AttendingCardiologist,TaipeiVeterans Medicineand David A. Calhoun, MD GeneralHospital,Taipei,Taiwan Dentistry,ViceChairandDirector, FellowshipProgram,Departmentof ProfessorofMedicine,VascularBiologyand Alice Yuk-Yan Cheng, MD, FRCPC RadiationOncology,JamesP.Wilmot HypertensionProgram,Universityof AssistantProfessor(Adjunct),Department CancerCenter,UniversityofRochester AlabamaatBirminghamSchoolof ofMedicine,UniversityofTorontoFaculty MedicalCenter,Rochester,NewYork,USA Medicine,Birmingham,Alabama,USA ofMedicine,StaffEndocrinologist,St. Francesco P. Cappuccio, MBBS, MD, Michael’sHospital,Toronto,Staff Michael H. Crawford, MD Endocrinologist,CreditValleyHospital, ProfessorofMedicine,LucieSternChair MSc, FRCP, FFPH, FAHA Mississauga,Ontario,Canada inCardiology,UniversityofCalifornia, ProfessorandCephalonChairof Margaret A. Chesney, PhD SanFrancisco,InterimChiefofCardiology, CardiovascularMedicine&Epidemiology, UCSFMedicalCenter,SanFrancisco, UniversityofWarwickMedicalSchool/ ProfessorofMedicine,Universityof California,USA ClinicalSciencesResearchInstitute, MarylandSchoolofMedicine,Baltimore, ConsultantCardiovascularPhysician, Maryland,USA Alain Cribier, MD UniversityHospitalsCoventry& Bernard Cheung, PhD, FRCP ProfessorofMedicine,UniversityofRouen WarwickshireNHSTrust,Coventry,United MedicalSchool,Chief,Departmentof ProfessorofClinicalPharmacologyand Kingdom Cardiology,CharlesNicolleHospital, Therapeutics,CollegeofMedicalandDental Blase A. Carabello, MD, FACC Rouen,France Sciences,UniversityofBirmingham, ProfessorofMedicine,BaylorCollegeof HonoraryConsultant,UniversityHospital Laura Cupper, BSW Medicine,ChiefofMedicine,MichaelE. Birmingham,Birmingham,UnitedKingdom VocationalCounselor,MintoPrevention DeBakeyVAMedicalCenter,Houston, Massimo Chiarello, MD andRehabilitationCentre,Universityof Texas,USA OttawaHeartInstitute,Ottawa,Ontario, ProfessorofCardiology,Departmentof John G. Carr, MD Canada ClinicalMedicine–Cardiovascularand AssistantProfessorofMedicine,Boston ImmunologicalSciences,Universityof William A. Dafoe, MD, FRCPC UniversitySchoolofMedicine,Cardiac NaplesFedericoIISchoolofMedicine AssociateProfessorofMedicine,Divisionof Electrophysiologist,BostonMedicalCenter, andSurgery,Chief,Cardiology,FedericoII Cardiology,UniversityofAlbertaFacultyof Boston,Massachusetts,USA UniversityHospital,Naples,Italy Medicine&Dentistry,RegionalDirector, John D. Carroll, MD Dave C.Y. Chua, MD, MS CardiacRehabilitation,WalterMackenzie ProfessorofMedicine,Universityof Cardiologist,DreyerMedicalClinic,Auroa, Centre/UniversityofAlbertaHospitals, ColoradoDenverSchoolofMedicine, Illinois,USA Edmonton,Alberta,Canada Director,SectionofInterventional Natali A.Y. Chung, MD, MRCP Jayanta Das, MD Cardiology,UniversityofColorado Hospital,Aurora,Colorado,USA SpecialistRegistrar,AdultCongenitalHeart FellowinCardiovascularMedicine,Cedars- Disease,RoyalBromptonHospital,London, SinaiMedicalCenter,LosAngeles, vi UnitedKingdom California,USA Warren Davis, MD Annie Dore, MD Jeanette Erdmann, PhD ProfessorofMedicine(retired),Emory AssociateProfessorofMedicine,University ProfessorofGenetics,FacultyofMedicine, UniversitySchoolofMedicine,Atlanta, ofMontrealFacultyofMedicine, UniversityofLu¨beck,Head,Molecular Georgia,USA Cardiologist,AdultCongenitalHeart GeneticsLaboratory,Lu¨beckUniversity