CANADA'S COMMUNITY COLLEGES This page intentionally left blank CANADA'S COMMUNITY COLLEGES A Critical Analysis John D. Dennison and Paul Gallagher UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA PRESS VANCOUVER 1986 Canada's Community Colleges: A Critical Analysis © University of British Columbia Press 1986 All rights reserved This book has been published with the assistance of a grant from the Social Science Federation of Canada, using funds provided by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Dennison, John D., 1929- Canada's community colleges Includes index. Bibliography: p. ISBN 0-7748-0249-9 1. Community colleges—Canada. 2. Technical education—Canada. I. Gallagher, Paul, 1929- II. Title. LB2328.D45 1986 378'.1543'0971 C86-091173-X International Standard Book Number 0-7748-0249-9 Printed in Canada CONTENTS Introduction 1 PART I—ORIGINS AND HISTORY 1. Influences on Community College Development 11 2. New Colleges across Canada 17 3. Characteristics of Canada's Community Colleges 69 4. Transition to Today: The Emergence of College Systems 81 PART II—ISSUES FOR THE FUTURE 5. Colleges and the Future 133 6. Colleges as Institutions IDENTITY 141 ACCESSIBILITY 157 ORGANIZATION 168 7. The Politics of Colleges GOVERNANCE AND GOVERNMENTS 178 MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP 195 LABOUR RELATIONS 212 8. Colleges and Excellence IMPROVEMENT OF INSTRUCTION 229 GENERAL EDUCATION 237 INSTITUTIONAL EVALUATION 252 RESEARCH 262 9. Colleges and Canada 273 vi Appendices A. A Roster of Non-University Post-Secondary Institutions in Canada 285 Maps 290 B. Current Statistical Information on Colleges in Canada 293 C. National Research Agenda Questionnaire 297 D. Canada's "First" Community College 301 Notes 303 Canadian Bibliography on Colleges in Canada 317 Index 355 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Colleagues throughout Canada assisted in the preparation of this book; they consented to interviews, provided materials, and reviewed drafts of the text. Among them, the following deserve special recognition for their patience, cooperation, and willingness to share their perspectives. The affiliations reported were those at the time of writing. BRITISH COLUMBIA: Andy Soles, Ministry of Universities, Science and Communi- cations; Grant Fisher, Ron Faris, Diane Morrison, all of the Ministry of Education; Hilda Rizun, Patricia Groves, Greg Lee, Jim Bizzocchi, all of Capilano College; Grant Kelly and Tony Manera, Vancouver Community College; Bill Day, Doug- las College; Ann Kitching and Tony Wilkinson, Kwantlen College; Kathleen Bigsby, B.C. Council of College and Institute Principals; Valerie Giles; Jack Finnbogason. ALBERTA: Fred Speckeen, Fairview College; Gerald O. Kelly, Grant MacEwan College; Bill Workman, Bastiaan Heemsbergen, Des Berghofer, Henry Kolesar, all of the Department of Advanced Education; Reno Bosetti, Department of Education; Abe Konrad, University of Alberta. SASKATCHEWAN: John Biss, Ed Evancio, Jake Kutarna, Lome Sparling, all of the Department of Advanced Education and Manpower; Michael PJ. Kennedy, L. Robertson, Allan McKenzie, all of Kelsey Institute; Terry Anne Brydges, Saskatoon Community College; Julius Friesen, Community College Trustees Association; Lenore Rogers and Greg Robart, Regina Plains Community College; Lew Riederer; Ken Gunn; Fred Davies. MANITOBA: Terry Morrison, Neil Russell, Jack Heuvel, Brian Angood, Terry Lumb, all of the Department of Education; Lyman Ross, Ray Newman, Donna Vlll Finkleman, and Don Unruh, all of Red River Community College; Alexander Gregor, University of Manitoba. ONTARIO: Norman Sisco; Robert "Squee" Gordon, Humber College; Alan Thomas and Michael Skolnik, OISE; Ted Sheffield; Ken Hunter, Ministry of Colleges and Universities; Glen Crombie, Cambrian College; Doug Light, George Brown College; Bert Curtis, Confederation College; Fred Hamblin, Association of Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology of Ontario; Bruce McAusland, St. Clair College; William Cruden, St. Lawrence College; Harold Braun, Lakehead University; Bob La Rose, Association of Canadian Community Colleges. QUEBEC: Joe Rabinovitch and Jean-Louis Herivault, Vanier College; Pierre Imbeau, Federation des CEGEP; Yves Sanssouci, College Edouard-Montpetit; Sarah Paltiel, Dawson College. NOVA SCOTIA: Gerald McCarthy, Blenis Nicholson, and Michael Kent, all of the Department of Education; Olga McKenna, Mount St. Vincent University; Rod MacLennan, Chairman, Royal Commission on Postsecondary Education; George Williams, Nova Scotia Technical Institute; George MacDonald; Darrell Mills; Ralph MacLean. NEW BRUNSWICK: Jean-Guy Finn, Department of Community Colleges; Josephine Lynam, Gerald Raymond, and David Russell, all of New Brunswick Community College; W.B. Thompson PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND: Hon. L. Bagnall, Charles Campbell, Lome Morse, S. Stratton, and R. Rice, all of the Department of Education; Howard Jamieson, Hesta MacDonald, Dave Morgan, Ian Low, Frank Zakem, Pat Faulkner, Fred Hodge, Allan MacRae, Don Livingstone, and Simon Compton, all of Holland College; Ron Baker, President emeritus, University of Prince Edward Island. NEWFOUNDLAND: Douglas Fowlow, Bay St. George Community College; Les O'Reilly, College of Fisheries; Malcolm MacLeod, Elayne Harris, and Phillip Warren, all of Memorial University; Cyril McCormick, Department of Career Development; Ken Duggan, College of Trades and Technology. YUKON TERRITORY: D.P. Odin, Department of Education; John Casey, Yukon College; Dave Sloan. NORTHWEST TERRITORIES: Ron Klassen, Department of Education; W.H. Stapleton and Ron Holtorf, Thebacha College. ix Andre Le Blanc of Champlain Regional College in Quebec was a special collaborator. He provided the leadership for the development of the Bibliogra- phy in French, but he also served as critic-at-large for many parts of the book. And we are particularly proud to be associated with the cartography of Karen Ewing of Capilano College. The technical assistance of Jean Elliott of Vancou- ver Community College was most appreciated, and the book would not be as it is without the special wisdom and balance of Barbara Boyce of Capilano College.