Project Gutenberg's Canning, Freezing, Storing Garden Produce, by Various This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. Title: Canning, Freezing, Storing Garden Produce Author: Various Release Date: July 24, 2019 [EBook #59977] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CANNING, FREEZING, STORING PRODUCE *** Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net 296 The Whys of Food Preservation How to Minimize Quality Losses Economics of Home Food Preservation, or Is Do-It-Yourself Back to Stay? Beginner’s Guide to Home Canning Canning, Freezing, Storing Garden Produce Canning, Freezing, Storing Garden Produce United States Department of Agriculture Agriculture Information Bulletin 410 This is a reprint of Part 4 from the 1977 Yearbook of Agriculture, Gardening for Food and Fun. The Yearbook may be purchased at government bookstores or ordered from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Original page numbers from the entire book are used in this reprint. Contents Part 4 Home Food Preservation 298 304 310 313 A Primer on Home Freezing for the Beginner Pressure Canners, Vital for Low-Acid Foods Home Canning of Fruits and Vegetables Freezing Your Garden’s Harvest Jellies, Jams, Marmalades, Preserves Pickles, Relishes Add Zip and Zest Wine Making (with a note on vinegar) Home Drying of Fruits and Vegetables Storage of Home-Preserved Foods Storing Fresh Fruit and Vegetables Resurgence of Community Canneries Questions and Answers on Food Preservation Food Preservation Glossary PART 4 297 320 323 328 334 340 345 350 356 361 365 372 378 383 Issued in December 1977 Home Food Preservation Fresh and preserved foods 298 299 The Whys of Food Preservation by Edmund A. Zottola and Isabel D. Wolf[1] The telephone rings in a county Extension office. A harried voice says, “My garden is growing more than my family can eat, what shall I do with it? How can I keep it from spoiling?” How many times during the gardening season is this scenario repeated in an Extension office? Too often to count! The answers to these questions are readily available in the many bulletins, folders, and leaflets on food preservation available from county, State, and Federal Extension agencies. The publications tell how to preserve food safely and wholesomely, but do little else to explain why directions must be followed precisely. Let’s take a look at the whys. To understand food preservation, first consider the sources. Home garden food comes from plants: sources of raw food are living, biological entities, continuing to metabolize after they are harvested. Plants also provide a source of food for micro-organisms which can grow on or in them, spoiling food before it can be eaten. The primary objective of food preservation is to prevent food spoilage by preserving food until it can be used by people. Historically, food preservation and processing assured a food supply and prevented starvation. This is probably the major reason why food is processed today in many developing countries. In the United States, however, affluence and a plentiful food supply now influence the reasons for food preservation. Today, Americans live many miles from rural areas where food is produced. Consequently, food must be preserved to assure the nonfarm population an adequate supply. Our people want a food supply that is safe, high in quality and appearance, adequate nutritionally, and reasonably priced. Many consumers try to obtain these food attributes by returning to the “old ways” of growing and preserving food themselves. To understand food preservation, let’s look at five causes of food spoilage or deterioration (four are biological, the fifth physical or mechanical): (1) The primary cause of food spoilage in the United States is microbiological. Micro-organisms are small living organisms such as yeast, molds, or bacteria. They are the chief causes of microbial spoilage. Related to microbiological spoilage of food and also a concern in food preservation is microbiological food-borne disease. There are two types. Salmonellosis is an example of a food infection where food may not support growth of the micro-organisms but merely serves to transfer it from the source to the human host. In the second type, the micro-organism grows in the food and produces a poison or toxin which when eaten, causes illness symptoms. Staphylococcal food poisoning is the most common of the second type in the US. Severity of the major types of food-borne disease in the United States varies from the finality of botulism to the mild discomforts of Clostridium perfringens food poisoning. Food preservation techniques, followed precisely, prevent food-borne disease. (2) The second cause of food spoilage is vermin such as rodents, rats, mice and insects that attack the food and eat or contaminate it before humans can use it. These vermin ruin millions of pounds of food each year. WHAT ELSE CAN WE DO WITH TOMATOES?!! (3) Have you noticed how an apple, left at room temperature, eventually gets soft, wrinkles, and dries out? This spoilage is called senescence: an aging process caused by continued respiration of the apple, eventually making it useless as food. Other foods also spoil this way. (4) Related to senescence is chemical deterioration of food. The development of rancid flavor in high fat-containing foods is a chemical reaction which brings about an undesirable change. Loss of color or bleaching and loss of vitamins, while food is stored, are chemical deteriorations that can be controlled with proper preservation methods. Both senescence and chemical deterioration are