C A R B O N - B A S E D N A N O M AT E R I A L S A N D N A N O C O M P O S I T E S F O R G A S S E N S I N G C A R B O N - B A S E D N A N O M AT E R I A L S A N D N A N O C O M P O S I T E S F O R G A S S E N S I N G Edited by NAVINCHANDRA GOPAL SHIMPI Department of Chemistry,University of Mumbai, Santacruz (East), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India SHILPA JAIN Department of Chemistry,Jai Hind College, Churchgate, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Elsevier Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates Copyright©2023ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,including photocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher. 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ISBN:978-0-12-821345-2 ForInformationonallElsevierpublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:MatthewDeans AcquisitionsEditor:SabrinaWebber EditorialProjectManager:RafaelGuilhermeTrombaco ProductionProjectManager:KameshRamajogi CoverDesigner:ChristianJ.Bilbow TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India List of contributors Shilpa Jain Department of Chemistry, Jai Hind College, Mumbai,Maharashtra, India Mohammad Khalid Graphene and Advanced 2D Materials Research Group, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University,Jalan University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia Jolina Rodrigues Department of Chemistry, University of Mumbai,Santacruz (East), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Tanushree Sen Department of Chemistry, University of Mumbai,Santacruz (East), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Akshara Paresh Shah Department of Chemistry, University of Mumbai,Santacruz (East), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Navinchandra Gopal Shimpi Department of Chemistry, University of Mumbai, Santacruz (East), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Golnoush Zamiri Centre of Advanced Materials, Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia xi Contents List of contributors.................................................xi About the editors .................................................xiii Preface ...................................................................xv Part 1 Introduction to carbon based nanomaterials.......................................1 1 Carbon-based smart nanomaterials.......................3 Shilpa Jain and Navinchandra Gopal Shimpi 1.1 Introduction to carbon-based nanomaterials................................................. 3 1.2 Types of carbon nanomaterials..................... 6 1.2.1 Carbon nanotubes.................................6 1.2.2 Fullerenes...............................................8 1.2.3 Graphene ...............................................9 1.2.4 Carbon nanofibers...............................11 1.3 Synthesis methodologies and variations......12 1.4 Gas sensors and their comparison............. 16 References........................................................... 19 2 Carbon nanomaterials-based gas sensors.........25 Shilpa Jain, Akshara Paresh Shah and Navinchandra Gopal Shimpi 2.1 Types of gas sensors based on carbon-based nanomaterials....................... 26 2.1.1 Electrochemical sensors.....................27 2.1.2 Electrical/chemiresistive sensors.......27 2.1.3 Mass-sensitive gas sensors................29 2.1.4 Thermometric (calorimetric) gas sensors..........................................30 2.2 Parameters of gas sensor............................ 31 2.2.1 Sensitivity............................................31 2.2.2 Selectivity.............................................32 v vi Contents 2.2.3 Stability................................................32 2.2.4 Response time.....................................33 2.2.5 Recovery time......................................33 2.3 Functionalization of carbon-based nanomaterials............................................... 33 2.4 Sensing mechanism..................................... 37 2.4.1 Sorption gas sensors..........................37 2.4.2 Ionization gas sensors ........................39 2.4.3 Capacitive gas sensors........................39 2.4.4 Resonance frequency shift gas sensors.................................................39 2.5 Fabrication of sensors.................................. 40 References........................................................... 42 3 Carbon-based gas sensing materials..................51 Golnoush Zamiri and Mohammad Khalid 3.1 Introduction to carbon-based gas sensing materials......................................... 51 3.1.1 Gas sensors.........................................52 3.2 Detection mechanism of gas sensors......... 53 3.3 Carbon nanomaterials and nanocomposites for sensing....................... 55 3.3.1 Carbon black........................................56 3.3.2 Carbon nanofibers...............................57 3.3.3 Carbon nanotubes...............................57 3.3.4 Graphene .............................................58 3.4 Carbon black materials and composites for gas sensors......................... 59 3.5 Carbon nanofibers and composites for gas sensors............................................. 60 3.6 Carbon nanotubes and composites for gas sensor............................................... 