648 Appendices TABLE 22 Fatal and non-fatal casuallies by year 1915 1916 1917 1918 Total I 8 80 387 897 1372 2 16 75 339 682 1112 3 2 27 113 228 370 TOTAL 26 182 839 1807 2854 TABLE 23 Percentage of each type of casualty by year 1915 1916 1917 1918 I .6 5.8 28.2 65.4 2 l.4 6.7 30.5 61.3 3 .5 7.3 30.5 61.6 TABLE 24 Percentage or each year's casualties by type 1915 1916 1917 1918 I 30.8 44.0 46.I 49.6 2 61.5 41.2 40.4 37.7 3 7.7 14.8 13.S 12.6 1 Killed and missing 2 Wounded and injured 3 POW and interned Total X2 - 10.0 Critical xi .001 (6d0 - 22.5 significant figure here, these do serve to show the steadily increasing scale of the air war, and the increasing price that Canadians were paying in it. Table 25 is an analysis of RFC and RAF casualties in the programme as a propor tion of the total RFC/RAF casualties.• Even allowing for the incomplete nature of • It is obvious that the total RFC/RAF casualty figure for prisoners is very low for 1918. and it is suspected that these ngures. probably made up in the last days of the war. contain many indi viduals among the Missing who subsequently turned up as prisoners. A more complete total showed 8136 killed, died, or presumed dead and 7245 wounded and injured. 'Casualties, R F.C - R.A.F.; August 1914--0ct., 1918,' nd. Air 1/39/1517; 'Compiled by Royal Canadian Air Poree. Liaison Office, Air Ministry, L-0ndon. England, and copied from 11.Q. 1044-3-5,' 25 July 1935, GAQ 1~20J, PAC. RO 24, vol. 1839 Canadians in the British Flying Services 649 TABLE 25 Casualties in the <.'Omputer file as a proportion of total RH'/ RAF casualties 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918. Total Toto/ RF CIR 4F tas11a/1ies Killed & missing 14 129 604 2053 5105 8355 Wounded & injured 15 127 612 2369 3690 6813 row & interned 8 76 202 544 263 1093 TOTAL 37 332 1418 5416 9058 16.261 Rr c·tRA f Canadian cas11a/1ies in compwer.file Killed & missing 5 57 264 659 985 Wounded & injured 13 59 276 645 993 row & interned 2 22 89 217 330 TOTAL 20 138 629 1521 2308 Compwer./ile cas11a/1ies as percemage Qf 101nl c:as11a/1ies Killed & missing 3.9 9.4 10.5 12.9 11.8 Wounded & injured 10.2 9.6 11.7 17.5 14.6 POW & interned 2.6 10.9 16.4 82.5 30.2 TOTAL 6.0 9.7 11.6 16.8 14.2 • Figures for November 1918 are not included. the totals, an increasing degree of Canadianization of the flying services is sug gested by the increasing proportion of Canadian casualties, 6.0 per cent in 1915, 9.7 per cent in 1916. 11.6 per cent in 1917, and 16.8 per cent in 1918. CONCLUSION The reader must be well aware of the shortcomings of the statistical generaliza tions made from this computerized inventory. The entries represent neither a total population nor a random sampling, but rather a largely complete listing, with observed shortcomings in certain areas. For thjs reason, by no means all the data have been presented here, for large numbers of unknowns or clearly biased fields have made numbers of possible analyses vaJueless. What have been discussed here are results which, given the qualifications which have been stated, are seen as having some utility in statisticaJly describing the nature of Canada's contribution to the First World War through Canadian volunteers to the British flying services. Notes C"llAPTF.R I: MILITARY AVIATION BEFORE TllE FIRST WORLD WAR F.T. Miller, The World in the Air (New York 1930); C.F. Snowden Gamble, The Air Weapon (London 1931), I, 1-73; F.S. Haydon, Aeronautics in the Union and Co1ifederate Armies, with a Survey qf Military Aeronawics prior 10 1861 (Baltimore 1941) 2 F.H. Hitchins. 