Human Rights 1 RED Canadian Women for Women in Afghanistan Understanding Human Rights in Afghanistan Understanding Human Rights in Afghanistan Canadian Students as Global Citizens TEACHERS’ RESOURCE BOOKLET Introduction...................................................................................................................ii Addressing the diverse needs of students and learning styles.........................................ii Description of Resource................................................................................................iv Section 1: Presentation...............................................................................................iv Section 2: Interactive Game.......................................................................................iv Section 3: Activity and Resource Materials................................................................v Curriculum Connections................................................................................................v Background Situation in Afghanistan………………………………...…………………v Canadian Women for Women in Afghanistan............................................................xiv Additional Resources....................................................................................................xv What are human rights?.............................................................................................xv Web Sites.................................................................................................................xvi Evaluation Forms.....................................................................................................xviii Acknowledgements.......................................................................................................xx Appendix A – Pre-presentation activity and PowerPoint Presentation Script Appendix B – Interactive Card Game Appendix C – Character Analyses Appendix D – Suggestions for Action! Appendix E – Curriculum Connections Appendix F – Lesson Plans • Grades 4 – 6 ……………………………………………………………….. F-1 • Grades 7 – 12 ………………………………………………………………..F-19 This Education Kit was produced with the support of the Government of Canada through the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). Canadian Women for Women in Afghanistan i Resource Booklet www.w4wafghaneducation.ca Introduction “Understanding Human Rights in Afghanistan: Canadian Students as Global Citizens” is a resource kit for Canadian teachers to expand students’ understanding of human rights, particularly those of women and children in Afghanistan. This kit was developed by Canadian Women for Women in Afghanistan (CW4WAfghan) in partnership with International Development students from the University of Calgary and teachers from Grades 3 to 12; and was produced with the support of the Government of Canada through the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). CW4WAfghan is a volunteer solidarity network founded in 1996. Members from over ten chapters and affiliated groups across Canada are committed to raising awareness of the plight of women in Afghanistan. Through the use of this resource, Canadian students will learn about their own basic human rights and the concept of universality of human rights. Using Afghanistan as a case study, they will examine how and why human rights need to be protected and see examples of what life is like when these rights are taken away. Students are then challenged to find ways in which they can assist oppressed people around the world in reclaiming those rights. They learn that even as individuals, their contributions can make a difference in a global environment. The similarities between Afghan families and Canadian families are emphasized in order to help the students empathize with Afghan children and thus prompt them to want to contribute to a more secure, prosperous and equitable world for everyone. Students will learn that as a nation of peacemakers and peacekeepers, Canada plays an important role in the Global Village protecting and promoting human rights for all people worldwide. The Teachers’ Resource kit comprises: this Resource Booklet which includes background information and resources; a Power Point presentation and script; interactive game cards and instructions; and lesson plans tied to provincial curricula. Addressing the diverse needs of students and learning styles The diverse needs and learning styles of students are addressed by providing teachers with a selection of teaching tools through various media. Visual images form a large part of this resource, through the slide presentation and web site references. Discussion of issues provides a forum for using and developing verbal skills and independent thought processes. The game portion of the kit allows students to play-act the part of an Afghan person and express their feelings and reactions to various real-life situations. Lesson plans and book suggestions provide material for further exploration of the issues. Canadian Women for Women in Afghanistan ii Resource Booklet www.w4wafghaneducation.ca Suggestions for follow-up actions allow an opportunity for the students to take a leadership role in effecting change and to receive real feedback from their positive actions. Canadian Women for Women in Afghanistan iii Resource Booklet www.w4wafghaneducation.ca Description of Resource This teachers’ resource kit consists of three main sections which can be used together or separately. Students will need some background knowledge to use the Interactive Game, but this can be acquired through resources other than the Presentation (eg. Deborah Ellis’ book series “The Breadwinner”). All of the necessary materials can be downloaded from the web site www.w4wafghaneducation.ca. Section 1: Presentation The resource kit provides visual images through a PowerPoint presentation accompanied by a teacher’s script (Appendix A). This portion introduces the concept of human rights and how they apply to all people. Life in Afghanistan before, during and after the rule of the Taliban regime is discussed. Women and children’s human rights are highlighted and changes in accessibility to these rights can be discussed with the students. At the end of the script, suggested Questions and Answers are provided for further discussion. This Resource Booklet also gives a brief recent history of Afghanistan and information on some of the issues. Many more resources can be found on the internet and in print. Section 2: Interactive Game This interactive game helps students identify with the plight of the Afghan people by allowing them to follow the lives of individuals through the pre- to post-Taliban time frame in Afghanistan. Character card preparation and instructions are provided in Appendix B. Students work in groups of 2 or 3 and each group is assigned an Afghan character using a set of colour-coded Character Cards. Although the characters themselves are fictitious, their stories represent real situations that Afghan people have actually experienced. The colour coding represents four profile categories: 1) blue - urban affluent population, 2) green - urban middle-class, 3) yellow - rural middle-class, and 4) red - urban and rural poor. The number of cards in each colour set reflects approximate percentages of the actual Afghan population in each grouping. A Human Rights Chart listing basic human rights is also given out to each student group. The students are then instructed to gather in various parts of the room according to the colours on their character cards. This offers them a visual impression of the size of each profile category. The teacher and the class work together to fill out a human rights chart based on their own access to human rights. The children may then read the card labeled “1994”, representing life in Afghanistan before the rule of the Taliban. They are asked to identify some of the basic human rights that are represented in the life of their character and to record them on the human rights chart. They then move on to the card labeled “1996” and then the card labeled “present” representing the time frames during and after the reign of the Taliban. Discussion about the changes in access to human rights experienced Canadian Women for Women in Afghanistan iv Resource Booklet www.w4wafghaneducation.ca by the characters is encouraged and teachers are provided with key points for further exploration of the characters and their situations in the Character Analyses provided in Appendix C. Section 3: Activity and Resource Materials Suggestions for concrete actions that students can undertake either as individuals or as a group are provided in Appendix D. Resources in the form of printed materials, web addresses and suggested supplementary reading are also part of the kit. Lesson plans have been designed for grades four and up (see Appendix F). These activities provide students and teachers with the opportunity to further explore the relevant issues with their class in the time frame available to them. Curriculum Connections The project is linked to provincial curricula in the promotion of responsible citizenship. The desired learning outcomes are: the understanding of human rights as a universal goal; recognizing that the freedom to exercise human rights is different for Afghan people than it is for Canadians; and challenging Canadian students to actively participate as global citizens. A chart showing ties to the Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario and Quebec provincial curricula is provided in Appendix E. More detailed connections and updates to curricula will be available on our web site. Canadian Women for Women in Afghanistan v Resource Booklet www.w4wafghaneducation.ca Background Situation in Afghanistan Afghanistan is a country of great beauty and rich history. The country, about the size of Saskatchewan is home to approximately 30 million people of various ethnic and tribal origins. The Afghan people are world-renowned for their hospitality, courage and deep faith. In the 1960’s and earlier, Kabul, the capital was the Paris of Southeast Asia and the mountains and countryside were a trekker’s paradise. Afghanistan’s recent history however has been suffused with tragedy. Just as Afghan women were making progress on the path of emancipation and having their rights entrenched in the Afghan Constitution, the horrors of over 20 years of war began and sent the entire country back into the Stone Age. In the 1960’s women’s rights were expanding. Women formed an important and integral part of Afghan society. Over 70% of teachers, 40% of doctors and 50% of government workers were women. In the late 1970’s a fledgling communist movement began to gain momentum and culminated in the invasion of Afghanistan by the Soviets in 1979. Opposition, supported by the United States, Iran and Pakistan, grew in the form of the Mujahideen or “soldiers of God”. Civilians were caught in between these two forces, the Soviets endeavoring to eliminate opposition to their regime and the more extreme of the Mujahideen groups targeting women and the educated. Murder, rape, disappearances were common and could come from any front. The Soviets planted countless land mines throughout the country and destroyed entire villages in their endeavor to defeat the Mujahideen. By 1989 however, the Soviets, bankrupted by the war and defeated by the tenacity of the Afghans, withdrew from Afghanistan. Unfortunately, the international community at the time did not acknowledge the huge amount of devastation and the political void left by the Soviets’ departure, not to mention the large collection of arms they had supplied to the Mujahideen and the millions of land mines strewn across the country. In addition, because various factions had been supported by different sources outside the country, and were often pitted against each other for political gain, deep-seated hatred and fragmentation occurred within Afghanistan along tribal and ethnic lines. War was no longer confined to military personnel, but had spilled out into the population, deepening tensions and feelings of vengeance. Afghan civilians were left at the mercy these factions who fought against each other to gain power at the expense of the populace, to the point of almost completely destroying Kabul, the capital, between 1992 and 1994. Outside the capital, bandits and warlords ruled the roads and villages imposing tolls and ‘taxes’ at the residents’ peril. Again, those who suffered most were women and children. In 1994 a new movement began, that of the Taliban or “religious students”. At first, the population welcomed them as their strict decrees brought order to the brutal chaos that had overtaken the country. But as the Taliban’s laws became more and more restrictive in general and more and more brutal towards women, Afghans were once again thrown into turmoil and suffering. Many fled Taliban persecution to neighboring Pakistan and Canadian Women for Women in Afghanistan vi