Center,MontrealHeartInstitute,Montreal, Hospital,Lu¨beck,Germany G. William Dec, MD C Quebec,Canada Mohammed Rafique Essop, MBBCh, o RomanDeSanctisProfessorofMedicine, n HarvardMedicalSchool,Chief,Cardiology Paul Dorian, MD, MSc, FRCPC MRCP(UK), FCP(SA), FRCP(Lond), trib Division,MassachusettsGeneralHospital, ProfessorofMedicine,Director,Cardiology FACC u t Boston,Massachusetts,USA Division,UniversityofTorontoFacultyof AssociateProfessorofMedicine–Cardiology, or Medicine,CardiacElectrophysiologist,St. s Prakash Deedwania, MD, FACC, FacultyofHealthSciences,Universityofthe Michael’sHospital,Toronto,Ontario,Canada Witwatersrand,Head,Divisionof FACP, FAHA Pamela S. Douglas, MD, FACC Cardiology,BaragwanathHospital, ProfessorofMedicine,Universityof Johannesburg,SouthAfrica UrsulaGellerProfessorofResearchin California,SanFrancisco,Schoolof CardiovascularDiseases,Professorof Michael D. Ezekowitz, MD, PhD Medicine,SanFrancisco,Chief,Cardiology Section,VAMedicalCenterFresno, Medicine,DivisionofNeurology,Duke VicePresident,LankenauInstitutefor UniversitySchoolofMedicine,Head, Director,CardiovascularResearch, MedicalResearch,Wynnewood, CardiovascularMedicineSection,Duke VACCHCS/UCSFProgram,Fresno, Pennsylvania,USA ClinicalResearchInstitute,Durham,North California,USA Bengt Fagrell, MD, PhD Carolina,USA Livio Dei Cas, MD ProfessorEmeritus,DepartmentofInternal Helmut Drexler, MD DivisionsofCardiacSurgeryand Medicine,KarolinskaInstitute,Stockholm, ProfessorofMedicine,Chief,Divisionof Cardiology,UniversityofBresciaMedical Sweden Cardiology,MedicalUniversityof School,Brescia,Italy Erling Falk, MD, PhD Hannover,Hannover,Germany Pim J. de Feyter, MD ProfessorofCardiovascularPathology, JeanG.Dumesnil,MD,FRCPC,FACC ProfessorofCardiacImaging,Department UniversityofAarhusFacultyofHealth ofCardiology,ErasmusUniversityMedical ProfessorofMedicine,LavalUniversity Sciences,CardiovascularPathologist, Center,Rotterdam,TheNetherlands FacultyofMedicine,Cardiologist,Quebec DepartmentofCardiology,Aarhus LungandHeartInstitute,QuebecCity, UniversityHospitalSkejby,Aarhus, Gilles de Keulenaer, MD, PhD Quebec,Canada Denmark ProfessorofPhysiology,Departmentof Amgad El Sherif, MD William F. Fearon, MD PharmaceuticalSciences,Universityof ClinicalInstructorinCardiothoracic AssistantProfessorofMedicine,Stanford AntwerpFacultyofMedicine,Director, Surgery,UPMCPresbyterian,Pittsburgh, UniversitySchoolofMedicine,Associate LaboratoryofPhysiology,University Pennsylvania,USA Director,InterventionalCardiology, HospitalofAntwerp,Cardiologistand SpecialistinCardiacRehabilitation, Uri Elkayam, MD StanfordUniversityMedicalCenter, Stanford,California,USA MiddelheimHospital,Antwerp,Belgium ProfessorofMedicine,Divisionof Marco C. DeRuiter, PhD CardiovascularMedicine,KeckSchoolof Eric O. Feigl, MD MedicineofUSC,UniversityofSouthern Professor,DepartmentofPhysiologyand AssociateProfessorofAnatomyand California,LosAngeles,California,USA Biophysics,UniversityofWashingtonSchool Embryology,LeidenUniversityMedical Center,Leiden,TheNetherlands Perry M. Elliott, MD ofMedicine,Seattle,Washington,USA Richard B. Devereux, MD ReaderinInheritedCardiovascularDisease, Craig E. Fleishman, MD UniversityCollegeLondonMedicalSchool, Director,NoninvasiveCardiology, ProfessorofMedicine,WeillCornellMedical