'Pin Points in the Past,' Roundel, VIII, June 1956, 24-5; Royal Engineers Journal. xv. 1 May 1885. 114; xv. l June 1885. 119; xxx. 1 Feb. 1900, 21; XXXI, I Nov. 1901, 195; XXXll, 1 April 1902, 51-6 3 M.W. McFarland, The Papers qf Wilbur and Orville Wrig/11 (New York 1953), I, 394-7, II, 886 ff; C.H. Gibbs-Smith. The Aeroplane: a11 His10rica/ Survey qfits Origins and Development (London 1960). 224-9 4 H. Gordon Green, The Silver Dart (Fredericton 1959). 33-64; J.H. Parkin, Bell and Baldwin: their Development qfA erodromes and Hydrodromes at Baddeck, Nova Scotia (Toronto 1964), 40-76 5 The Royal Aero Club of the United Kingdom. Year Book. 1920-21-22-23 (London nd). 98-103 6 Peter Lewis, Bri1ish Aircra.ft. 1809-1914 (London 1962). 183-201: Flight. 3 Sept. 1910, 709-10; Snowden Gamble. Air Weapon, I, 74-101 7 David James, Lord Rober1s (London 1954), 436; Sir Frederick Sykes, From Many Angles (London 1942), 90-1; Snowden Gamble, Air Weapon, 1, 124-5; Sir Walter Raleigh, The War in 1he A Ir: being the Sto1y of the Par1 played in 1he Great War by 1he Royal Air Force, I (London 1922), 172-4; Fligh1, 30 Sept. 1911, 838, 848 8 Flig/11, 29 May 1909, 308; Raleigh, War in the Air, I, 159 9 Flight, 8 Oct. 1910, 824; 25 Feb. 1911, 160; 4 March 1911, 179; Snowden Gamble, Air Weapon, I, 117-20 10 G.O. Squier, 'The Present Status of Military Aeronautics,' Flight, 21 Feb. 1909, 121; 17 Sept. 1910, 759; 24 Sept. 1910, 782; 8 Oct. 1910, 827; 24 Dec. 1910, 1059; 18 Feb. 1911, 148; Arthur Sweetser, The American Air Service (New York 1919), 8- 10; Erich Ludendorff, The General Staff and its Problems: the History of the Relations between the High Command and the German Imperial Government as revealed by Official Documents, F.A. Holt, trans. (London 1920), I, 32-3 652 Notes to Pages 6-10 11 Great Britain, Parliament, Memorandum on Naval and Military Aviation (Papers by Command, Cd 6067; London 1912), 2. See also Raleigh, War in the Air, I, 198-9. 12 Raleigh, War in the Air, I, 199-201 13 Memorandum on Naval and Military Aviation, 8; Great Britain, War Office, Field Service Regulatio11s, Part/, Operations, 1909, (reprinted, with amendments, 1914) (London 1914), 20-1, 126-9; 'Air Power,' Naval Review, I, 1911, 57-75 14 Raleigh, War i11 the Air, 1, 206-8; Journal of the Royal United Service Institution, LVll. Jan. 1913. 130: LVll. Feb. 1913, 270: LIX. Aug.-Nov. 1914, 299-301: Flight, 27 April 1912, 379 15 Great Britain, Parliament, Military Aeroplane Competition, 1912: Report Q( Judges Com mi11ee (Papers by Command, Cd 6286: London 1912): Flight, 25 Feb. 1911, 156-7: 23 Dec. 1911,: Lewis. British Aircraft. 198-9: G.R. Duval, British Flying Boats and Amphibians. 1909-1952 (London 1966). 9-15. 