!"#$%&'()%#*+)*+#,*'--.%-)/+%0-'*1 the cambridge dictionary of Christian Theology With over 550 entries ranging from ‘Abba’ to ‘Zwingli’ composed by leading contemporary theologians from around the world, The Cambridge Dictionary of Christian Theology represents a fresh, ecumenical approach to theological refer- ence. Written with an emphasis on clarity and concision, all entries are designed to help the reader understand and assess the specifically theological significance of the most important concepts. Clearly structured, the volume is organized around a small number of ‘core entries’ which focus on key topics to provide a general overview of major subject areas, while making use of related shorter entries to impart a more detailed knowledge of technical terms. The work as a whole provides an introduction to the defining topics in Christian thought and is an essential reference point for students and scholars. ian a. mcfarland is Associate Professor of Systematic Theology at Emory University. His publications include Difference and Identity: A Theological Anthro- pology (2001) and The Divine Image: Envisioning the Invisible God (2005). david a. s. fergusson is Professor of Divinity and Principal of New College at the University of Edinburgh. His recent publications include Church, State and Civil Society (Cambridge, 2004) and Faith and Its Critics (2009). karen kilby is Head of the Department of Theology and Religious Studies at the University of Nottingham and President of the Catholic Theological Associ- ation of Great Britain. She is the author of A Brief Introduction to Karl Rahner (2007) and Karl Rahner: Theology and Philosophy (2004). iain r. torrance is President and Professor of Patristics at Princeton Theological Seminary. He is the author of Christology after Chalcedon (1988) and co-editor of To Glorify God: Essays in Modern Reformed Liturgy (1999) and The Oxford Handbook of Systematic Theology (2007). the cambridge dictionary of Christian Theology Edited by IAN A. MCFARLAND, DAVID A. S. FERGUSSON, KAREN KILBY, IAIN R. TORRANCE C A M B R I D G E U N I V E R S I T Y P R E S S Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sa˜o Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo, Mexico City Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521880923 # Cambridge University Press 2011 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2011 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Cambridge dictionary of Christian theology / edited by Ian A. McFarland ... [et al.]. p. cm. ISBN 978-0-521-88092-3 (Hardback) 1. Theology–Dictionaries. I. McFarland, Ian A. (Ian Alexander), 1963– II. Title. BV2.5.C36 2011 230.03–dc22 2010022749 ISBN 978-0-521-88092-3 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Contents List of contributors page vi Acknowledgements xvii Preface xix Entries 1 References 542 Contributors William J. Abraham is Albert Cook Outler Professor John F. Baldovin, S. J., is Professor of Historical and of Wesley Studies and Altshuler Distinguished Liturgical Theology in the School of Theology Teaching Professor at the Perkins School of and Ministry at Boston College. Priesthood Theology, Southern Methodist University. Hans M. Barstad is Professor of Hebrew and Old Revelation Testament Studies in the School of Divinity at the Nicholas Adams is Senior Lecturer in Systematic University of Edinburgh. Biblical Theology Theology and Theological Ethics at the The Revd Dr Michael Battle is Provost and Canon University of Edinburgh. Frankfurt School, Theologian at the Cathedral Center of the German Idealism Anglican Diocese of Los Angeles. Nonviolence Allan Heaton Anderson is Professor of Global The Revd Mgr Dr F. J. Baur is Regent of the Pentecostal Studies and Director of the Graduate Priesterseminars St. Johannes der Ta¨ufer in Institute for Theology & Religion at the Munich. Occasionalism University of Birmingham. Pentecostal Theology Tina Beattie is Professor of Catholic Studies at Andreas Andreopoulos is Lecturer in Christian Roehampton University. Abortion, Assumption, Theology and Director of the Centre for Human Rights, Immaculate Conception, Orthodox Studies at the University of Wales, Mariology, Nuptial Theology Lampeter. Transfiguration Dana Benesh is a PhD student in theology at Baylor Edward P. Antonio is Harvey H. Potthoff Associate University, with an interest in the history of Professor of Christian Theology and Social Theory exegesis. Excommunication, Secularization, at the Iliff School of Theology. Black Theology Tolerance Kenneth Appold is the James Hastings Nichols Michael Bergmann is Professor of Philosophy at Associate Professor of Reformation History at Purdue University. Reformed