ConsultantCardiologist,UniversityCollege CongenitalHeartInstituteatMiami College,AttendingPhysician,NewYork– LondonHospital,London,UnitedKingdom Children’sHospital,Miami,ArnoldPalmer PresbyterianHospital,NewYork,New York,USA William J. Elliott, MD, PhD HospitalforChildren,Orlando,Florida, USA Abhay J. Dhond, MD, MPH, FACP ProfessorofPreventiveMedicine,Internal Medicine,andPharmacology,RushMedical Gerald F. Fletcher, MD AssociateProfessorofMedicine,Drexel College,AttendingPhysician,RushUniversity ProfessorofMedicine,MayoCollegeof UniversityCollegeofMedicine,Attending, MedicalCenter,Chicago,Illinois,USA Medicine,Cardiologist,MayoClinic HahnemannUniversityHospital, Philadelphia,Pennsylvania,USA Alexander Ellis, MD, MSc, FAAP Jacksonville,Jacksonville,Florida,USA John P. DiMarco, MD, PhD AssistantProfessorofInternalMedicineand Andrew S. Flett, MBBS, BSc Pediatrics,EasternVirginiaMedicalSchool, ClinicalFellow,UniversityCollegeLondon, JulianR.BeckwithProfessorofMedicine, PediatricandAdultCongenitalCardiologist, London,UnitedKingdom UniversityofVirginiaSchoolofMedicine, Children’sHospitaloftheKing’sDaughters, Director,CardiacElectrophysiology Thomas R. Flipse, MD Norfolk,Virginia,USA Laboratory,CardiovascularDivision, AssistantProfessorofMedicine,Mayo UniversityofVirginiaHealthSystem, He´le`ne Eltchaninoff, MD CollegeofMedicine,Jacksonville,Florida, Charlottesville,Virginia,USA ProfessorofMedicine,UniversityofRouen USA Konstantinos Dimopoulos, MD, MSc, MedicalSchool,Head,Cardiac Gregory P. Fontana, MD CatheterizationUnit,Departmentof PhD ViceChairman,DepartmentofSurgery, Cardiology,CharlesNicolleHospital, SeniorFellow,NationalHeartandLung Rouen,France Cedars-SinaiMedicalCenter,LosAngeles, Institute,ImperialCollegeLondon, California,USA AssociateSpecialist,RoyalBrompton vii Hospital,London,UnitedKingdom Thomas Force, MD James A. Goldstein, MD Sharif A. Halim, MD JamesC.WilsonProfessorofMedicine, MedicalDirector,CardiovascularResearch ResidentandHouseOfficer,Departmentof JeffersonMedicalCollegeofThomas &Education,WilliamBeaumontHospital, InternalMedicine,DukeUniversityMedical JeffersonUniversity,ClinicalDirector, RoyalOak,Michigan,USA Center,Durham,NorthCarolina,USA CenterforTranslationalMedicine,Thomas s Eric M. Graham, MD Afshan Hameed, MD, FACC or JeffersonUniversityHospitals,Philadelphia, ut Pennsylvania,USA AssistantProfessorofPediatricCardiology, AssistantProfessorofCardiologyand b MedicalUniversityofSouthCarolina MaternalFetalMedicine,Universityof tri Anne Fournier, MD CollegeofMedicine,Charleston,South California,Irvine,SchoolofMedicine, n o AssociateProfessor,Departmentof Carolina,USA Orange,California,USA C Pediatrics,UniversityofMontrealFacultyof Peer Grande, MD, PhD Frank L. Hanley, MD Medicine,Director,Electrophysiology AssociateProfessorofMedicine,University ProfessorofCardiothoracicSurgery, Section,Ste.JustineHospital,Montreal, ofCopenhagenFacultyofHealthSciences, StanfordUniversitySchoolofMedicine, Quebec,Canada Chief,AcuteCoronaryCareService, Director,Children’sHeartCenter,Lucile Gary S. Francis, MD, FACC RigshospitaletHeartCenter,Copenhagen PackardChildren’sHospital,Stanford, ProfessorofMedicine,Universityof UniversityHospital,Copenhagen,Denmark California,USA MinnesotaMedicalSchool,Minneapolis, Paul A. Grayburn, MD Go¨ran