156-7 16 Raleigh, War in the Air, 1, 224-9; McCurdy to Maunsell, 29 Aug. 1910, HO 6978-4, PAC. RG 24, vol. 2047; Flight, I Ocl. 1910, 802; 8 Oct. 1910, 824; 11 March 1911, 198-9 17 Journal of the Royal United Service Institution, Lv , Oct 1911, 1388; Lv I, Feb. 1912, 285; Ludendorff, General Stajf, 1, 47-8; Field Service Regulations, 21; Joumal of the Royal Artillery, x LI, 338-9 18 Journal of the Royal United Service Institution, Lv 1, July 1912, 1062; LV I, Nov. 1912, 1612; LVll, Dec. 1913, 1680-1; Flight, 9 Nov. 1912, 1029: 4 Jan. 1913, 19; 11 Jan. 1913, 45; 6 Dec. 1913, 1332-3 19 W.F. Reid, 'The Use of Explosives in Aerial Warfare,' Joumal of the Royal United Service Institution, LV, June 1911, 735-419; Flight, 9 July 1910, 531: 26 Aug. 1911, 748: 11 Nov. 1911, 989; 27 April 1912, 380; 8 June 1912, 518; 9 Nov. 1912, 1035; 23 Nov. 1912, !091: 7 Dec. 1912, 1137; 25 Jan. 1913, 89 20 Raleigh, War in the Air. 1, 466-7; Flight. 28 Jan. 1911, 67; Journal of the Royal United Service Institution, LVI, July 1912, 1059 21 Detailed information on air organization, equipmem, and strengths for the European air forces prior to the outbreak of war can be found in Raleigh, War in the Air, 1, 198-276, 357-8; W.M. Lamberton and IE.F. Cheesman, Reconnaissance and Bomber Aircraft of the 1914-1918 War (Letchworth, Herts. 1962); J.M. Bruce, British Aeroplanes, 1914-1918 (London 1957), 35o-6, 476-9; Joumal of the Royal United Service Institution, LV (1911}-L VIII (1914); Handbook of the German Army, Home and Colonial (London 1912), 186-8; E. von Hoeppner, De11tschlands Krieg in der Luft (Leipzig 1923), l-6, DHist SGR 1 196, Set 3a; Ludendorff, General Stajf, 1, 37-43: D.H. Robinson, The Zeppelin in Combat: a History of the German Naval Airship Division, 1912-1918 (London 1966), 18-31; G.P. Neumann, The German Air Force in the Great War (London 1920), 57-60 22 J.H. Parkin, 'Wallace Rupert Turnbull, l 871H 954: Canadian Pioneer of Scientific Aviation,' Canadian Aeronautical Journal. 11. Jan. 1956, 2-10; 11, Feb. 1956. 39-48; L'Etoile to Minister of Militia and Defence, 27 Sept. 1886, and reply, 7 Oct. 1886, Caron Papers, PAC. MG 27 1 D 3, vol. 96, 9752, and vol. 17, 299 23 MGO to Militia Council, 26 April 1909, HQ 6978-2-2, PAC. RG 24, vol. 2034 24 Secretary, Militia Council, lo MGO, 5 May 1909, ibid. 25 Evening Journal (Ottawa), 29 March 1909, 6, 10; Parkin, Bell and Baldwin, 274-311 Notes to Pages 11-16 653 26 Grey to Crewe, 11 March 1909, HQ 6978-4, PAC. RG 24, vol. 2047: submission to Militia Council. 4 May 1909, HQ 6978-2-2. ibid., vol. 2034 27 Minutes of the Militia Council, May 4, 1909 (Ottawa 1909); Fiset to Bell, 7 May 1909, Baldwin and McCurdy to Secretary, Militia Council, 14 May 1909, HQ 6978-4, PAC. RG 24, vol. 2047 28 McCurdy to Secretary, Militia Council, 8 June 1909, Maunsell to Bogart, 14 June 1909, HQ 6978-4, PAC. RG 24, vol. 2047 29 Bogart to Director of Engineer Services, 19 June 1909, minute of MGO, 22 June 1909, ibid.: Green, Sillier Dart, x, 107-9: A.J. Kerry and W.A. McDilJ, The History of the Corps of Royal Canadian Engineers (Ottawa 1962). 1. 56 30 Evening Journal, 26 July 1909, I; News (Toronto), 26 July 1909, I; 6 Aug. 1909. 1-2: 7 Aug. 1929, I 31 Bogart to Director of Engineer Services. 6 Aug. 1909, llQ 6978-4, PAC. RG 24, vol. 2047; Winnipeg Telegram, 3 Aug. 1909, I: Toronto Star, 3 Aug. 1909; Globe (Toronto), 3 Aug. 1909 32 Evening Citizen (Ottawa), 12 Aug. 1909, I; Maunsell to MGO, 15 Aug. 1909. llQ 6978-4, PAC. RG 24, vol. 2047 33 Evening Citizen, 12 Aug. 1909, I 34 Ibid. 35 Evening Citizen, 13 Aug. 1909, 3; Maunsell to MGO, 15 Aug. 1909, HQ 6978-4, PAC. RG 24, vol. 2047 36 Saturday Evening Citizen (Ottawa), 14 Aug. 1909, I 37 Mccurdy to Maunsell. 