conveyed by organic compounds called enzymes. These enzymes are produced by all living organisms and their function is to speed up or cause the metabolic reaction necessary for the organism’s continued existence. The enzymes will continue to act after the plant is harvested, and bring about deterioration of the food unless controlled or destroyed. Preservation methods have been developed to control or destroy these organic catalysts. (5) The last cause of food spoilage concerns food handling. Physical or mechanical damage to the food causes bruising, crushing, cutting, and wilting or water loss. These mechanical defects, besides detracting from the food’s appearance, allow easier entry of micro-organisms, insects, and other vermin to cause spoilage and aging. Food preservation processes have been developed to slow down, prevent, or stop completely these processes of food spoilage. An inherent part of food preservation is the package containing the food before or after processing. Packaging provides a convenient method of handling food, prevents contamination during and after processing, bars vermin infestation, supplies a container for storage, and is a necessary part of preservation. An example would be a mason jar with proper seal for pickling. What are the major methods available for home preservation of food? How are they carried out? Why do they prevent spoilage, food- borne disease, and give desired attributes of safety, quality, appearance, nutrition, and economy? The economics of food preservation will be developed in a subsequent chapter. Let’s explore the following available methods for home preservation of food: Control of temperature of the food, heat or cool Control of the food’s acid content Control of moisture content of the food The major method used for home preservation of food is temperature control. This includes canning with a pressure canner or a boiling water bath, blanching food before freezing, refrigerating food, and freezing it. Micro-organisms which cause disease and food spoilage are sensitive to environment temperature variations. By increasing the food’s temperature, micro-organisms are destroyed. When the temperature is decreased, their growth is inhibited. 300 Let’s look at the temperature scale illustration and see how temperature affects micro-organisms. To prevent growth of micro- organisms in food and subsequent microbial spoilage, food must be kept out of the temperature range that allows growth. This is most commonly achieved by refrigerating or freezing. Refrigeration slows down or stops microbial spoilage. Freezing stops it completely. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON MICRO-ORGANISMS Degrees Fahrenheit 225 spore-forming bacteria killed 220-250 proper canning temperatures (low acid foods) 212 water boils; pressure canner needed to obtain temperatures above boiling 170-210 non-spore-forming bacteria, yeasts, and molds killed 120-140 some bacteria can grow 98.6 body temperature 70-80 room temperatures may fall in this range 60-120 DANGER ZONE most bacteria, including food-poisoning types, grow rapidly over this temperature range 32 water freezes 30-60 cold-tolerant bacteria, yeasts and molds grow 0 no microbial growth Enzymatic activity, while slowed down by freezing, is not stopped in many vegetables and these enzymes must be destroyed by blanching 301 302 the vegetables before freezing to prevent enzymatic deterioration. Successful preservation by freezing must deactivate any enzymes that might be in the food as well as rapidly lower the food temperature to below freezing to stop microbial activity. Freezer burn, a common problem with frozen foods, comes from improper packaging. Food moisture is lost in freezer burn, which results in undesirable flavor and texture changes. Freezer burn can be controlled by proper packaging, proper storing temperature, and avoiding long-term storage. Refrigeration or storage above freezing, but below room temperature, preserves food for days and sometimes weeks. Refrigerated storage slows down activities of enzymes in the food and reduces metabolism of the contaminating micro-organisms. Preservation of food by reduced temperature, refrigeration, or freezing is achieved because enzyme activity and microbial deterioration are slowed down or stopped. Increasing the temperature of food to achieve preservation also results in destruction of the micro-organisms that produce spoilage and disease. Time and temperature regulate this preservation. Theoretically, since food will be stored at temperatures which will allow most microbes to grow, the ideal heat treatment needed to preserve the food would be one that completely sterilizes the food, that is, kills all attendant micro-organisms. To achieve complete sterilization, for example, every particle of food in a jar must reach the required temperature and be held there long enough to destroy all micro-organisms. Heat Transfer The time required for heat to penetrate to the center of the food in a container (the slowest heating point) is extremely important. Heat is transferred through food in containers by two mechanisms: conduction and convection. The mechanism involved depends on the consistency and amount of liquid in the food. The heat penetration rate is also influenced by size of the container, type of heating medium (wet steam vs. dry air), ratio of solid to liquid, kind and size of solid material in container, amount of fat, and amount of salt and sugar. For example, pumpkin or squash can be home canned in two forms: strained or cubed. University of Minnesota research has shown that