CAPITAL CITIES LES CAPITALES PERSPECTIVES INTERNATIONALES INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES This page intentionally left blank CAPITAL CITIES LES CAPITALES PERSPECTIVES INTERNATIONALES INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES EDITED BY JOHN TAYLOR, JEAN G. LENGELLE, and CAROLINE ANDREW Carleton University Press Ottawa 1993 © Carleton University Press, Inc. 1993 Printed and bound in Canada Carleton General List CANADIAN CATALOGUING IN PUBLICATION DATA Main entry under title: Capital cities: international perspectives = Les capitales : perspectives internationales Text in English and French. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-88629-178-X (bound) - 0-88629-179-8 (pbk.) 1. Capitals (Cities). I. Taylor, John H., 1939- II. Lengellé, Jean G. III. Andrew, Caroline, 1942- IV. Title: Les capitales. G140.C261993 711'.45 C93-090189-4E DONNÉES DE CATALOGAGE AVANT PUBLICATION (CANADA) Vedette principale au titre: Capital cities: international perspectives = Les capitales : perspectives internationales Text en anglais et en français. Comprend des références bibliographiques. ISBN 0-88629-178-X (rel.) - 0-88629-179-8 (br.) 1. Capitales (Cities). I. Taylor, John H., 1939- II. Lengellé, Jean G. III. Andrew, Caroline, 1942- IV. Titre: Les capitales. G140.C261993 711'.45 C93-090189-4F Cover : Y Graphie Design Layout/Production: Xpressive Designs, Ottawa Typeset in 10.5/13 ITC Clearface Acknowledgements Carleton University Press gratefully acknowledges the support extended to its publishing programme by Canada Council and the Ontario Arts Council. The Press would also like to thank the Department of Communications, Govern- ment of Canada, and the Government of Ontario through the Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Recreation, for their assistance. This book has been published with the help of a grant from the National Capital Commission. Ce livre a été publié avec Paide d'une subvention de la Commission de la Capitale Nationale. CONTENTS Introduction ix ï WHAT is A CAPITAL CITY?/ QU'EST-CE QU'UNE CAPITALE? John Meisel (Sir Edward Peacock Professor of Political Science, Queen's University) Capital Cities: What is a Capital? 3 Claude Raffestin (Sciences économiques et sociales, Université de Genève) Une capitale est-elle l'expression d'une sémiosphère nationale ou le lieu de mise en scène du pouvoir? 7 Amos Rapoport (Distinguished Professor of Architecture, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee) On the Nature of Capitals and their Physical Expression 31 Peter Hall (Institute of Urban and Regional Development, University of California, Berkeley) The Changing Role of Capital Cities: Six Types of Capital City 69 Beth Moore Milroy (Urban and Regional Planning, University of Waterloo) Commentary: What is a Capital? 85 il ROLES ET ACTIVITÉS DES CAPITALES/ THE ROLES AND ACTIVITIES OF CAPITAL CITIES Louise Quesnel (Science politique, Université Laval) Rôles et activités des capitales 95 vi CAPITAL CITIES Jorge E. Hardoy (Instituto Internacional de Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo, IIED—America Latina) Ancient Capital Cities and New Capital Cities of Latín America 99 Francis Delpérée (Faculté de droit, Université de Louvain) Le Statut des capitales européennes 129 Donald C. Rowat (Political Science, Carleton University) Ways of Governing Federal Capitals 149 Lilia Labidi (Maître de conférence, L'Université de Tunis) La Circulation des femmes musulmanes dans l'espace public et politique formel : le rôle « capitale » de Tunis 173 Maureen Covell (Political Science, Simon Fraser University) Commentary: The Role and Activities of Capital Cities 189 III CAPITALS: SYMBOLISM AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT/ CAPITALES : SYMBOLISME ET CADRE BÂTI Anthony Sutcliffe (Economie and Social History, University of Leicester) Capital Cities: Does Form Follow Values? 195 Milton C. Cummings, Jr., and Matthew C. Price (Political Science, The Johns Hopkins University) The Creation of Washington, DC: Political Symbolism and Practical Problem Solving in the Establishment of a Capital City for the United States of America, 1787-1850 213 Anthony D. King (Art History and Sociology, State University of New York at Binghamton) Cultural Hegemony and Capital Cities 251 Gilles Paquet (Faculté d'Administration, Université d'Ottawa) Commentary: Capital Cities as Symbolic Resources 271 CONTENTS vu IV CAPITALES DE L'AVENIR/ CAPITAL CITIES IN THE FUTURE Anne Buttimer (Geography, University College Dublin) Capitales de l'avenir 289 Theodor Hanf (Arnold Bergstraesser Institut, Freiburg University) Berlin or Bonn? The Dispute over Germany's Political Centre 295 José Vandevoorde (Institut d'Urbanisme et d'Aménagement du Territoire, Université Libre de Bruxelles) Capitale-ville, Ville-capitale, une approche holistique 317 Gabriel Kwami Nyassogbo (Géographie, Université du Bénin) Comment une capitale devient macrocéphale en Afrique subsaharienne : le cas de Lomé au Togo (Afrique de l'ouest) 325 Paul Drewe (Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology) Capital Cities in Europe: Directions for the Future 343 David A. Johnson (Planning, University of Tennessee, Knoxville) World City/Capital City: New York in the Changing Global System 377 Alain Gagnon (Science politique, UniversitéMcGill) Commentaire: capitales de l'avenir 399 V AVENUES FOR RESEARCH/ DIRECTIONS DE RECHERCHE Paul-André Linteau (Histoire, Université du Québec à Montréal) Directions de recherche: Introduction 405 /. A. Laponce (Political Science, University of British Columbia) Ottawa, Christaller, Horowitz and Parsons 407 This page intentionally left blank INTRODUCTION The papers and the commentary in this collection are a product of an I international colloquium entitled "Capital Cities: How to Ensure their Effective and Harmonious Development," which was held in Ottawa, Canada, December 6 to 8,1990. The written volume unfolds as the conference did, and, like it, can be considered in five parts: I. What Is a Capital City? II. The Roles and Activities of Capital Cities III. Capitals: Symbolism and the Built Environment IV. Capitals for the Future V. Avenues for Research The reader is, however, invited to enter the volume through the door of greatest interest, as the papers and much of the commentary will stand alone, despite the rationale the organizers placed upon it. In many respects, the colloquium was initiated and was an effort to address the last item on the program, "Avenues for Research," not just in the final session, but throughout the event. The program reveals some of the research concerns—realistic or not—of the organizers. It thus seems only normal to ask, Who were the organizers? The organizers and sponsors were two. First was the National Capital Commission (NCC), charged by the federal government with the planning and development of the National Capital Region, an area over which it has practical influence by right of eminent domain of the senior government, but no de jure control under the Canadian constitution. In recent years, its avenues of influence have altered quite dramatically, shifting from an emphasis on the tangible or "built" capital to an emphasis on its intangi- ble qualities. And the shift has been made in a context—both national and international—that seems to be demanding some modification of the nation-state. The NCC lacked an autonomous research arm that might be used in such a theatre of change. The second major organizer was "Canada's Capital Tri-University Study Group," representing the three universities in the capital region: the Université du Québec à Hull; the University of Ottawa; and Carleton