K. Hansson, MD, PhD Minnesota,USA PaulJ.ThomasProfessorofMedicine, Professor,CenterforMolecularMedicine, Ian J. Franklin, MS, FRCS(GenSurg) BaylorCollegeofMedicine,Director, DepartmentofMedicine,Karolinska HonoraryClinicalSeniorLecturer,Imperial CardiologyResearch,BaylorUniversity Institute,Stockholm,Sweden CollegeLondonSchoolofMedicine, MedicalCenter,Dallas,Texas,USA Peter D. Hart, MD, FACP ConsultantVascularSurgeon,CharingCross Ehud Grossman, MD AssociateProfessorofMedicine,Rush Hospital,ImperialCollegeHealthcareNHS ProfessorofMedicine,SacklerFacultyof MedicalCollege,Chair,Divisionof Trust,London,UnitedKingdom Medicine,Tel-AvivUniversity,Tel-Aviv, Nephrology,StrogerHospitalofCook William H. Gaasch, MD Head,InternalMedicineDand County,Chicago,Illinois,USA ProfessorofMedicine,Universityof HypertensionUnit,ChaimShebaMedical Gerd Hasenfuss, MD, FAHA MassachusettsMedicalSchool,Worcester, Center,Tel-Hashomer,Israel ProfessorofMedicine,Departmentof TuftsUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Boston, Scott M. Grundy, MD, PhD CardiologyandPulmonaryMedicine, SeniorConsultantinCardiology,Lahey Clinic,Burlington,Massachusetts,USA DirectoroftheCenterforHumanNutrition, FacultyofMedicine,GeorgAugust ChairmanoftheDepartmentofClinical UniversityofGo¨ttingen,Go¨ttingen, Michael A. Gatzoulis, MD, PhD, Nutrition,UniversityofTexasSouthwestern Germany FACC, FESC MedicalSchool,ChiefoftheMetabolicUnit, Emily Hass, MD VeteransAffairsMedicalCenter,Dallas, ProfessorofCardiology,NationalHeartand LungInstitute,ImperialCollegeLondon, Texas,USA CardiologyFellow,UniversityofNorth CarolinaatChapelHillSchoolofMedicine/ Head,AdultCongenitalHeartCentreand Colette Guiraudon, MD, FRCPC, NorthCarolinaMemorialHospital,Chapel CentreforPulmonaryHypertension,Royal FACP Hill,NorthCarolina,USA BromptonHospital,London,UnitedKingdom EmeritusProfessorofPathology,Schulich Harvey S. Hecht, MD Peter Geelen, MD, PhD SchoolofMedicine&Dentistry,University DirectorofCardiovascularComputed Head,ArrhythmiaUnitandAtrial ofWesternOntario,Consultant,Department Tomography,LenoxHillHeart&Vascular FibrillationClinic,CardiovascularCenter, ofPathology,UniversityHospital,London Institute,NewYork,NewYork,USA OnzeLieveVrouw(OLV)Hospital,Aalst, HealthSciencesCentre,London,Ontario, Belgium Canada Otto M. Hess, MD, FESC, FAHA Tal Geva, MD Lorne J. Gula, MD ProfessorofCardiology,Facultyof Medicine,UniversityofBern,Bern, ProfessorofPediatrics,HarvardMedical AssistantProfessorofMedicine,Divisionof School,Chief,DivisionofNoninvasive Cardiology,SchulichSchoolofMedicine& UniversityofZurich,Zurich,Switzerland, FacultyofMedicineandSurgery,University Imaging,SeniorAssociateinCardiology, Dentistry,UniversityofWesternOntario, ofBari,Bari,UniversityofVerona,Verona, Children’sHospitalBoston,Boston, Cardiologist,UniversityHospital,London Massachusetts,USA HealthSciencesCentre,London,Ontario, Italy,Chair,DepartmentofCardiology, SwissCardiovascularCenter,Bern Canada Marc Gewillig, MD, PhD UniversityHospital,Bern,Switzerland Donald J. Hagler, MD ProfessorofPediatricCardiology, Li-Wei Ho, MD UniversityofLeuvenFacultyofMedicine, ProfessorofPediatrics,MayoClinicCollege Head,PediatricCardiology,University ofMedicine,Consultant,Pediatric LecturerinMedicine,Departmentof Medicine,DivisionofCardiology,National