the time required for the center of a pint jar of strained squash (which heats by conduction) to reach sterilization temperature is three to four times as long as for a pint jar of cubed squash (which heats by convection). The same is true of creamed corn (heats by conduction) and whole kernel corn (heats by convection). Methods and recipes recommended by Extension agencies take into account all of these factors and must be followed precisely to assure a safe and wholesome product. Why is it necessary to heat-process pint jars of string beans at 240° F for 20 minutes in a pressure canner when tomatoes can be successfully heat-processed in a boiling water bath? This brings up the second method of preserving food at home, controlling the food’s acid content. This method is most commonly used in combination with heat processing. Most foods contain naturally occurring organic acids. Some foods contain more of these acids and are called acid or high acid foods. These organic acids have the ability to limit, inhibit, or prevent the growth of many of the micro-organisms producing spoilage and disease. The degree of inhibition is related to the amount of acid present. A method used for measuring acid content is called pH. A measure of pH is a determination of the hydrogen ion concentration which reflects the amount of acid or alkali present in the system. A scale from 0 to 14 is used. A pH of 7 is considered neutral, above 7 alkaline, below 7 acidic. Very few foods have a pH above 7. The classification of foods in the acid range below 7 is extremely important. Above pH 4.6 most of the spoilage type micro-organisms can grow, as well as the dreaded Clostridium botulinum (see discussion following on botulism). In foods with a pH greater than 4.6, it is necessary to heat-process the food at temperatures above boiling to obtain the desired level of sterility. There are some types of bacteria that produce entities called endospores or spores which are extremely resistant to environmental stresses. They are a means of assuring survival in bacteria, although not themselves a reproductive mechanism. One growing or vegetative cell will produce one spore, which under proper growth conditions will germinate and produce one cell. This one cell continues to grow and can produce millions of bacterial cells. Destruction of the resistant spore necessitates the use of temperatures above that of boiling water (212° F). BOTULISM. One of the most notorious of the spore-forming bacteria is Clostridium botulinum. When growing in food this bacteria can produce a deadly poison which causes botulism, a deadly illness. The mortality rate is 56 percent. This bacteria and its spore are present in soil throughout the world and as a result contaminates most of the food we eat. But the spore only germinates and grows where there is suitable food, no air, and a pH above 4.6. These conditions exist in canned low acid foods. To assure botulism-free home-canned foods, it is absolutely essential that low-acid foods be canned in a pressure canner at temperatures above 212° F. The poison produced by this bacteria is one of the most potent poisons known to humans. It has been estimated that 1 cup (8 ounces) is sufficient to kill all the humans on earth. It is not something to take chances about. All home canning procedures recommended by Federal and State Extension agencies are adequate to destroy this dreaded spore-forming bacteria. pH VALUE OF VARIOUS FOODS High Acid 2.9 plums 3.0 gooseberries 3.2 dill pickles, apricots 3.3 apples, blackberries 3.4 sour cherries, peaches 3.5 kraut, raspberries 3.7 blueberries 3.8 sweet cherries 3.9 pears 4.3 tomatoes 4.6 ———— Low Acid 4.8 okra 5.0 pumpkins, carrots 5.1 turnips 5.2 beets, string beans 5.4 sweet potatoes 5.5 spinach, asparagus 5.6 baked beans 5.7 red kidney beans 5.9 lima beans 6.0 succotash 6.2 peas 303 304 6.3 corn 7.0 hominy, ripe olives Commercial canneries, which are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration, use similar processes to assure safe canned foods. In the past 50 years, 75 percent of the reported cases of botulism in the United States have been caused by home-canned food while less than 10 percent have been caused by commercially canned food. If proper home-canning procedures are followed, botulism from this source could virtually be eliminated as a cause of death in the US. On the lower side of pH 4.6, acid content of the food will prevent growth of Clostridium botulinum and most of the other spore-forming bacteria. Thus, these foods can be preserved by using a lower heat treatment. The most common types of spoilage micro-organisms associated with acid foods are yeasts and molds. These organisms are acid-tolerant and can grow in an acid environment. They are killed at a lower temperature than spore-forming bacteria. Acid foods only need a heat treatment in a boiling water bath for a specified time to destroy the microbes present. Fermentation Preservation of food by controlling the acid content can be achieved in two ways. One is to naturally ferment the food—turning cabbage into sauerkraut. The other is to add an organic acid to the food to reduce the pH—adding vinegar to cucumbers to make pickles. Some foods such as berries and fruits naturally contain enough organic acids so their pH is below 4.6, and preservation of these foods requires only a boiling water bath heat treatment or freezing. In a natural fermentation, lactic acid bacteria convert fermentable carbohydrates in the food to lactic acid. In this way the pH is reduced and most bacterial growth inhibited. When cabbage