Gerhard Ziemer Axel Haverich Editors Cardiac Surgery Operations on the Heart and Great Vessels in Adults and Children 123 Cardiac Surgery Gerhard Ziemer Axel Haverich Editors Cardiac Surgery Operations on the Heart and Great Vessels in Adults and Children Editors Gerhard Ziemer Axel Haverich Department of Surgery HTTG - Surgery The University of Chicago Medizinische Hochschule Hannover Chicago, IL Hannover USA Germany ISBN 978-3-662-52670-5 ISBN 978-3-662-52672-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-52672-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017939170 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2017 This work is subject to copyright. 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Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany The registered company address is: Heidelberger Platz 3, 14197 Berlin, Germany v Preface The majority of the various comprehensive the third and latest edition of this German textbooks available cover either cardiac textbook in 2010 [3]. surgery in adults, mostly synonymous for In the spirit of our German teacher acquired heart disease, or pediatric cardiac Hans Borst’s honored guest’s address at the surgery, synonymous for congenital heart 65th Annual Meeting of the American defects. This separation of the spectrum of Association for Thoracic Surgery in New cardiac surgery is not appropriate anymore, Orleans 1985: Hands across the ocean, especially as the majority of children oper- German- American relations in thoracic ated for congenital heart disease reach surgery [4], we expanded the project of our adulthood, potentially needing further sur- German textbook and planned for an gical attention. On the other hand, although updated English language edition. a rare phenomenon in the Western world, Among the authors and co-authors cardiac surgeons have to deal with acquired contributing to the latest German edition heart disease in children as well. (mainly from Germany, Austria, and Swit- Surgery and catheter interventions, zerland), many had received at least part of competing therapeutic strategies in the their specialty and subspecialty training in beginning, have become complementary: clinical cardiac surgery or research in interventional valve implantation may be English- speaking countries, most of them performed by cardiac surgeons, and aortic in North America, but also in the United stent implantation is well established in Kingdom, Australia, and South Africa. the thoracic domain. This development This our first English language edition also blurred the boundaries of involved entitled Cardiac Surgery: Operations on the specialties, necessitating close coopera- Heart and Great Vessels in Adults and Chil- tion not only between cardiologists and dren comprises the view of 71 authors not cardiac surgeons, but also involving vas- only from 30 German, Austrian, Swiss, cular surgeons, radiologists, and others. French, and Luxembourgian Cardiac Units, Furthermore, hybrid procedures per- but also from Boston, MA; Chicago, IL; formed in parallel or in sequence with Greenville, NC; Houston, TX; Los Angeles, open surgery and catheter intervention in CA; Miami, FL; Milwaukee, WI; St. Peters- the same setting by different groups of burg, FL; Toronto, ON; and Washington, DC. specialists (e.g., surgeons and catheter Starting rather traditionally, with a interventionalists) have changed the tra- chapter on the history of cardiac surgery, ditional field of surgery. we continue with risk scores and principles Only a few textbooks cover such a of quality assurance, followed by quality broad spectrum of cardiac surgery. Our control in cardiac surgery in the United predecessors as editors, Hans Georg Borst, States, and an overview of databases in car- Werner Klinner, and Åke Senning, started diac surgery. this endeavor, when they published the This introduction is completed with a first and only German textbook on cardiac section of chapters on technical prerequi- surgery, “Herz + herznahe Gefäße” 1978 sites for cardiac surgery in which we focus [1], the year, in which both of us (G.Z. and separately on postoperative critical care for A.H.) just finished medical school. adults and children. There also is a chapter For the second edition, published in on tissue engineering in cardiac surgery. 1991, now named “Herzchirurgie” [2], The major part of this book is divided edited by Hans Borst, Werner Klinner, and into sections on congenital anomalies and Hellmut Oelert, we could contribute as those for acquired diseases, also addressing junior faculty in our primary fields of minimally invasive cardiac surgery as well as interest. This led us to become editors of endovascular treatment of aortic diseases. vi Preface The publication of this book was signifi- References cantly delayed due to the sudden death of our highly valued German Illustrator Rein- 1. Borst HG, Klinner W, Senning A (Hrsg.) (1978) hold Henkel, who had been responsible for Herz + herznahe Gefäße Kirschnersche allge- meine und spezielle Operationslehre M. our anatomical figures before. In memory of Kirschner (Hsg.) Operationslehre Bd 6. Springer, him and his longstanding contribution, we Berlin/Heidelberg/New York had to complete this edition without being 2. Borst HG, Klinner W, Oelert H (Hsg.) (1991) Her- able to use his artwork throughout. zchirurgie: Die Eingriffe am Herzen und an den We thank Claus-Dieter Bachem for herznahen Gefaessen 2.Aufl.Kirschnersche allgemeine und spezielle Operationslehre serving as our project coordinator and G.Heberer, R.Pichlmayr (Hsg.) Band VI. Teil 2 Ellen Blasig and Gabriele Schroeder from Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York Springer as publishing editors. 