21, 28, 30 Oct. and 2 Nov. 1909, Maunsell to McCurdy, 6 Nov. 1909, llQ 6978-4, PAC. RG 24, vol. 2047 38 Canada, Parliament, House of Commons, Debates, 25 Nov. 1909. col. 446 39 Ibid., 13 Dec. 1909, 1369 40 Lohner biographical file, DHist 41 Evening Journal, 14 March 1910, I 42 Lohner biographical file. DHist 43 MGO to McCurdy and Baldwin, 3 March 1910, Baldwin and McCurdy to Secretary, Militia Council, 3 March 1910, Maunsell, 'Notes on Aerodrome Flights,' 17 March 19!0, HQ 6978-4, PAC. RC 24. vol. 2047 44 Baldwin and McCurdy to Secretary, Militia Council. 10 March 1910, Maunsell to MGO, 21 March 19!0, ibid. 45 'Summary of Report of the Director of Engineer Services on his Visit to the Canadian Aerodrome Company of Baddeck, N.S.,' 29 March 1910, MGO to Secretary, Militia Council, 21 March 1910, ibid. 46 Minutes of the Militia Council, April 5, 191 O; Minister of Militia and Defence to Governor General, 7 April 1910, HQ 6978-4, PAC. RC 24, vol. 2047 47 Fiset minute, 26 April 1910, MGO to Fiset, 7 May 1910. Fiset minute, 9 May 1910, Minister to Council, 16 May 1910. Maunsell to McCurdy and Baldwin, 10 June 1910, Fiset to McCurdy and Baldwin, 16 June 1910, ibid.; Minutes of the Militia Council, May JO, 1910 48 Maunsell to MCO, 29 Aug. 1910, minute of Secretary, Militia Council, 17 Sept. 1910, McCurdy to Maunsell. 29 Aug. 1910, Maunsell to McCurdy, I Sept. 1910, HQ 6978-4, PAC. RG 24, vol. 2047 654 Notes to Pages 16-30 49 Maunsell and Fiset to Miojster. 10 Nov. 1911, HQ 6978-2-30, ibid., vol. 2035 50 Maunsell to Fiset. 28 Nov. 1911, Fiset to Governor General, 28 Nov. 1911, War Office to Colonial Office (for transmission to Canada), 2 Feb. 1912, HQ 6978--4, ibid., vol. 2047 51 Maunsell to MGO, 19 Feb. 1912, ibid. 52 MGO to CGS, 22 Feb. 1912, CGS minute, 6 March 1912, MGO to Deputy Minister, 13 March 1912, Deputy Minister minute, 14 March 1912, ibid. 53 Maunsell to MGO, 18 Nov. 1912, HQ 6978-2-37, ibid., vol. 2035 54 cos to MGO, 23 Nov. 1912, ibid. 55 AG to GOC 6 Division, 2 Aug. 1912, note of Adjutant, RCE, 5 Dec. 1912, Maunsell minute, 3 Dec. 1912, ibid.; Kerry and McDill, Royal Canadian En~ineers, t, 55 CHAPTER 2: RECRUITING A D TRAINING IN CANADA. 1914-16 Globe (Toronto), 26 July 1909, 1-2; Evening Citizen (Ottawa), 26 July 1909, l, 7; 10 Aug. 1909, 5; l e So/ell (Quebec), 26 July 1909, I; 27 July 1909, I; Manitoba Free Press, 4 July 1914, Women's Section, J; 'Come Josephine .. .' was copyrighted in 1910. 2 See, for example, LP Soleil, 29 July 1909, 4; 31 July 1909, I; C.F. Winter, lie11- tena11t-Ge11eral the Hon. Sir Sam Hughes, K.C.B., M.P.: Canada's War Minister 1911- 1916 (Toronto 1931). 104-5. 