BLBK050-Shenasa September25,2008 16:40 Cardiac Mapping Cardiac Mapping, Third Edition Edited by Mohammad Shenasa, Gerhard Hindricks, Martin Borggrefe, and Günter Breithardt © 2009 Blackwell Publishing. ISBN: 978-1-405-17572-2 i BLBK050-Shenasa September25,2008 16:40 CommissioningEditor:OliverWalter DevelopmentEditor:LauraBeaumont ProductionController:DebbieWyer ii BLBK050-Shenasa September25,2008 16:40 Cardiac Mapping Third Edition EDITED BY Mohammad Shenasa, MD, FACC, FAHA, FESC, FHRS AttendingPhysician DepartmentofCardiovascularServices O’ConnorHospital SanJose,California,USA Gerhard Hindricks, MD Head,DepartmentofElectrophysiology UniversityLeipzig,HeartCenter Leipzig,Germany Martin Borggrefe, MD DepartmentofMedicine-Cardiology, UniversityHospitalofMannheim, Mannheim,Germany Gu¨ nter Breithardt, MD ProfessorofMedicine(Cardiology) Head,DepartmentofCardiologyandAngiology HospitaloftheUniversityofMünster Mu¨nster,Germany FOREWORD BY Douglas P. Zipes, MD ProfessorofMedicine,IndianaUniversity,Indianapolis,Indiana,USA Editor-in-Chief,HeartRhythmJournal A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication iii BLBK050-Shenasa September25,2008 16:40 (cid:2)C Thiseditionfirstpublished2009,(cid:2)C 2003,2009byBlackwellPublishingLtd BlackwellPublishingwasacquiredbyJohnWiley&SonsinFebruary2007.Blackwell’spublishing programhasbeenmergedwithWiley’sglobalScientific,TechnicalandMedicalbusinesstoform Wiley-Blackwell. 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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Cardiacmapping/editedbyMohammadShenasa...[etal.].–3rded. p.;cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-1-4051-7572-2 1.Arrhythmia. 2.Electrocardiography. I.Shenasa,Mohammad. [DNLM: 1.Electrocardiography. 2.Electrophysiology. 3.HeartDiseases–physiopathology. WG140C2672009] RC685.A65C2872009 616.1(cid:3)28–dc22 2008030334 ISBN:9781405175722 AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. (cid:2) Setin9.5/12ptMinionbyAptaraR Inc.,NewDelhi,India Printed&boundinSingaporebyFabulousPrintersPteLtd 1 2009 iv BLBK050-Shenasa September25,2008 16:40 Thisbookisdedicatedtothosewhopavedthe“roadsofcardiacmapping”and toallwhotaughtus:ourmentors,colleagues,studentsandpatients. Wealsodedicatethisbooktoourwives,children,andparents fortheircontinuouslifetimesupportandlove v BLBK050-Shenasa September25,2008 16:40 CD-ROM A companion CD-ROM is included at the front of the book The CD includes: A database of video clips A search function All video clips are referenced in the text where you see this icon. vi BLBK050-Shenasa September25,2008 16:40 Contents Acknowledgments x 6 PrinciplesofNavXMapping 71 ChristopherPiorkowski,GerhardHindricks Contributors xi 7 MagneticNavigation:CatheterAblation 80 PrefacetotheThirdEdition xvii SabineErnst PrefacetotheSecondEdition xviii 8 CTAngiography:CardiacAnatomyfor PrefacetotheFirstEdition xix MappingandAblationofArrhythmias 86 