3. Ziemer G, Haverich A (Hsg.) (2010) Herzchirur- At the University of Chicago, we had gie. Die Eingriffe am Herzen und an den herz- native speaker editing support from Liz nahen großen Gefäßen. 3. Aufl. 889 pp., 824 fig.,. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York Johnson, Grace Macek, and Melanie Sojka. 4. Borst HG (1985) Hands across the ocean. Our hope is that this comprehensive German- American relations in thoracic sur- but still concise textbook is suitable not gery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 90:477–489 only for cardiac surgical residents in train- ing, but may also serve as reference for all surgeons, physicians, nurses, and techni- cians caring for patients with heart disease of any type, at any age. Gerhard Ziemer Chicago, IL, USA Axel Haverich Hannover, Germany vii Contents I Introduction 1 The History of Cardiac Surgery ............................................................................................ 3 Knut H. Leitz and Gerhard Ziemer 2 Risk Scores in Cardiac Surgery ............................................................................................. 33 Dietmar Boethig and Jeffrey Phillip Jacobs 3 Principles of Quality Assurance and Risk Management Risk ........................... 67 Juergen Ennker and Tobias Walker 4 Quality Control in Cardiac Surgery in the United States .................................... 85 Matthias Loebe and Mark G. Davies 5 Databases in Cardiac Surgery ............................................................................................... 95 Wolfgang Schiller and Jan F. Gummert II Technical Prerequisites 6 Extracorporeal Circulation and Myocardial Protection in Adult Cardiac Surgery .......................................................................................................... 111 Christof Schmid 7 Advances in Cardiopulmonary Bypass for the Neonate and Infant ............ 153 Richard A. Jonas 8 Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering ................................................................................... 171 Mathias H. Wilhelmi and Axel Haverich 9 Cardiac Surgical Intensive Care ........................................................................................... 195 Andreas Markewitz, Axel Franke, René H. Bombien, and Ali Khoynezhad 10 Critical Care in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery ..................................................................... 251 Renate Kaulitz, Allison L. Thompson, and Gerhard Ziemer III Congenital Anomalies of the Heart and Great Vessels 11 Surgery for Congenital Heart Defects: A Historical Perspective ................... 291 Aldo R. Castañeda 12 Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connections and Congenital Defects of the Atria, the Atrioventricular Septum, and the Atrioventricular Valves ........................................................................................... 299 Vladimir Alexi-Meskhishvili, Axel Unbehaun, and Roland Hetzer v iii Contents 13 Definite Palliation of Functional Single Ventricle ................................................... 425 Rüdiger Lange and Jürgen Hörer 14 Ventricular Septal Defects ...................................................................................................... 463 Markus K. Heinemann 15 Congenital Heart Disease with Anomalies of the Right Ventricular Outflow Tract .................................................................................................................................... 481 Gerhard Ziemer and Renate Kaulitz 16 Anomalies of the Left Ventricular Outflow Tract ...................................................... 531 Viktor Hraška and Joachim Photiadis 17 Surgery for Aortic Atresia, Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome, and Hypoplastic Left Heart Complex ............................................................................... 581 Rudolf Mair and Eva Sames-Dolzer 18 Common Arterial Trunk ............................................................................................................. 597 Boulos Asfour and Lennart Duebener 19 Congenitally Corrected Transposition and D-Transposition of the Great Arteries .................................................................................................................... 607 Sabine H. Daebritz and Michel Ilbawi 20 Congenital Anomalies of the Coronary Arteries and Coronary Diseases of Children and Adolescents ............................................................................ 641 Christoph Haller and Christian Schlensak 21 Congenital Anomalies of the Great Vessels ................................................................. 663 Gerhard Ziemer and Renate Kaulitz IV Acquired Diseases of the Heart and Great Vessels 22 Coronary Artery Disease .......................................................................................................... 721 Jochen T. Cremer, Jan Schöttler, and Grischa Hoffmann 23 Left Ventricular Reconstruction and Conventional Surgery for Cardiac Failure ........................................................................................................................ 