3 PC 2389, 17 Sept. 1914 4 Evening Citizen, 15 Feb. 1915, I; Globe, 15 Feb. 1915, I; 16 Feb. 1915, 1-2 5 Daily Mail and Empire (Toronto), 16 Feb. 1915, 10 6 'List of Aviators who have Volunteered for Service,' [ 1 Sept. 19141. HQ 6978-2-62, vol. I. PAC. RG 24, vol. 2031; Maunsell minute, 27 Aug. 1914, HQ 6978-2--41, ibid., vol. 2035; Kennedy to Borden, 14 Oct. 1914, Maunsell minute, 29 Jan. 1915, HQ 6978-2-72, ibid., vol. 2037 7 Maunsell rrunute, 14 Nov. 1914, Gwatkin minute, 18 Nov. 1914, Maunsell to Kennedy, 19 Nov. 1914 and generally, ibid. 8 Gwatkin minute, 3 Sept. 1914, HQ 6978-2-62, vol. 1, ibid., vol. 2031; F.H. Ellis, Canada's Flying Heritage (Toronto 1954), 43 9 War Office to Hughes, cipher, 31 Aug. 1914, HQ 6978-2-62, vol. 1, PAC. RG 24, vol. 2031 10 HQ 6978-2-64, ibid., vol. 2037 11 Quoted in Gwatkin to Under-Secretary of State for External Affairs, 16 Sept. 1914, ibid. 12 'Extracts from Leuer Dated September 26th 1914 from the Burgess Company,' enclosure in [Slade) to Sharpe, 29 Sept. 1914, HQ 6978-2-68, ibid. 13 Janney to oc. CEF, Bustard Camp, Salisbury Plain, PAC. RG 9 111, vol. 381; Adjutant-General to Alderson, 20 Nov. 1914, Deputy Minister of Militia to Gover nor General, 28 Dec. 1914, HQ 593-2--46, PAC. RG 24, vol. 488 14 Stanton to Gwatkin, 23 Feb. 1915, enclosing Colonial Office to War Office, 7 Feb. 1915, HQ 6978-2-92, vol. I, ibid., vol. 2032 15 F.H. Hitchins, 'Recruiting in Canada for the R.F.c.,' 1-2, Hitchins Papers, DHist 75/514, file olO Notes to Pages 3~7 655 I 6 Gwatkin to Stanton, 27 and 28 Feb. I 915, Gwatkin to Divisions and Districts, 9 March 19 I 5, enclosure of I 3 March I 9 I 5 in British Embassy, Washington, to Governor General, n March 1915, HQ 6978-2-92, vol. I, PAC. RG 24, vol. 2032 17 McCurdy to Borden. 22 Dec. 1914, 3 Feb. 1915, Borden to McCurdy, 6 Feb. 1915, Christie to McCurdy, 18 March 1915, Mccurdy Papers, DHist 76/253, files I and 2: Governor General to Secretary of State for the Colonies, 6 Feb., 3 March 1915, Secretary of State for the Colonies to Governor General, 15 March 1915, GAQ I0-20K, PAC. RG 24, vol. 1839 18 Deputy Minister, DNS, to Deputy Minister of Militia, 16 April 1915, llQ 6978-2-92, vol. I, PAC. RG 24, vol. 2032; Hitchins, 'RNAS Recruiting 1915,' 1, Hitchins Papers, DHist 75/514, file OJ I9 'Regulations for Special Entry in Canada into the Royal Naval Air Service,' DHist I 12AH.001 (03) 20 Daily Mail and Empire, I I May 1915, 4; Curtiss School logbook, PAC. MG 28 111 65 21 Hitchins, 'Recruiting ... for the R.F.c.,' 4-6; Logan to RCAF Historical Section, 17 March 1962. DHist l 12AH.001 (o3) 22 Quoted in Hitchins, •Recruiting ... for the R.F.c.,' 7-8 23 Curtiss logbook, PAC. MG 28 111 65; Hitchins, 'Recruiting ... for the R.F.C.,' 8; Ross-Hume to MA I, 16 Sept. and reply of same date, Air 2/13/058/4047 24 Governor General to Secretary of State for the Colonies, 6 Oct. 1915, Secretary of State for the Colonies to Governor General, 10 Nov. 1915, Air 1/656/17/122/552: Globe, 14 Sept. 1915, 6; 25 Oct. 1915, 3; 7 Nov. 1915, 8: 16 Nov. 1915, 6: 18 Nov. 1915, 7; Curtiss logbook, PAC. MG 28 111 65; interview with Air Marshal Robert Leckie, May 1964; Henderson to Stanton, 19 Nov. 1915, Air 2113/058/4047; War Office to Governor General, 18 Nov. 1915, HQ 6978-2-92, vol. 3, PAC. RG 24, vol. 2032 25 Colonial Office to Governor General, 20 Sept. 1915, enclosing War Office to Colonial Office, IO Sept. 1915, HQ 6978-2-92, vol. 2, PAC. RG 24, vol. 2032; Henderson to Stanton, 20 Oct. I 915, Air 2/13/058/4047; Hitchins, 'Recruiting ... for the RFC,' 10-1 I 26 Kingsmill to Commanding Officer, HMCS Niobe, 22 Nov. 1915, NSS 40-3-2, PAC. RG 24, vol. 5636; Niobe pay ledgers, PARC; R. Collishaw, 