is fermented to sauerkraut, the cabbage’s pH is reduced from pH 6.8 during the fermentation to less than 3.5. Cucumbers can also be fermented to pickles by a similar process; however, most pickles are made by direct acidification of the cucumbers. Direct acidification, that is, adding vinegar which contains 4 to 5 percent acetic acid, is the most common method of making cucumber pickles in the United States. It is easier, quicker, and foolproof. Often the natural fermentation will go astray. Other undesirable microbes may grow, bringing unwanted changes in the food: spoiling rather than preserving. Other foods made by fermentation include wine. Regardless of the method used to control the pH of food, to successfully preserve food by this method it is absolutely essential to heat- process or freeze to prevent spoilage by yeasts and molds. An example of spoilage in cucumber pickles not heat-treated after acidification is the development of cloudiness and bubbling. This common spoilage is caused by microbes that would be destroyed by heat processing. Drying Control of the moisture content of food is one of the oldest preservation methods. Removal of water from the food prevents growth of most microbes and slows down enzymatic deterioration. Water removal from food can have several forms. The oldest and most primitive method for removing water is sun drying, which requires long hot days with low humidity to dry food evenly and quickly. Over-drying and uneven drying will result in nutrient destruction, microbial growth, and other undesirable changes. Drying of food in the home can be done and a later chapter tells how. Water activity or availability of water in foods can also be controlled by adding compounds to the food which tie up the water chemically, making it unavailable for use in an enzymatic reaction or for use by the micro-organisms. The two most common home ingredients used in this way are sugar and salt. In making fruit preserves, the high sugar content ties up the water and helps prevent growth of many micro- organisms. Methods used for preserving food in the home are combinations of the basic techniques discussed here. Make certain the recipe you follow is from a reliable source. Follow it precisely and be assured of a safe and wholesome food supply. How to Minimize Quality Losses by Gerald D. Kuhn and Louise W. Hamilton[2] All methods of preserving food will alter, if not lower, the quality of fresh fruits and vegetables, but these changes can be minimized. For practical understanding of how to minimize quality changes you need to know something about: (1) natural differences in raw food, (2) natural causes of quality deterioration, and (3) how various food handling, preparation, packaging and storage techniques and conditions affect quality retention. Because of insufficient research information on home preserved foods, some research findings of commercially processed food have been 305 used to foster an increased awareness of factors affecting the quality of home preserved food. Natural differences in quality and nutrient content in raw food often exceed losses caused by preserving food. Extreme variations (tenfold or more) in vitamin A and C content have been found in some fruits and vegetables. These natural differences are known to be caused singly or collectively by differences between varieties, climate changes between seasons in the same region, and between regions in the same year. They are also influenced by some cultural practices, and maturity of crops at harvest. Because of color, texture and especially flavor qualities, some varieties are more suited for canning; others are more suitable for freezing. Few varieties possess the all-purpose criteria needed to preserve them as either high-quality canned or frozen products. There is no single, ideal maturity for harvesting or preserving fruits and vegetables. Obviously, the quality of canned or frozen products made from any maturity other than ideal for that specific commodity lacks the ultimate potential of satisfaction for eating. Three natural causes account for most quality changes in freshly harvested fruits and vegetables—respiration, enzymes and oxygen. Their effects generally increase with the time between harvest and preservation, and at higher temperatures. Freshly harvested fruits and vegetables are living organisms. They are sustained by cellular reactions known as “respiration,” in which native enzymes use oxygen and components in food and give off heat, water and carbon dioxide. The energy needed to sustain respiration is obtained from a storehouse of natural components in food. As a result, natural flavors and vitamins are diminished, sugars and sometimes acids decrease, and texture may soften. The speed of respiration and the onset of its effects differs among various fruits and vegetables, and is generally lowered by refrigerator temperatures. Besides enzymes relating to respiration, fruits and vegetables sometimes contain other cellular enzymes associated with reducing food quality. These enzymes act with oxygen to cause rapid discoloration of bruised, peeled and sliced tissue; oxidation of flavors, and excessive softening. The roles of oxygen in respiration and other enzyme reactions have been noted. Oxygen may react still another way to lower food quality: autoxidation, where sensitive flavor, color and vitamin components are altered by oxygen. This causes fading of colors, off-flavors and, reduced vitamin retention. These reactions occur quickly during canning and drying of foods, and also account for slow changes during storage