Carboxylic Acids, Amines, and Amides Chapter 10 Educational Goals 1.  Given the structure of a carboxylic acid, carboxylate ion, ester, amide, or amine molecule, be able to give the systemic names and vice versa. 2.  Know and understand the intermolecular forces that attract carboxylic acid, amine, or amide molecules to one another, and how these forces affect boiling points and melting points. 3.  Identify amines as primary (1o), secondary (2o), or tertiary (3o). Compare and contrast amines and quaternary ammonium ions. 4.  Predict the products for the reactions of carboxylic acids with water, alcohols, amines, ammonia, or with strong bases. 5.  Predict the products for the reactions of amines with water or with strong acids. Educational Goals 6.  Predict the products for the base-catalyzed hydrolysis of an ester. 7.  Predict the products for the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of an amide. 8.  Identify chiral carbon atoms in structural formulas. Given the number of chiral carbons in a molecule, determine the number of stereoisomers. 9.  Define the term enantiomer. Compare and contrast enantiomers and diastereomers. Carboxylic Acids Carboxylic Acids From now on, we will write “R” instead of “Hydrocarbon” in structures. Naming Carboxylic Acids •  When naming a carboxylic acid according to the IUPAC rules, the parent is the longest continuous carbon chain that includes the carboxyl group. carboxyl group (COOH) Naming Carboxylic Acids •  Numbering begins at the carbonyl carbon, and alkyl groups are identified by name, position, and number of appearances. carbonyl group (C=O) Naming Carboxylic Acids •  Example: carbon #1 Naming Carboxylic Acids •  IUPAC names for carboxylic acid parent chains are formed by dropping the final “e” on the name of the corresponding hydrocarbon and adding “oic acid”. Propanoic acid Naming Carboxylic Acids 3-Methylbutanoic acid