'Canadian Volunteers and the Royal Naval Air Service,' DHist I 12AH.001 (o3); Secretary, DNS, 10 RNAS candidate, 22 Nov. 1915, ibid. 27 Quoted in Hitchins, 'Recruiting ... for the R.F.c.,' 9 28 Air 2/13/058/4066 29 Burke to Marindin, 19 Dec. 1915, ibid. 30 Goldney to McCurdy, 24 June 1916, Mccurdy Papers, DHist 76/253, file 3 31 War Office to Colonial Office, 9 Feb. 1916, Air 2/13/058/4066 32 Stanton to Gwatkin, 26 June 1916, HQ 6978-2-92, vol. 4, PAC. RG 24, vol. 2033; Stanton to Gwatkin, 25 March 1916, MQ 6978-2-125, ibid., vol. 2039 33 Globe, 13 May 1916, 5; Curtiss logbook, PAC. MG 28 Ill 65 34 Canada, Department of the Naval Service, Report .. .for the Fiscal Year ending March 31, 1919 (Session.al Paper no 39; Ottawa 1920); H.A. Jones, The War in the Air: being the Story of the Part played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force, v (London 1935), 459; Navy List, 1916, II, 965 656 Notes to Pages 37-45 35 'Regulations for the Special Entry in Canada of Officers and Men for the Royal Fly ing Corps, Military Wing,' HQ 6978-2-62, vol. I, PAC. RG 24, vol. 2031; Brancker to Stanton, Aug. 1916 and enclosure, Air 2/9/8718060 36 Robert Laird Borden, Robert laird Borden: His Memoirs. Henry Borden, ed. (Toronto 1938), 11, 603-4; Borden to Foster, 14 July 1916, Perley Papers, PAC. MG 27 11 D 12, vol. 5; Globe, 20 March 1916, 9 37 Hitchins, 'Recruiting ... forthe R.F.C.,' 18-20; Warner to Innis-Ker, 17 Nov. 1916, confirming cable of 15 Nov. 1916. Air 2/9/8718060 38 Admiralty Monthly Orders, 2027116. 16 Aug. 1916; DHist I 12AH.001 (o3) 39 Globe, 11 Aug. 1916, 6; City of Toronto Council minutes, 1918, App. A, 933; City of Toronto, unpublished statement of year-end summaries (receipts and disburse ments); PC 1008, I May 1915; Curtiss logbook, PAC. MG 28 111 65 40 It is not possible to give a specific reference or references to support these figures. They are based, inter alia. on the following sources: Canada, Parliament, House of Commons, Debates, 27 May 1919, 2969; HQ 6978-2-92, vols. 1-6, PAC. RG 24, vols. 2032-3; Canada, Overseas Military Forces of Canada, Report of the Ministry: Overseas Military Forces of Canada, 1918 (London nd), 345-7; Curtiss logbook, PAC. MG 28 111 65; 'RFC-RNAS Recruiting in Canada,' DHist 112AH.001 (o3) 41 Globe, 15 May 1915. 23 42 Marindin to Merritt, 18 Feb. 1916. Merrill 10Gwatkin, 16Sept. 1916, llQ 6978-2-125, PAC. RG 24. vol. 2039; Montreal Herald and Daily Telegraph, 8 Sept. 1916, 3; Stanton to Brancker, 18 Aug. 1916, Air 2/9/87/8060 43 Secretary, Canadian Aircraft Works, to Department of Militia, 7, 21 Nov. 1914, 11Q 6978-2-80, PAC. RG 24, vol. 2037 44 Toronto World, 2 April 1915, 1-2; 14 April 1915, 6; 6 May 1915, 1-2; Ellis, Canada's Flying Heritage, 113-18 45 R.V. Dodds, 'When the Canadians Took Over u.s. Flying Schools,' Flight, LIX, Feb. 1969, 28-32 46 Breadner to his father, [October 1915], Breadner Papers, DHist 741707. folder A. file 2 47 Carter. 'Difficulties of Enlisting to Serve in Air Services in the Beginnings of Air War in the First World War, 1914-18,' A.W. Carter biographical file, DHist 48 Ibid.; Carter to Dodds. 