of preserved food. Handling Raw Foods Because of the effects of respiration, other enzymes, autoxidation, and desiccation (loss of water), the raw product temperature and the time between harvest and preservation are of utmost importance to preserving high-quality fruits and vegetables. Ideal handling conditions vary with the product. Small berry and stone fruits, asparagus, green beans, beets, broccoli, corn and leafy greens, to name a few, should be preserved the same day of harvest, for highest quality. Apples, peaches, pears, plums and tomatoes, if harvested at firm maturity, should be ripened a few days before preserving them. Other fruits and vegetables may be stored from a week to months before preservation without significantly lowering their quality. From a nutritional standpoint, if after harvest the handling and preservation of these crops are carefully planned and implemented, quality of the preserved products can be equal to food prepared from fresh market fruits and vegetables. Fruits and vegetables are recognized as significant sources of vitamins A, the B family, C, minerals, and fiber. Vitamin A, pro-carotene, is heat-stable and insoluble in water but is subject to a minor loss caused by autoxidation. Therefore, losses in home preserved foods are insignificant. Of the water-soluble vitamins, ascorbic acid (C) and thiamin (B₁) are subject to serious loss upon heating foods. Riboflavin (B₂) is subject to loss when raw or preserved foods are exposed to light. 306 Removing the skins from peaches before canning. Significant losses of water-soluble vitamins and minerals occur when food contacts water, such as in washing, blanching, cooking or canning foods. As would be expected, losses due to leaching of water-soluble vitamins and minerals rise with increased cut or exposed food surface areas, repeated exposures to water, and more time in water, especially when heated. The effects on fiber in preserved food is much the same as in fresh cooked foods. Canning Home canned foods should have a bright color, characteristic texture, pleasant flavor and contain nutrients naturally present. When all steps of scientifically based canning directions are carefully followed, color, texture and flavor will be optimum. These observable signs of quality are also an index to nutrient retention of that canned food. Proper pretreatment of the fruit or vegetable being canned is essential for top quality. This includes using only good, wholesome food at peak eating quality. Any trace of moldy or otherwise spoiled food should be completely removed. All food must be washed thoroughly. Removal of skins from thin-skinned foods such as tomatoes and peaches is important. A short blanching time in boiling water loosens the skins, and a short cooling time in cold or ice water stops the cooking of the food. Because water leaches out vitamins, dilutes color and flavor, and results in a mushy product, do not allow foods to soak unnecessarily in either hot or cold water. Air is an enemy of light-colored foods, and should be kept from the peeled or cut food. This can be done with a commercial antioxidant (ascorbic acid), lemon juice, or a simple solution of two tablespoons each of vinegar and salt per gallon of water. Peel or cut food directly into such a solution for maximum protection from air. When enough food for a canner load is prepared, drain and rinse the food for best flavor. The packing method used is one of the most important factors in quality canned products. Foods that are heated before being put in jars have better quality than foods packed raw in jars. Heating destroys enzymes and removes much of the air from food tissues. Enzymes must be destroyed quickly for top-quality food. Removal of air not only shrinks the food, but leads to better color, flavor and nutrient retention, and too, fruits are less likely to float. Hot packed jars also have higher vacuums, thus less oxidation can take place. Tomatoes and tomato juice are less likely to separate if tomatoes are cut and heated at once. Cutting activates enzymes in tomatoes which then change the pectins in the tomatoes and causes separation. Heating right after cutting inactivates the enzymes and minimizes separation. Sugar, salt and vinegar play important roles in quality canned foods. While sugar is not needed to safely can fruits, it contributes to better color, flavor and texture. Likewise, vegetables may be safely canned without salt, but when salt is used, better flavor results. Salt is 307 308 essential for slow process pickles; vinegar is needed for quick process pickles. Canning or pickling salt should always be used. Iodized salt will inhibit proper fermentation and react with the starch in some foods, causing them to turn pink or blue. Sugar concentration in sirups is important to appearance of the fruit. With a light sirup, fruits are less likely to float than with a heavier sirup. And with a light sirup, fewer calories are added. Then too, the cost is less than with a medium or heavy sirup. Headspace Using the proper amount of headspace pays off in quality products. Adequate headspace is needed so food has enough room for expansion during heat sterilization. Generally, more headspace is needed for foods heat-sterilized in a pressure canner than those in a boiling water canner, because of increased expansion of foods at the higher temperature. With too little headspace, liquid is more likely to cook out of the jars during heat sterilization. This increases the danger of seal failure due to food particles that may be trapped at the interface of the sealing surface. With