HospitalLeuven,Leuven,Belgium Cardiology–CardiovascularDiseases, Yang-MingUniversitySchoolofMedicine, Consultant,CirculatorySystemDevices Aziz Ghaly, MD AttendingCardiologist,TaipeiVeterans Panel,MedicalDevicesAdvisory FellowinCardiothoracicSurgery,Cedars- Committee,MayoClinic,Rochester, GeneralHospital,Taipei,Taiwan SinaiMedicalCenter,LosAngeles, Minnesota,USA Richard Hobbs, MBChB, FRCGP, California,USA David E. Haines, MD FRCP, FESC, FMedSci Adrianna C. Gittenberger-de Groot, Chief,DepartmentofCardiovascular ProfessorandHead,PrimaryCareClinical PhD Medicine,BeaumontHospitals,RoyalOak, Sciences,SchoolofMedicine,Universityof ProfessorandChair,Departmentof Michigan,USA Birmingham,Birmingham,UnitedKingdom AnatomyandEmbryology,Leiden viii UniversityMedicalCenter,Leiden,The Netherlands Neil Hobson, MD Wolfgang Kasper, MD George J. Klein, MD, FRCPC ConsultantCardiologist,CastleHill ProfessorofCardiology,Facultyof ProfessorofMedicine,Divisionof Hospital,KingstonuponHull,United Medicine,AlbertLudwigsUniversityof Cardiology,SchulichSchoolofMedicine& Kingdom Freiburg,MedicalClinicIII,University Dentistry,UniversityofWesternOntario, MedicalCenterFreiburg,Freiburg,Chiefof Cardiologist,UniversityHospital,London Steven Hollenberg, MD C Cardiology,St.Josef’sHospital,Wiesbaden, HealthSciencesCentre,London,Ontario, o ProfessorofMedicine,UMDNJ–Robert Germany Canada n t WoodJohnsonMedicalSchool,Director, r Hirohisa Kato, MD, PhD, FACC Michel Komajda, MD, PhD ib CoronaryCareUnit,CooperUniversity u Hospital,Camden,NewJersey,USA ProfessorEmeritusofPediatrics,Kurume ProfessorofCardiology,Universite´Pierreet to r UniversitySchoolofMedicine,Honorary MarieCurie–ParisVI,Head,Departmentof s Babak Hooshmand, MD President,CardiovascularResearch Cardiology,CHUPitie´-Salpeˆtrie`reHospital, AgingResearchCenter,KarolinskaInstitute, Institute,Kurume,Japan INSERMUMR621,Paris,France Stockholm,Sweden Sanjay Kaul, MD Marvin A. Konstam, MD Priscilla Y. Hsue, MD Director,CardiologyTrainingFellowship ProfessorofMedicine,TuftsUniversity AssistantProfessorofMedicine,University Program,DivisionofCardiology,Cedars- SchoolofMedicine,ChiefPhysician ofCalifornia,SanFrancisco,Schoolof SinaiHeartInstitute,Director,Vascular Executive,TheCardiovascularCenter,Tufts Medicine,Attending,DivisionofCardiology, PhysiologyandThrombosis MedicalCenter,Boston,Massachusetts,USA SanFranciscoGeneralHospital,San ResearchLaboratory,BurnsandAllen Stavros Konstantinides, MD Francisco,California,USA ResearchInstitute,Cedars-SinaiMedical ProfessorofMedicine,Departmentof Judy Hung, MD Center,LosAngeles,California,USA CardiologyandPulmonaryMedicine, AssistantProfessorofPathology,Harvard Gautam Kedia, MD FacultyofMedicine,GeorgAugust MedicalSchool,AssociateDirector, FellowinCardiology,Cedars-SinaiMedical UniversityofGo¨ttingen,Go¨ttingen, Echocardiography,CardiologyDivision, Center,LosAngeles,California,USA Germany MassachusettsGeneralHospital,Boston, John A. Kern, MD Alexander Kopelnik, MD Massachusetts,USA AssociateProfessorofSurgery,Department FellowinCardiology,Universityof Stuart J. Hutchison, MD ofSurgery,UniversityofVirginiaSchoolof California,SanDiego,SchoolofMedicine/ ClinicalProfessorofMedicine,Universityof Medicine,MedicalDirector,Non-Invasive UCSDMedicalCenter,SanDiego, Calgary,FoothillsMedicalCenter,Calgary, VascularLaboratory,UniversityofVirginia