10 April 1963. Carter Papers. DHist 761137. file A2 49 'The M.F.P. Tractor Biplane.' Flight, v111, June 1916, 504-7; C.W. Thomas, 'The Polson Iron Works Biplane,' Aircraft, xx1, May 1959, 31; K.M. Molson, 'Aircraft Manufacturing in Canada during the First Great War,' Canadian Aeronautical Journal, v, Feb. 1959, 54 50 Governor General to Secretary of State for the Colonies, 6 Oct. 1915, Air 1/ 656117 I 122/552; M.R. Riddell, 'The Development and Future of Aviation in Canada,' Journal of the Engineering Institute of Canada, II, March 1919, 200-9; K.M. Molson, 'The CURTISS CANADA ... a Canadian First,' Aircraft, xxv, May 1963, 16 51 Imperial Munitions Board to Ministry of Munitions, 9, 24 May 1916, Air 2/127/ 812062; 'Memorandum on Development of the Royal Flying Corps in Canada.' Air 2/l66/RU4527; Hitchins, •Aircraft Construction in Canada,' 11, Hitchins Papers, DHist 75/514, file o9 52 Toronto World, 15 March 1916, 6 Notes to Pages 46-SS 657 CllAPTER 3: SIR SAM HUGHES. THE AVIATION LOBBY. AND CANADIAN AIR POLICY. 1914-16 1 Thacker to Militia Council, 22 Sept. 1914, Gwatkin to Maunsell, 8 Oct. 1914, HQ 6978-2~7. PAC. RG 24, vol. 2037 2 Borden to Perley, 9 Oct. 1914, P-2-29, PAC. RG 25, vol. 253; draft cable of MaunseU, 8 Oct. 1914, Perley to Borden, 21 Oct. 1914, Gwatkin to Slade, 22 Oct. 1914, HQ 6978-2~8. PAC. RG 24, vol. 2037 3 Gwatkin to Bennett, 2 Dec. 1914, Gwatkin Papers, PAC. MG 30 E 51 4 McCurdy to Hughes, 21 Dec. 1914, Mccurdy Papers, DHist 76/253, file I 5 McCurdy to Borden, 22 and 30 Dec. 1914, 3 Feb., 16 April 1915. Borden to Mccurdy, 6 Feb. 1915, ibid., files land 2; Governor General to Secretary of State for the Colonies, 6 Feb., 3 March l 915, Secretary of State for the Colonies to Governor General, 15 March 1915, GAQ 10-20K, PAC. RG 24, vol. 1839 6 Brewer, 'Outline of Proposed Canadian Aviation Corps,' Oct. 1914, Cooper to Brancker, 12 Oct. 1914, Brancker minute, 23 Oct. 1914, Air 2/6/87/4069; cfS.F. Wise. 'The Borden Government and the Formation of a Canadian Flying Corps, 1911-1916,' Michael Cross and Robert Bothwell, eds., Policy by 01her Means: Essays in Honour of C.P. Stacey (Toronto 1972), 126. Brancker's flowing hand led the author of this article to misread 'ten squadrons' for 'this squadron.' 7 F.H. Hitchins, 'Dominion Squadrons, 1915-1918,' 1-2, Hitchins Papers, DHist 75/514, file o I. While serving as a member of the RCAF Historical Section during the Second World War, Dr Hitchins had access to a number of Air Historical Board files which were subsequently destroyed. 8 Under-Secretary of State, Colonial Office, to Secretary, Office of the High Commis sioner for Canada, 18 Sept. 1915, enclosing War Office proPosal of 10 Sept. 1915, c-9-91, PAC. RG 25, vol. 151 9 Gwatkin to Stanton, 13 and 21 Oct. 1915, Stanton to Gwatkin, 15 Oct. 1915, Owatkin to Adjutant-General, 21 Oct. 1915, Fiset to Pope, 21 Oct. 1915, HQ 6978-2-92, vol. 2, PAC. RG 24, vol. 2032; Henderson to Stanton, 20 Oct. 1915, Air 2/13/058/4047 10 Merritt to Borden, 20 March 1916, HQ 6978-2-125, PAC. RO 24. vol. 2039; Monrreal Herald and Daily Telegraph, 8 Sept. 1916, 3 11 Quoted in Merritt to Borden, 20 March 1916, HQ 6978-2-125. PAC. RG 24, vol. 2039 12 Marindin to Merritt, 18 Feb. 1916, ibid. 13 Kemp to Gwatkin, 31 March 1916, ibid. 14 Toronto World, 29 March 1916, 6 15 Merritt to Borden, 20 March 1916, HQ 6978-2-125, PAC. RG 24, vol. 2039 16 Gwatkin