JeroldS.Shinbane,DanielGoodwin,LeslieA. Foreword xx Saxon,MatthewJ.Budoff DouglasP.Zipes 9 MRIAnatomyforCardiacMappingand Ablation 101 PartI HistoricalPerspectives 1 AravindanKolandaivelu,HenryR.Halperin, AlbertC.Lardo 1 CardiacActivationMapping:TheAmsterdam Years 3 10 ChallengesandLimitationsof HeinJ.Wellens ElectroanatomicalMappingTechnologies 117 JeffM.Hsing,PaulZei,HenryH.Hsia,PaulJ. Wang,AminAl-Ahmad PartII MethodologicalandTechnical Considerations 11 PartIII MappinginExperimental 2 ConstructionandInterpretationof ModelsofCardiacArrhythmias 127 EndocardialMaps:FromBasic 11 MappingofAtrialNeuralStimulationand Electrophysiologyto3DMapping 13 ImplicationsinAtrialFibrillation 129 LarsEckardt,Gu¨nterBreithardt PierrePag´e,Ren´eCardinal 3 CardiacAnatomyforInterventional 12 MappingofNeurallyBasedAtrial ElectrophysiologyandMapping 27 Arrhythmias 141 SiewYenHo,Jos´eAngelCabrera,Damian Guo-DongNiu,BenjaminJ.Scherlag,Zhibing Sa´nchez-Quintana Lu,JefferyEdwards,EugenePatterson, 4 PrinciplesofNoncontactEndocardialCardiac MuhammadGhias,AnnerieMoers,ShuZhang, Mapping 37 RalphLazzara,WarrenM.Jackman, KimRajappan,RichardJ.Schilling SunnyS.Po 5 PrinciplesofNonfluoroscopic 13 ElectrophysiologicalMappingoftheRight ElectroanatomicalandElectromechanical andLeftVentricleinAnimals 152 CardiacMapping 49 JacquesMTdeBakker,J´eroˆmeGMJungschleger, YitzhackSchawrtz,ShlomoA.Ben-Haim MarcA.Vos vii BLBK050-Shenasa September25,2008 16:40 viii Contents PartIV MappingofSupraventricular PartV MappingofVentricular Tachyarrhythmias 163 Tachyarrhythmias 299 14 EndocardialCatheterMappinginPatients 23 SubstrateMappingforAblationofVentricular withWolff–Parkinson–WhiteSyndromeand TachycardiainCoronaryArteryDisease 301 VariantsofPreexcitation 165 JohnV.Wylie,Jr.,TimothyW.Smith,MarkE. NikolaosDagres,HansKottkamp Josephson 15 CryomappingofthePerinodalRegion:ASafe 24 MappingofUnstableVentricular andEffectiveTechniqueforAblationoftheAV Tachycardia 310 NodalReentrantTachycardia 183 UshaB.Tedrow,WilliamStevenson MohammadR.Jazayeri 25 EndocardialandEpicardialMappingof NonischemicRightandLeftVentricular 16 MappingandAblationofAVNRTand Cardiomyopathy 323 ItsSubtypes 199 MathewD.Hutchinson,FrancisE.Marchlinski StephanWillems,DanielSteven,Boris Lutomsky,ImkeDrewitz,HelgeServatius, 26 RoleofMappinginArrhythmogenicRight ThomasMeinertz,ThomasRostock VentricularCardiomyopathy 337 MollySachdev,HughCalkins 17 NewObservationsonMappingandAblation ofAtrialFlutter 212 27 MappingofIdiopathicVentricular NavinderS.Sawhney,GregoryK.Feld Tachycardias:RVandLVOutflowandSeptal Tachycardias 346 18 MappingofMacroreentrantAtrial MohammadAliSadr-Ameli,MajidHaghjoo, Tachycardias 233 ZahraEmkanjoo MohammadShenasa,HosseinShenasa, ChrisopherPiorkowski,GerhardHindricks 28 RoleofDifferentStimulationTechniques (PaceMapping,EntrainmentMapping)in 19 MappingofFocalAtrialTachycardias 256 DifferentSubsetofVentricular NitishBadhwar,ByronK.Lee,JefferyE.Olgin Tachycardias 357 