Resource Booklet www.w4wafghaneducation.ca Iran as well as to the West. In Kabul and other urban centers, the Taliban were particularly extreme in their punishments of the population as they cracked down on any apparent aspects of modernization. Some of the Taliban’s edicts were: • Women and girls are not allowed to attend school. • Women are not allowed to work. (The many widows had no means of supporting themselves and their families.) • Women are not allowed to seek medical care, especially from a male doctor. • Women must wear the all-encompassing burqa outside their homes and are not allowed outside their homes without being accompanied by a close male relative. • Women must not wear shoes that make noise or wear white socks. • Women cannot wear makeup, nail polish or any kind of embellishment. • Men must wear beards at least the length of their fists. • Music, TV, movies, radio (except for religious programs) are not allowed. Any deviation from these rules could be punished by beating, jailing or even execution. Sharia law was interpreted to its extreme and weekly amputations and executions were required to be witnessed by the population on Fridays at the soccer stadium. Although many teachers and students defied the Taliban by running and attending secret schools, this was done at great risk. For over six years the Taliban imposed these brutal laws on the population of Afghanistan. In October 2001, after the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center, U.S. Coalition forces bombed Afghanistan and with Afghan Northern Alliance forces, ousted the Taliban regime. Thousands of Afghan civilian casualties were reported, and unexploded ordnance from cluster bombs added to the peril of mines. As with the previous conflicts in Afghanistan yet another wave of refugees was created. Some 6 million Afghans comprised the largest population of refugees and internally displaced people. On December 22, 2001 a Transitional government of Afghanistan was appointed in Bonn, Germany including two women: Dr. Sima Samar, Vice Chair and Minister of Women’s Affairs and Dr. Suhaila Siddiqi as Minister of Health. Then, in June of 2002 a Loya Jirga, or Grand assembly was called and another transitional government was formed by election of a President, Hamid Karzai who then appointed a new cabinet. Afghan women were keen to participate, despite threats and intimidation by conservative elements and fundamentalists. The Loya Jirga was a major step in the establishment of a central authority in Afghanistan; however the process was fraught with controversy and accusations of intimidation by various parties. The result was seen by many Afghans to have given undue power to the “warlords” or former commanders of the Mujahideen armies. One of the fears is that human rights in Afghanistan will once again take a back seat to power struggles between these opposing factions. Afghanistan has not been spared natural disasters either. Earthquakes have ravaged the northern parts of the country. Years of drought have decimated crops and livelihoods. Canadian Women for Women in Afghanistan vii Resource Booklet www.w4wafghaneducation.ca Many farmers now rely on growing the opium poppy in order to support their families. Afghanistan has gone from supplying less than 2% or the world’s opium in 2001 to over 75% in 2003. The burqa, a symbol of oppression so often shown here in the West, is not the primary concern for Afghan women, insofar as it is a garment that they may or may not chose wear. The issue is that Afghan women do not yet feel secure enough to make that choice, because they still have reason to fear for their personal safety. More importantly, this insecurity is a major impediment to their freedom of movement and full participation in public life as well as their access to basic human rights such as health care, education and employment. The presence of the International Security and Assistance Force (ISAF) in Kabul has been a stabilizing factor within the capital, but the civilian police forces are not trained and not well paid. The central government does not yet have the resources to exercise control over areas outside the city and these remain very dangerous. The presence and continuing power of warlords in Afghanistan perpetrates the violence and oppression against women. Some still exert control in the government while others control entire provinces within Afghanistan and impose strict Taliban-type edicts on the population. The international community must ensure that the perpetrators of these human rights abuses are dealt with appropriately and prevented from imposing further suffering on Afghan women. Education is also a major concern for Afghan women. In March 2002, the Afghan school year re-opened and girls were once again attending classes after for some, a hiatus of six years. Education is seen as a priority in empowering women in Afghanistan and as an instrument for social change. The education of women has a direct positive impact on the physical and emotional health of the family as well as on national social-economic development. Afghanistan has one of the lowest literacy rates in the world at 15% for women and 47% for men. Even before the wars, access to education for rural women and girls was very restricted due to limited resources and access to educational facilities, as well as cultural barriers to girls’ education. Although many Afghan children have returned to school, the educational system has only limited capacity to accommodate them. Most schools lack such basics as desks, chairs, blackboards and textbooks, and many students cannot afford necessary supplies such as pencils and notebooks. Libraries, labs and technical shops were destroyed or looted during the wars. Afghan universities are in desperate straights as well with no textbooks or computers. Thousands more teachers are needed and many of those teaching at present have not been paid or have had to get second jobs to make ends meet. Often, families cannot afford to send older children to school because they need them to work to help support the family. In some of the more conservative areas, women and girls are not considered to require education or are actively discouraged from pursuing it. Some remnants of extremist Taliban supporters have even threatened families not to send their daughters to school and have waged attacks on the schools themselves. In most Canadian Women for Women in Afghanistan viii Resource Booklet www.w4wafghaneducation.ca