Campaigning for “Education for All” Camppaigning ffoor “Educaation for AAll” Histtories, Strattegies and OOutcomes ooff Transnatiional Advoccacy Coalitiions in Eduucation Antoni VVerger and MMario Novelli ((Coordinatorss) with Karen MMundy (guest contributor), Anja Eickelbberg, Laura Grant, Selma Hilgersoom, Joosje Hooop, Felice vann der Plaat annd Jonah Sarfaaty A C.I.P. record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN: 978-94-6091-877-3 (paperback) ISBN: 978-94-6091-878-0 (hardback) ISBN: 978-94-6091-879-7 (e-book) Published by: Sense Publishers, P.O. Box 21858, 3001 AW Rotterdam, The Netherlands https://www.sensepublishers.com/ Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 2012 Sense Publishers No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................. VII ACRONYMS ......................................................................................................... IX CHAPTER 1 ............................................................................................................ 1 CHAPTER 2 .......................................................................................................... 17 CHAPTER 3 .......................................................................................................... 31 CHAPTER 4 .......................................................................................................... 51 CHAPTER 5 .......................................................................................................... 65 CHAPTER 6 .......................................................................................................... 83 CHAPTER 7 ........................................................................................................ 101 CHAPTER 8 ........................................................................................................ 121 CHAPTER 9 ........................................................................................................ 141 CHAPTER 10 ...................................................................................................... 157 REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 175 AUTHOR BIOS ................................................................................................... 183 v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The idea for this research project began to take on a concrete form in May 2008, when we met with representatives of both the Global Campaign for Education (GCE) and Education International (EI) in the headquarters of the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation (Minbuza). On that day the initial agreement was forged that this research would be independently carried out by the University of Amsterdam, but supported by both Education International and the Global Campaign for Education. It was also supported through resources provided under the umbrella of the IS-Academie: Education and Development – a four year research and capacity building initiative jointly funded by Minbuza- Education and Research Division and the University of Amsterdam – where both of the coordinators of this book were located. Institutionally, we would thus like to begin our acknowledgements by saying a big thank you to the GCE, EI, the University of Amsterdam and Minbuza – Education and Research Division. We would like to make extensive this acknowledgement to our contact persons from each of the participating institutions for their support and commitment to this project: Geoffrey Odaga and Jill Hart at the GCE, Monique Fouilhoux and Jefferson Pessi at EI, and Joris Van Bommel and Yvonne van Hess at Minbuza - Education and Research Division. Secondly, we would like to thank all of those representatives of the national coalitions in each of the case study countries for facilitating this research, allowing our researchers access to the movements’ history and to the voices of their members. They include Milton Luna and Cecilia Viteri in Ecuador; Raquel Castillo, Thea Soriano, Haydee Montoya, and Maribel A. Tanag in The Philippines; Daniel Cara, Iracema Nascimento and Maria Tereza Avance de Oliveira in Brazil; Leslie Tettey, Kofi Asare, and Awo Aidam Amenyah in Ghana; Miriam Chonya, George Hamusunga and Jennifer Chiwela in Zambia; Ramakant Rai and Sandeep Mishra in India; and Yanti Muchtar and Eny Setyaningsih in Indonesia. Similarly, we would like to thank all of the countless people who agreed to be interviewed of this research and/or participated in the consultation workshops. Thirdly, we would like to acknowledge all of the authors of the individual case studies for their enormous amount of work and commitment to this project. Each national case study was carried out by postgraduate students as part of their Masters research – but their contribution and commitment extended well beyond the completion of their studies. Thus, our more sincere thanks to Anja Eickelberg, Felice van der Plaat, Jonah Sarfaty, Joosje Hoop, Laura Grant and Selma Hilgersom for their involvement and enthusiasm with the project. On a similar note we would like to thank Karen Mundy, an internationally renowned scholar and colleague for agreeing to contribute with a chapter on the history of the Global Campaign for Education which grounds the books research on national coalitions. We would also like to thank her for co-organizing with us the International Seminar ‘Civil Society Advocacy and Education for All: Strategies, Outcomes and Future Challenges’, celebrated in Amsterdam on February the 4th 2010, which vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS contributed greatly to feed this project at both the theoretical and methodological levels.1 Thanks also to all the participants (panellists, discussants and chairs) that made that seminar possible: Hanne Bondo Mawhinney, Marjorie Mayo, Robert O’Brien, Renato Emerson dos Santos, Jennifer Chan, Yusuf Sayed, Wouter van der Schaaf, Kees Biekart, Margriet Poppema, Inti Soeterik, Monique Fouilhoux, Olloriak Sawade, Martijn Marijnis, Geoffrey Odaga and Isa Baud. Last but not least, we would like to extend our gratitude to Joosje Hoop, who apart from contributing an excellent chapter on the Philippines National Coalition, also went on to work with us on organizing the above-mentioned International Seminar and on the process of turning this book into a concrete reality. As a researcher and assistant you have been central to the success of this publication. Mario Novelli and Antoni Verger Amsterdam, September 2011 –––––––––––––– 1 The papers and presentations of this seminar can be downloaded from: http://educationanddevelopment.wordpress.com/past-events/civil-society-advocacy-and-efa/ viii ACRONYMS ABI Alternative Budget Initiative (The Philippines) AIFTO All India Federation of Teachers Organization ANCEFA Africa Network Campaign on Education for All ASPBAE Asia South Pacific Association of Basic and Adult Education BESSIP Basic Education Sub-Sector Plan (Zambia) CAQi Initial Student-Quality-Cost (Brazil) CBDE Brazilian Campaign for the Right to Education CLADE Latin American Campaign for the Right to Education CMP Common Minimum Programme (India) CNE National Council of Education (Ecuador and Brazil) CNTE National Confederation of Education Workers (Brazil) CONEB National Conference for Basic Education (Brazil) CSE Social Contract for Education CSEF Civil Society Education Fund CSO Civil Society Organization EAC Education Advocacy Coalitions EDWATCH Educational Watch research EFA Education For All FCUBE Free Compulsory Basic Education Program FIFA International Federation of Association Football FNDP Fifth National Development Plan (Zambia) FUNDEF-FUNDEB Fund for the Development of Basic Education and the Valuation of Teachers (Brazil) GAW Global Action Week GCE Global Campaign for Education GDP Gross Domestic Product GER Gross Enrolment Rate GMR Global Monitoring Report GNECC Ghana National Education Campaign Coalition GPRS Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy paper HDI Human Development Index IMF International Monetary Fund INGO International NGO MDGs Millennium Development Goals MoE Ministry of Education (Zambia) MoESS Ministry of Education, Science and Sports (Ghana) MST Rural Landless Workers Movement (Brazil) NCE National Coalition for Education (India) NER Net Enrolment Rate NGO Non-Governmental Organization NNED Northern Network for Education (Ghana) ix