Anne MacRae, PhD, OTR/L, BCMH, FAOTA Professor Emerita San Jose State University San Jose, California       Previously edited by Elizabeth Cara & Anne MacRae Senior Vice President: Stephanie Arasim Portnoy Vice President, Editorial: Jennifer Kilpatrick Vice President, Marketing: Michelle Gatt Acquisitions Editor: Tony Schiavo SLACK Incorporated 6900 Grove Road Managing Editor: Allegra Tiver orofare, NJ 08086 USA Creative Director: omas Cavallaro 856-848-1000 Fax: 856-848-6091 Project Editor: Dani Malady www.Healio.com/books © 2019 by SLACK Incorporated Cover and inside illustrations by D. Jean Bebak. Cara and MacRae’s Psychosocial Occupational erapy: An Evolving Practice, Fourth Edition includes ancillary materials specifically available for faculty use. Included are supporting charts, learning activities, and reproducible forms. Please visit http://www.efacultylounge.com to obtain access. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. e procedures and practices described in this publication should be implemented in a manner consistent with the professional standards set for the circumstances that apply in each specific situation. Every effort has been made to confirm the accuracy of the information presented and to correctly relate generally accepted practices. e authors, editors, and publisher cannot accept responsibility for errors or exclusions or for the outcome of the material presented herein. ere is no expressed or implied warranty of this book or information imparted by it. Care has been taken to ensure that drug selection and dosages are in accordance with currently accepted/recommended practice. 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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: MacRae, Anne, author. | Preceded by (work): Cara, Elizabeth. Psychosocial occupational therapy. Title: Cara and MacRae’s psychosocial occupational therapy : an evolving practice / Anne MacRae. Other titles: Psychosocial occupational therapy Description: Fourth edition. | orofare, NJ : Slack Incorporated, 2019. | Preceded by Psychosocial occupational therapy : an evolving practice / Elizabeth Cara, Anne MacRae. 3rd ed. c2013. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2019004953 (print) | LCCN 2019005579 (ebook) | ISBN 9781630914783 (epub) | ISBN 9781630914790 (web) | ISBN 9781630914776 (hardback) Subjects: | MESH: Occupational erapy--methods | Mental Disorders-- rehabilitation Classification: LCC RC487 (ebook) | LCC RC487 (print) | NLM WM 450.5.O2 | DDC 616.89/165--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019004953 For permission to reprint material in another publication, contact SLACK Incorporated. Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or academic use is granted by SLACK Incorporated provided that the appropriate fee is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center. Prior to photocopying items, please contact the Copyright Clearance Center at 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA; phone: 978-750-8400; website: www.copyright.com; email: [email protected] DEDICATION is book is dedicated to the memory of my late husband, Joseph Hemm. My career would not have been the same without his constant support and encouragement. He was my best friend and helped me keep my priorities straight and maintain some balance in my life! We also shared in the upbringing of our two wonderful children, Nora and Malcolm Hemm. It is a comfort and delight to see them blossom into thoughtful, talented, and kind adults who pursue their life interests with passion. My deepest appreciation and thanks also go to the many colleagues, students, service users, families, and friends who have graced my life. ey have greatly enriched my knowledge and understanding and, in turn, I do my best to share what I have learned with others. CONTENTS Copyright Dedication About the Editor Contributing Authors Introduction Section I Practice Settings and Service Delivery Chapter 1            Philosophical Worldviews of Mental Health Anne MacRae, PhD, OTR/L, BCMH, FAOTA Chapter 2            Psychiatric Institutions and Hospitals Anne MacRae, PhD, OTR/L, BCMH, FAOTA Chapter 3            Community Behavioral Health Services Anne MacRae, PhD, OTR/L, BCMH, FAOTA and Jerilyn (Gigi) Smith, PhD, OTR/L, FAOTA Chapter 4            Direct Service Provision Anne MacRae, PhD, OTR/L, BCMH, FAOTA Chapter 5            Consultation and Program Development Anne MacRae, PhD, OTR/L, BCMH, FAOTA Section II Understanding the Person in Context Chapter 6            Built, Virtual, and Natural Environments Anne MacRae, PhD, OTR/L, BCMH, FAOTA Chapter 7            Personal and Social Identity Anne MacRae, PhD, OTR/L, BCMH, FAOTA Chapter 8            Cultural Identity and Context Anne MacRae, PhD, OTR/L, BCMH, FAOTA and Tiffany (Debra) Boggis, MBA, OTR/L Section III Mental Health Across the Lifespan Chapter 9            Mental Health of Infants: Attachment rough the Lifespan Elizabeth Cara, PhD, OTR/L, MFT Chapter 10          Mental Health of Children William L. Lambert, MS, OTR/L Chapter 11          Mental Health of Adolescents William L. Lambert, MS, OTR/L and Elizabeth Carley, OTD, OTR/L Chapter 12          Mental Health of Emerging Adults Karen McCarthy, OTD, OTR/L; Anne MacRae, PhD, OTR/L, BCMH, FAOTA; and Bernadette Hattjar, DrOT, MEd, OTR/L, CWCE Chapter 13          Mental Health of Mid-Life Adults Anne MacRae, PhD, OTR/L, BCMH, FAOTA Chapter 14          Mental Health of Older Adults Jerilyn (Gigi) Smith, PhD, OTR/L, FAOTA and Anne MacRae, PhD, OTR/L, BCMH, FAOTA   Financial Disclosures           Cara and MacRae’s Psychosocial Occupational erapy: An Evolving Practice, Fourth Edition includes ancillary materials specifically available for faculty use. Included are supporting charts, learning activities, and reproducible forms. Please visit http://www.efacultylounge.com to obtain access. ABOUT THE EDITOR Anne MacRae, PhD, OTR/L, BCMH, FAOTA received her bachelor’s degree in education from Antioch College, Yellow Springs, Ohio, and her master’s degree in occupational therapy from San Jose State University (SJSU) in California. She also has a doctorate in human science from Saybrook Institute, San Francisco, California. She is now retired aer over 30 years on the faculty at SJSU and was granted the status of Professor Emerita. Anne remains active in occupational therapy as a frequent guest lecturer and consultant, both nationally and internationally. In addition to teaching and consulting, Anne actively engaged in practice throughout her career. She supervised the SJSU campus-based psychosocial occupational therapy clinic for 20 years, provided direct service and developed programs in rural areas, practiced in an urban psychiatric hospital and a partial hospitalization program, and occasionally still sees clients through private practice.