743 Friedhelm Beyersdorf and Matthias Siepe 24 Acquired Lesions of the Aortic Valve .............................................................................. 759 Martin Misfeld, Efstratios I. Charitos, and Hans-Hinrich Sievers 25 Surgery for Acquired AV-Valve Diseases ...................................................................... 795 Parwis B. Rahmanian and Thorsten C. W. Wahlers 26 Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery ................................................................................ 831 Jens Garbade, Sreekumar Subramanian, and Friedrich- Wilhelm Mohr ix Contents 27 Aneurysm and Dissection of the Thoracic and Thoracoabdominal Aorta .................................................................................................... 869 Matthias Karck and Klaus Kallenbach 28 Endovascular Surgical Therapy of Thoracic and Thoracoabdominal Disease of the Aorta ............................................................................................................... 913 Ali Khoynezhad, René H. Bombien, and Aamir Shah 29 Surgical Therapy of Atrial Fibrillation ........................................................................ 947 Timo Weimar and Kai-Nicolas Doll 30 Device Therapy of Rhythm Disorders ......................................................................... 965 Heiko Burger, Tibor Ziegelhöffer, and Kai-Nicholas Doll 31 Cardiac Tumors and Pericardial Diseases ................................................................. 995 Christof Schmid 32 Cardiac Injury.............................................................................................................................. 1009 Thierry Carrel 33 Combined Procedures in Cardiac and Vascular Surgery ................................ 1017 Heinz G. Jakob and Stephan C. Knipp 34 Combined Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery ................................................................. 1033 Mark K. Ferguson 35 Pulmonary Embolectomy and Pulmonary Thromboendarterectomy ................................................................................................... 1041 Stein Iversen 36 Lung Transplantation ............................................................................................................ 1061 Clemens Aigner and Walter Klepetko 37 Heart and Heart–Lung Transplantation .................................................................... 1079 Bruno Meiser and Bruno Reichart 38 Cardiac Assist Devices and Total Artificial Heart ................................................. 1103 Reiner Koerfer, Sotirios Spiliopoulos, and Gero Tenderich 39 Postoperative Sternal Complications ......................................................................... 1129 Christof Schmid and Shahab A. Akhter Service Part Index ................................................................................................................................................... 1139 xi Contributors Clemens Aigner, MD, MBA, FETCS Aldo R. Castañeda, MD, PhD Department of Thoracic Surgery Emeritus, Department of Pediatric Cardiac Medical University of Vienna Surgery Vienna, Austria Boston Children’s Hospital/ Harvard Medical School Shahab Akhter, MD Boston, MA, USA Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences Efstratios I. Charitos, MD, PhD East Carolina Heart Institute Department of Cardiac at East Carolina University and Thoracic Vascular Surgery Greenville, NC, USA University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Lübeck, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany Vladimir Alexi-Meskhishvili, MD, PhD Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Jochen T. Cremer, MD, PhD Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin Department of Cardiac and Vascular Surgery Berlin, Berlin, Germany University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany Boulos Asfour, MD, PhD Department of Congenital Heart Surgery, Sabine H. Daebritz, MD, PhD German Pediatric Heart Center Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Sankt Augustin, North Rhine-Westphalia, Heart Center Duisburg, Duisburg Germany North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany Friedhelm Beyersdorf, MD, PhD Mark G. Davies, MD, PhD, MBA Division Cardiac and Vascular Surgery Department of Cardiovascular Surgery University Heart Center Vascular Surgery Training Programs University of Freiburg, The Methodist Hospital Freiburg, Baden-Württemberg, Houston, TX, USA Germany Kai-Nicolas Doll, MD, PhD Dietmar Boethig, MD, PhD, MS Sana Cardiac Surgery Stuttgart Department Cardiac, Thoracic, Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery Lennart Duebener, MD, PhD Hannover Medical School Department of Congenital Heart Surgery Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany German Pediatric Heart Center René H. Bombien, MD, PhD Sankt Augustin, North Rhine-Westphalia, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery Germany Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Juergen Ennker, MD, PhD Los Angeles, CA, USA Heart Center Heiko Burger, MD Heliosklinikum Siegburg Department of Cardiac Surgery Siegburg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Kerckhoff-Klinik Germany Bad Nauheim, Hessen, Germany Mark K. Ferguson, MD Thierry Carrel, MD, PhD Division Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, Clinic for Cardiac and Vascular Surgery Department of Surgery University Hospital Berne The University of Chicago Berne, Switzerland Chicago, IL, USA