too much headspace, air remaining in the jar can cause darkening of the food, oxidized flavor, and lower vitamin retention, especially in food at the top of the jar. Pressure canning low-acid foods is receiving increased emphasis today, mainly based on the greater safety of this technique. The method also offers an additional advantage that is little known to home canners—improved quality and nutrient retention. Generally an 18° F (10° C) rise in canner temperatures increases the destruction of bacteria tenfold. At the same time, chemical changes that affect color, flavor, texture and nutrients of the food are only doubled. This means that for every 18° F (10° C) increase in canning temperature, bacteria are destroyed five times faster than are vitamins, flavor, color and texture. Accordingly, in contrast to boiling water canning, heat sterilizing in a pressure canner at 240° F (116° C) (10 p.s.i.) destroys bacteria about 17 times faster than chemical changes are effected, accounting for better nutrient and quality retention of pressure canned low-acid foods. Be cautious about interpreting this as an advantage in pressure sterilizing acid foods. This technique can increase quality and nutrient losses because of the total time the jars of food will be near or above boiling water temperature. For example, with tomatoes it takes about 5 minutes until steam begins to escape, 10 minutes to exhaust the air, about 5 minutes to build up pressure, 5 minutes for heat sterilizing at 240° F (116° C) and 30 to 45 minutes cooling before opening the canner. That adds up to about 55 to 80 minutes at temperatures near or above 212° F (100° C), as compared to the recommended 35 minutes for heat sterilizing in a boiling water canner. Assuming the average product temperature is elevated above 212° F (100° C) about half of this total time, the loss in quality could be at least doubled. Properly managed heat sterilization has a great deal to do with the quality of canned food. If the temperature is too high or the time of sterilization too long, the result is a product with poor color, soft texture, and less flavor. Tomatoes canned in the pressure canner are an example. After heat sterilization, a quality canned food will have liquid covering the solid food in the jar. The lid must allow air, but not liquid, to escape during heat sterilization. A low liquid level in the jar may indicate the lid did not function properly, pressure was allowed to fluctuate in the pressure canner, or the canner wasn’t cooled completely before opening, or raw pack was used. Foods not covered with liquid will have poorer quality. Jars must be air-cooled naturally after heat sterilization to maintain quality as well as for safety. Delayed cooling in tightly enclosed areas, such as cardboard cartons, will decrease quality of the product. Storage conditions are vital to quality of canned foods. If stored in a light, rather than a dark place, light-sensitive colors will darken gradually. Some colors, such as carotenoids in tomatoes and carrots will gradually fade with prolonged storage. Storage temperatures between 40 to 50° F (4.5° to 10° C), if the spot is dry, are best for quality retention. Quality losses are increased when canned foods are stored at higher temperatures. For example, about a third of the vitamin C is lost if foods are stored a year at temperatures of 80° F (26° C) or higher. Storage temperatures between 50° to 70° F (10° to 21° C) are acceptable. Properly canned and stored foods should be safe to eat for more than two years. However, for top quality, it is best to can only the amount to be used in one year. Top quality home canned foods have rich, jewel-like colors, characteristic of the food canned. Colors are those of well-prepared foods ready to be served, rather than fresh uncooked foods or over-cooked foods. Light-colored foods should retain their color with no signs of darkening at tops of jars. Fruits should look neither under-ripe and hard, nor over-ripe and mushy. Vegetables ought to look young and tender, rather than old and starchy. Vegetables and fruits should be free of stems, cores, seeds, or pieces of skin, and be of uniform size, shape and color. 309 Freezing Freezing, like canning, does not improve food quality. Top quality fresh fruits and vegetables are essential for premium frozen products. Quality factors include a suitable variety for freezing, optimum maturity, and freshness of the product. Even with high quality, fresh produce, it is imperative to freeze foods on the day when they are at their peak of maturity or ripeness for eating fresh. Selection, sorting and trimming of produce and the quality control steps as related to color, flavor, and nutrient retention described for canning high quality fruits and vegetables apply equally to preservation by freezing. However, most vegetables must be blanched before packaging and freezing to prevent slow but accumulating effects of enzyme activity and autoxidation. These effects, if not prevented, will cause discoloration, oxidized flavors (sometimes described as tasting grassy or hay-like), and increased loss of vitamins, especially A and C. Proper blanching recommendations are contained in the USDA Home and Garden Bulletin No. 10, Home Freezing of Fruits and Vegetables. The quality of packaging materials used is reflected in overall quality of the frozen product. Packaging materials must be moisture-vapor- proof. This means there is no transfer of liquids or vapors from the inside to the outside, or from the outside to the inside of the frozen packages. In addition, fruits