FrankBogun,FredMorady 20 InterpretationofAtrialElectrogramsDuring AtrialFibrillation 267 29 EndocardialCatheterPaceMappingof S´ebastienKnecht,RajeshSubbiah,M´el`eze VentricularTachycardias 366 Hocini,PierreJa¨ıs,Kang-TengLim,Seiichiro MithileshK.Das,JohnC.Lopshire,Deepak Matsuo,LeonardoArantes,MarkD.O’Neill, Bhakta,AnilV.Yadav,JohnM.Miller NicolasDerval,FredericSacher,Antoine 30 ElectricalandAnatomicalMappingof Deplagne,PierreBordachar,JacquesCl´ementy, DifferentPathologies:Ischemic,Dilated,and MichelHa¨ıssaguerre HypertrophicCardiomyopathies 376 21 DifferentMappingApproachesforAtrial ArashArya,HansKottkamp,Christopher FibrillationAblation 277 Piorkowski,GerhardHindricks KRJulianChan,FeifanOuyang,Karl-Heinz 31 MappingandAblationofTachyarrhythmiasin Kuck PatientswithCongenitalHeartDisease 385 EdwardP.Walsh 22 IntegrationofNonelectrophysiological ImagingTechnologiesintotheMappingof 32 TransthoracicEpicardialMappingand AtrialFibrillation 288 AblationofVentricularTachycardia 401 TamerS.Fahmy,J.DavidBurkhardt,Andrea Andr´ed’Avila,MauricioScanavacca,Eduardo Natale Sosa BLBK050-Shenasa September25,2008 16:40 Contents ix PartVI NewFrontiers 411 38 TheKineticsofIntracellularCalciumand ArrhythmogenesisinIschemia/Reperfusion:A 33 MappingofVentricularTachycardiaand Calcium-CentricMechanismof Fibrillation:RoleofthePurkinjeSystem 413 Arrhythmia 474 PaulB.Tabereaux,DerekJ.Dosdall,Raymond NabilEl-Sharif,GilBub,VikramLakireddy E.ldeker 39 RoleofBodySurfaceMapping 485 34 MappingRotorsinAnimalsandHumans ChristianVahlhaus,Gu¨nterBreithardt,Lars DuringAtrialFibrillation 423 Eckardt OmerBerenfeld,J´eroˆmeKhalifa 40 ElectrocardiographicImagingofHeart 35 RoleofMappinginChannelopathies:Brugada FailurePatientswithLeftBundleBranch Syndrome,Long-QTSyndrome,and Block:EffectsofRightVentricularPacing IdiopathicVF 434 andCardiacResynchronization SergioRichter,PedroBrugada Therapy 492 36 MolecularCardiovascularImagingwith NirajVarma,PingJia,YorumRudy SPECTandPET 454 41 HowtoBetterMapandFutureDirectionsin MichaelScha¨fers,Gu¨nterBreithardt,Otmar CardiacMapping 501 Schober MohammadShenasa,JafarShenasa,Javad 37 OpticalMapping:ItsImpacton Rahimian UnderstandingArrhythmiaMechanisms 463 GuySalama,Bum-RakChoi Index 520 ACR-ROMwiththevideoclipsreferredtointhetextisincludedwiththisbook. BLBK050-Shenasa September25,2008 16:40 Acknowledgments We wish to thank all the contributors for the BlackwellPublishingwhotookonthisproject,and substantial effort to deliver their state-of-the-art their continuous support toward the publication work in a very timely fashion. We thank Mona ofthisthirdeditionofCardiacMapping,theonly Soleimaniehforherassistancefromthebeginning comprehensivetextonthesubject. totheendofthisproject. Finally,Iwouldliketopersonallythankmybro- We appreciate the superb job of Gina Almond, ther,Dr.HosseinShenasa,whofreedmefrommy BeckieBrand,LauraBeaumont,OliverWalter,and dailyclinicalroutinesoIcouldfinishthisproject. TheEditors x