62 3.6.1 Carbon nanotubes and metal or metal oxide composites for gas sensor......................................64 3.6.2 Carbon nanotubes and polymer composites for gas sensor .................65 3.7 Graphene materials and composites for gas sensor............................................... 66 vii Contents 3.7.1 Graphene and metal or metal oxide nanocomposite for gas sensor...........68 3.7.2 Graphene and polymers nanocomposites for gas sensor.........72 3.8 Conclusion.................................................... 73 Acknowledgment................................................ 74 References........................................................... 74 Part 2 Application of carbon nanomaterials in gas sensing........81 4 Carbon nanotube-based gas sensors..................83 Tanushree Sen and Navinchandra Gopal Shimpi 4.1 Introduction.................................................. 83 4.2 Sensing mechanism..................................... 85 4.3 Carbon nanotube/metal nanocomposite-based gas sensors ............ 87 4.4 Carbon nanotube/semiconducting metal oxide nanocomposite-based gas sensors................................................... 89 4.5 Carbon nanotube/conducting polymer nanocomposites for gas sensors................ 93 4.6 Functionalized carbon nanotubes as gas sensors................................................... 97 4.7 Conclusions and outlook............................. 98 References........................................................... 99 5 Carbon nanofiber-based gas sensors................105 Jolina Rodrigues, Shilpa Jain, Navinchandra Gopal Shimpi and Akshara Paresh Shah 5.1 Introduction.................................................105 5.2 Methods of carbon nanofiber preparation ..................................................106 5.2.1 Electrospinning..................................106 viii Contents 5.2.2 Catalytic thermal chemical vapor deposition growth.............................107 5.2.3 Substrate method..............................109 5.3 Fabrication/construction of carbon nanofibers....................................................110 5.3.1 Carbon nanofibers modified with metal oxides..............................110 5.4 Carbon nanofibers as gas sensors.............111 5.4.1 ZnO/CNFs.........................................111 5.4.2 Sn(cid:1)SnO /CNFs................................111 2 5.4.3 CNFs/polystyrene............................113 5.4.4 SnO /CNFs.......................................114 2 5.4.5 V O /CNFs........................................114 2 5 5.4.6 Au-Pt/CNFs.......................................115 5.4.7 Multifunctional carbon nanofibers........................................116 5.4.8 Mesoporous carbon nanofibers.....117 5.4.9 WO /CNFs........................................117 3 5.4.10 Ni/CNFs............................................118 5.4.11 CNFs/PPy..........................................119 5.4.12 WS /CNFs.........................................119 2 5.4.13 Ni-CNF..............................................119 5.4.14 Graphitic carbon nanofibers...........121 5.4.15 Graphitic-carbon nanofibers/ polyacrylate .....................................122 5.4.16 PAN/(PAN-b-PMMA)........................122 5.4.17 5,6;11,12-di-o-phenlyenetetracene/ carbon nanofibers...........................123 References..........................................................125 6 Graphene-based gas sensors..............................127 Akshara Paresh Shah, Shilpa Jain and Navinchandra Gopal Shimpi 6.1 Gas sensor mechanism ..............................129 6.2 Graphene and its derivative/metal- based gas sensor.........................................131 6.3 Graphene and its derivative/ metal oxide-based gas sensor..............................134 ix Contents 6.4 Graphene and its derivative/polymer based gas sensor.........................................140 References..........................................................142 7 3D Hierarchical carbon-based gas sensors....149 Jolina Rodrigues, Shilpa Jain and Navinchandra Gopal Shimpi 7.1 Introduction.................................................149 7.2 Importance of 3D nanomaterial.................150 7.3 Construction/fabrication of 3D architectures................................................151 7.4 3-D metal oxide/graphene nanocomposite as gas sensors..................153 7.5 3-D functionalized graphene nanocomposite as gas sensors..................163 7.6 3-D metal doped graphene nanocomposite as gas sensors..................166 7.7 3-D metal oxide/carbon nanotube and metal oxide/graphene oxide/carbon nanotube nanocomposite as gas sensors.............................................167 7.7.1 Sensing mechanisms of 3D TiO / 2 graphene-carbon nanotubes gas sensors........................................169 7.8 3D metal oxide/carbon nanocomposite as gas sensors.............................................171 7.9 3D graphene-based gas sensors................174 References..........................................................178 8 Conducting polymer-based gas sensors...........181 Jolina Rodrigues, Shilpa Jain and Navinchandra Gopal Shimpi 8.1 Introduction.................................................181 8.2 Conducting polymers-based gas sensors...182 8.3 Polyaniline as a gas sensing material .......183 8.4 Polypyrrole as gas sensing material..........190 8.5 Polythiophene as gas sensing material.....207 References..........................................................228