and vegetables must be packaged in containers with as little air inside as possible. Air left inside will oxidize the food, causing deterioration of color, flavor and nutrients. Proper sealing is essential for packaging quality frozen foods. If the seal itself is not moisture-vapor-proof, it becomes the weakest part of the package and poorer quality results. Adequate labeling helps assure that each package of food is used while at top quality. Packages kept too long will be of poor quality. Even with the finest produce and use of the best preparation and packaging procedures, retention of quality in frozen food is affected by how quickly food is frozen, the temperature of food stored in the freezer, and how long it is frozen before eating. For top quality, avoid freezing per day, more than two pounds of fresh packaged food per cubic foot capacity of your home freezer. Food packages to be frozen should be spread one package deep over the bottom or other areas designated by your freezer manufacturer. The freezer should be regulated to a uniform temperature between 0° F (-18° C) and minus 5° F (-21° C). A freezer temperature fluctuation of more than 5° F should be avoided if possible. Freezing too slowly, temperatures above 0° F, and temperature fluctuations in freezers increase the ice crystal size in frozen food, lower the quality and shorten the shelf life of food. Frozen foods should be used according to the guidelines in the 1974 Yearbook of Agriculture, Shoppers Guide. Quality frozen fruits and vegetables should have the natural color, texture and flavor of the individual food. There should be a minimum of ice crystals inside the package and no sign of freezer burn. Frozen foods should be higher in ascorbic acid and thiamin than canned foods. Vitamin C, including that leached into the juices, approaches 90 percent of the value of raw fruits. Drying Quality fruits and vegetables can be sun-dried or dried inside using an oven or a food dehydrator. As with other methods of preservation, quality of the final product will depend greatly on quality of the fresh food being dried. Drying does not improve the quality of any food. A top quality dried product reflects suitable pre-treatment before drying, and adequate drying under proper conditions. Also, appropriate storage after drying is vital to keep moisture from re-entering the dried product. Fruits may be dried more easily than vegetables, because of their high sugar content and since not as much moisture must be removed to get a quality product. When properly dried, fruits should be leathery and pliable, and have a color characteristic of the fruit. Excessive darkening indicates a less desirable, poorer quality product. Vegetables must be dried until they are brittle. The color should be characteristic of the vegetable and not excessively dark. To sum up, nutrient content of foods depends on natural differences, control of deterioration, and handling techniques of food preparation as well as preservation. Therefore, overall nutrient content of a specific fruit or vegetable, whether fresh or preserved, may be about the same. Top quality, garden fresh foods, served in season, provide the greatest satisfaction when served fresh as table-ready food. Individual preferences for market fresh, frozen canned, or dried food will differ. Since nutrient content is nearly the same, the choice is up to the consumer. Even more important is the choice of vegetables and fruits for a good diet. For Further Reading: Food editors of Farm Journal, How to Dry Fruits and Vegetables at Home, Countryside Press and Doubleday & Company (Dolphin 311 310 Books), 1975. $2.95. Hamilton, Louise W., Kuhn, Gerald D., Rugh, Karen A., with the food editors of Farm Journal, Home Canning—The Last Word, Countryside Press and Doubleday & Company (Dolphin Books), 1976. $2.95. US. Department of Agriculture, Home Canning of Fruits and Vegetables, H&G Bul. No. 8, on sale by Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 45¢. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Home Freezing of Fruits and Vegetables, H&G Bul. No. 10, on sale by Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 75¢. Economics of Home Food Preservation, or Is Do-It-Yourself Back to Stay? by Ruth N. Klippstein[3] Back-to-basics may turn out to be the theme song of the 1970’s as some of the simple activities of the past are rediscovered and practiced. Do-it-yourself is in. Nowhere is the trend more apparent than in the area of home production and preservation of the family food supply. Ten years ago no one would have dreamed the lowly canning jar lid would be the subject of Federal hearings. No one would have believed that an estimated one in four U.S. families would be raising and preserving a portion of their food supply. What motivates people to return to home food production and preservation? Are their expectations realistic? How extensive is their gardening? Will they continue a second year? Do they preserve any of their crop? These were among the questions posed by Stuhlmiller, How and Stone of Cornell University in 1975 to a group of gardeners in five upstate New York counties. When asked whether they gardened to save money, to have better quality food or just for a hobby or recreation, three-fourths of the 2,800 who replied hoped to save money, 54 percent considered gardening a hobby, while only 46 percent gardened for fresher food. Most said they preserved at least some of the food they grew. If this study is indicative of the country as a whole, it is important to realistically assess whether home food production and