to Stanton, 7 April 1916, Militia Council minutes, 19 April 1916, Stanton to Gwatkin, 27 April 1916, Borden to Merritt, 28 April 1916, Gwatkin to Adjutant General, 13 May 1916, ibid; PC 1008, 1 May 1916 17 Canada, Parliament, House of Commons, Debates, 14 April 1916, 2895~, 2898-900 18 Toronto Star, 8 April 1916, 10 19 Ibid., I Sept. 1916, 8; Toronto World, 12 June 1916, 6; 7 Sept. 1916, 6; 26 Sept. 1916, 6; 3 Oct. 1916, 6 20 Merritt to Gwatkin, 27 July, 28 Aug. 1916, Gwatkin to Merritt, 30 July 1916, HQ 6978-2-125, PAC, RG 24, vol. 2039; J.C. Hopkins, Canadian Annual Review, 1916 658 Notes to Pages 56-64 (Toronto 1917), 301; Hearst lo Borden, 12 Oct. 1916, Borden Papers, PAC. MG 26 H, vol. 74, 38631-2 21 Merritt to Gwatkin, 16 Sept. 1916, HQ 6978-2-125, PAC. RG 24, vol. 2039 22 Gwatkin to Merritt, 5 Sept. 1916. ibid. 23 Newspaper clipping (unidentified), c March 1916, Dinnick to Harvey, 2 Oct. 1916, Air 2/127/812062; Hopkins, Canadian Annual Review, 1916, 301 24 Dinnick to Air Board, 5 June 1916, Air 2/127/812062 25 Dinnick co Henderson, 8 May 1916, 'Building Aeroplanes at Cost, Toronto, Canada,' 13 May 1916·. ibid. 26 Brand to Perry, 27 April 1916, Perry to Brand, 5 May 1916, ibid. 27 David Carnegie, History of Munitions Supply in Canada, 1914-1918 (London 1925), 95-100 28 Perry lo Brand, 9 May 1916. Air 2/127/812062 29 Perry to Brand, 27 May 1916, ibid. 30 Brand co Perry, 15 and 23 May 1916, ibid.; Borden to Perley, 19 May 1916, Borden Papers, PAC. MG 26 H, vol. 74, 38566 31 Perry 10 Brand, 24 May 1916, Air 2/l27/el2062 32 Perry 10 Brand, 25 May 1916, ibid. 33 McCurdy to Kemp, n March 1916, McCurdy Papers, DHist 76/253, file 3 34 McCurdy to Desbarats:, 12 April 1916, ibid.; Borden to Perley, 11 April 1916, P-5-94, p AC. RG 25, vol. 267 35 Perley lo Borden, 4 May 1916. Borden Papers, PAC. MG 26 H, vol. 74, 38567 36 Perley to Borden, 8 May 1916, ibid., 38564-5 37 Gwatkin to Christie, 9 May 1916, Gwatkin Papers, PA c. MG 30 I?. 51 38 Memorandum [Christie to Borden), 15 May 1916, Borden Papers, PAC. MG 26 11, vol. 74, 38568-70 39 Borden Lo Perley, 19 May 1916, Perley to Borden, 22 May 1916, ibid., 38566, 38571-3 40 Brand to Curzon, 25 May 1916, Harvey, 'Notes of Meeting with Brand,' 26 May 1916, McCurdy to Curzon, 26 May 1916, Harvey, 'Notes of Interview with McCurdy,' 30 May 1916, Stanley to Baird, 31 May 1916, Air 2/127/el2062 41 Baird to Sydenham, 2 June 1916, McCurdy lO Harvey, 6 June 1916, Baird to Sydenham, 6 June 1916, ibid.; Gordon Bruce, 'Canadian Flying Corps; Offer to the Air Board,' Daily Maif (London), 3 June 1916, clipping in P-5-94, PAC. RG 25, vol. 267 42 Baird to Sydenham, 2 June 1916, Harvey, 'Canadian School of Aviation and Factory,' June 1916, Air 2/127/e12062 43 Admiralty to Air Board, 16 June 1916, War Office to Treasury, 27 June 1916, Brancker to Harvey, 30 June 1916, Brancker 10 DFS, 30 June 1916, Treasury to Air Board, 30 June 1916, Treasury to War Office, 4 July 1916, ibid. 44 Air Board minutes, 7 July 1916, ibid. 45 Brand to Harvey, 8 July 1916, Brand to Flavelle, 9 July 1916, Perry to Borden, 18 July 1916, ibid. 46 Harvey to Curzon, 5 Aug. 1916. ibid.; White to Borden, 19 July 1916, Borden Papers, PAC. MG 26 H, vol. 74, 38565A 47 Bonar Law to Governor General, 11 Aug. 1916, ibid., 38587