California,USA Alberta,Canada Hospital,Charlottesville,Virginia,USA William J. Kostuk, MD, FRCPC, Michael Dilou Jacobsen, MD Paul Khairy, MD, PhD FACC, FACP, FAHA SeniorResident,DepartmentofCardiology, AssociateProfessorofMedicine,University EmeritusProfessorofMedicine Rigshospitalet,CopenhagenUniversity ofMontrealFacultyofMedicine,Canada (Cardiology),SchulichSchoolofMedicine& Hospital,Copenhagen,Denmark ResearchChair,Electrophysiologyand Dentistry,UniversityofWesternOntario, Jose A. Joglar, MD AdultCongenitalHeartDisease,Director, Cardiologist,UniversityHospital,London AdultCongenitalHeartCenter,Montreal HealthSciencesCentre,London,Ontario, AssociateProfessorofInternalMedicine, HeartInstitute,Montreal,Quebec,Canada, Canada ElizabethThaxtonPageandEllisBatten ResearchDirector,BostonAdultCongenital Andrew D. Krahn, MD PageProfessorshipinCardiac ElectrophysiologyResearch,Universityof HeartService,Boston,Massachusetts,USA ProfessorofMedicine,Divisionof TexasSouthwesternMedicalSchool, Apurv Khanna, MD Cardiology,SchulichSchoolofMedicine& Director,ClinicalCardiac AssistantProfessorofMedicine,University Dentistry,UniversityofWesternOntario, Electrophysiology,UniversityofTexas ofConnecticutSchoolofMedicine, Cardiologist,UniversityHospital,London SouthwesternMedicalCenter,Dallas, AttendingPhysician,JohnDempsey HealthSciencesCentre,London,Ontario, Texas,USA Hospital,Farmington,Connecticut,USA Canada Monique R.M. Jongbloed, MD, PhD Richard Krasuski, MD Michael S. Kim, MD AssistantProfessorofAnatomyand AssistantProfessorofMedicine,Cleveland ChiefFellow,CardiovascularDiseases, Embryology,LeidenUniversityMedical ClinicalFellow,SectionofInterventional ClinicLernerCollegeofMedicineofCase Center,Leiden,TheNetherlands WesternReserveUniversity,Director,Adult Cardiology,UniversityofColoradoDenver CongenitalHeartDiseaseServices, Priya Kansal, MD SchoolofMedicine/UniversityofColorado ClevelandClinic,Cleveland,Ohio,USA Hospital,Aurora,Colorado,USA Fellow,DivisionofCardiology, Jacqueline Kreutzer, MD, FACC, NorthwesternUniversityFeinbergSchoolof Thomas R. Kimball, MD FSCAI Medicine,Chicago,Illinois,USA ProfessorofPediatrics,Universityof AssociateProfessorofMedicine,University Juan Carlos Kaski, MD, DSc, FRCP, CincinnatiCollegeofMedicine,Director, ofPittsburghSchoolofMedicine,Director, CardiacUltrasound,Director, FESC, FACC CardiacCatheterizationLaboratory, CardiovascularImagingCoreResearch ProfessorofCardiovascularScience, Laboratory,CincinnatiChildren’sHospital, Children’sHospitalofPittsburghofUPMC, Director,CardiovascularResearchCentre, Cincinnati,Ohio,USA Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania,USA St.George’sUniversityofLondon, Henry Krum, MBBS, PhD, FRACP Miia Kivipelto, MD, PhD ConsultantCardiologist,DeputyHead, ProfessorofMedicine,ChairofMedical DivisionofCardiacandVascularSciences, AssociateProfessor,Departmentof Therapeutics,MonashUniversityFacultyof St.George’sHospitalNHSTrust,London, NeuroscienceandNeurology,Facultyof Medicine,NursingandHealthSciences, UnitedKingdom Medicine,UniversityofKuopio,Kuopio, Head,ClinicalPharmacology,Physician, Finland,AgingResearchCenter, HeartCentre,AlfredHospital,Melbourne, DepartmentofNeurobiology,Karolinska ix Victoria,Australia Institute,Stockholm,Sweden