preservation can save substantial amounts of money and whether the satisfaction gained warrants the cost of time and energy expended. The actual costs of home food preservation, for example, should be considered. The cost of home grown food should be compared to the cost of similar food purchased for preservation in quantities at local farms or markets. The quality of the home preserved items should be realistically analyzed against readily available commercially preserved food. There is no such thing as free food. Someone, somewhere, has to pay for it in time, energy, know-how, and at least some outlay of dollars. Home production in amounts needed for food preservation requires a longtime commitment of family resources. Beginners should realize that realistic goals and reasonable skills in the field and kitchen are essential to make home preservation pay off. There are no general statistics citing the average dollar-cost needed to grow a given amount of fresh produce in a home garden. Conditions between individual gardens, weather, soil type, skill of operator, and geographic areas vary too much for valid comparisons. Extension specialists at Michigan State University, however, have computed the actual cost of raising tomatoes under home gardening conditions in East Lansing, Mich. They found it costs 12¢ to grow the amount of tomatoes (2½ to 3 pounds) needed for one quart, canned. A similar cost analysis for green beans showed that beans cost 30¢ for the amount needed for a quart. Only the expendable cost —seed, fertilizer, pesticides and water—was considered. Adding the expense for needed tools, hoses and other capital items raised the cost another 33¢ a quart if the cost were absorbed in one season or 2¢ if amortized over a 20-year period. Unfortunately, the first-year gardener will find that the outlay for tools must be spent the first year so that return for the investment requires a commitment to gardening over many years. Additional expenses are necessary if the bounty is to be preserved at home. Equipment for preserving tomatoes is minimal but equipment for canning vegetables and for freezing may be costly. Homemakers needing to invest in canners, a pressure canner, and home freezer will find that the dollar cost per package of food preserved during the first years of preservation may be higher than the cost of comparable food at the corner supermarket. The costs of canning peaches, tomatoes and green beans in upstate New York were calculated by the author in 1975 and updated for price changes in 1976 using a number of different cost variables. She found that those who canned tomatoes could realize substantial savings, while the cost of purchasing peaches and preserving them at home approximated the cost of the commercially canned peach. Determinations of the true cost of frozen food must consider the initial cost of the freezer plus the cost of operation and repair. Containers, plastic bags and boxes, or foil are additional costs. Evelyn Johnson in her Outlook Talk of 1975 quoted staff at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and Cornell University as reporting a cost of 20¢ to 24¢ per pound of food frozen just for the convenience of freezing and storing food at home. Add to this the price of the food being frozen for the correct cost of home-preserved frozen food. 312 Freezing is probably the most satisfactory method of home food preservation, the most versatile and the easiest to do. But for all except the very best managers who use the freezer intensively, the home freezer is more a convenience than a money saver. Needed equipment for home canning. Left, water bath canner, and right, pressure canner. Time, Energy Costs Raising a garden takes time over a significant number of months. As a hobby for table use, gardening can be a real pleasure. Skillful persons with the right tools and know-how can handle a garden of the size needed for home food preservation with a few hours of work a week, once the plants are well established. Novices can expect to spend a significantly greater amount of time per week during the four or five month growing season in northern areas and even more in areas with longer growing seasons. The author, an experienced gardener, kept records of the hours spent cultivating and harvesting a 20 by 40-foot garden, planted primarily for fresh consumption. Only three foods—tomatoes, green beans and cucumbers—were raised in amounts sufficient for a limited amount of home preservation. Over 40 person-hours were required. The actual grocery store value of the garden food consumed by the family of three was $45. Food given as gifts and preserved raised the dollar value to $75. Gardening often helps stretch cash income, but the dollar return is low for hours of effort. And poor weather may cause crop failures and small yields, regardless of effort. Food preservation also is time-consuming. Satisfactions. Why garden or preserve food at home? Most gardeners will cite a number of reasons: —The best of good fresh food with no unknown additives or ingredients —Healthy exercise —Family pleasure working together toward a goal —The joy of giving —The challenge of growing a seed into edible food —Prestige Cost of Home Food Preservation Energy Method Time Fuel Human effort Dollar cost from kitchen to table Quality satisfaction Freezing Minimal low High Low Very high Very high Canning Moderate Moderate High Moderate Moderate to high Drying High Moderate to high Moderate Moderate to high High (specialty items) Low, if only method available Pickling High Low Moderate []Depends upon type chosen High