Epistemology Princeton Theological Seminary. Justification Nigel Biggar is Regius Professor of Moral and Willem J. van Asselt is Senior Lecturer of Church Pastoral Theology at the University of Oxford. History in the Department of Theology at Utrecht Moral Theology University and Professor of Historical Theology Andr´e Birmele´ is Professor of Dogmatics at the at the Evangelical Theological Faculty in Facult´e de Th´eologie Protestante in Strasbourg. Louvain. Synod of Dort Ecumenism, World Council of Churches Paul Avis is the General Secretary of the Council for C. Clifton Black is Otto A. Piper Professor of Biblical Christian Unity. Episcopacy Theology at Princeton Theological Seminary. Christine Axt-Piscalar is Professor of Systematic Kingdom of God Theology and Director of the Institutum Paul M. Blowers is Dean E. Walker Professor of Lutheranum in the Theological Faculty of the Church History at the Emmanuel School of Georg-August-Universita¨t, Go¨ttingen. Liberal Religion. Maximus the Confessor, Monothelitism Theology H. Russel Botman is Rector and Vice-Chancellor at Lewis Ayres is Bede Professor of Catholic Theology Stellenbosch University. African Theology at the University of Durham. Arian Controversy, John Bowlin is the Rimmer and Ruth de Vries Augustine of Hippo, Creeds, Council of Nicaea Associate Professor of Reformed Theology and Vincent Bacote is Associate Professor of Theology Public Life at Princeton Theological Seminary. and Director of the Center for Applied Christian Aristotelianism Ethics at Wheaton College. Abraham Kuyper Ian Bradley is Reader in Practical Theology in Gary D. Badcock is Associate Professor of Divinity the School of Divinity at the University of at Huron University College. Vocation St Andrews. Pilgrimage vi LIST OF CONTR I BUTORS Lucy Bregman is Professor of Religion in the and Ingraham Professor at Claremont School of Religion Department of Temple University. Death Theology. Panentheism and Dying Francis X. Clooney, S. J., is Parkman Professor of Luke Bretherton is Senior Lecturer in Theology and Divinity and Professor of Comparative Theology Politics and Convener of the Faith and Public at Harvard Divinity School. Hinduism and Policy Forum at King’s College London. Christianity Constantinianism, Divine Command Ethics Basil Cole, O. P., teaches Moral, Spiritual, and James T. Bretzke, S. J., is Professor of Moral Dogmatic Theology at the Dominican House of Theology in the Boston College School of Studies, Washington, DC. Seven Deadly Sins Theology and Ministry. Casuistry Tim Cooper is Lecturer in Church History in the Lynn Bridgers is Director of Intercultural Religious Department of Theology and Religious Studies at Research at the College of Santa Fe. William James the University of Otago. Antinomianism John P. Burgess is the James Henry Snowden Paul Copan is Pledger Family Chair of Philosophy Professor of Systematic Theology at Pittsburgh and Ethics at Palm Beach Atlantic University. Theological Seminary. Baptism Moral Argument Stanley M. Burgess is Distinguished Professor of M. Shawn Copeland is Associate Professor of Christian History at the Regent University School Theology at Boston College. Womanist Theology of Divinity. Perfectionism John Cottingham is Professor Emeritus of David B. Burrell, C. S. C., is Hesburgh Professor Philosophy at the University of Reading and an Emeritus in Philosophy and Theology at the Honorary Fellow of St John’s College, Oxford. University of Notre Dame and the Uganda Cartesianism Martyrs University. Islam and Christianity S. Peter Cowe is the Narekatsi Professor of Jason Byassee is the Director of the Center for Armenian Studies in the Department of Near Theology, Writing and Media at Duke Divinity Eastern Languages and Cultures at the University School. Allegory, Typology of California, Los Angeles. Armenian Theology Euan Cameron is Henry Luce III Professor of James L. Cox is Professor of Religious Studies in Reformation Church History at Union the School of Divinity at the University of Theological Seminary, New York. Reformation Edinburgh. Traditional Religions and Christianity Amy Carr is Associate Professor of Religious Studies William Lane Craig is Research Professor of at Western Illinois University. Temptation Philosophy at the Talbot School of Theology. Mark J. Cartledge is Senior Lecturer in Pentecostal Cosmological Argument, Middle Knowledge and Charismatic Theology at the University of Shannon Craigo-Snell is Associate Professor of Birmingham. Glossolalia Religious Studies at Yale University. Patriarchy, Augustine Casiday is Lecturer in Historical Supernatural existential Theology and Director of the MA in Monastic Andrew Crislip holds the Blake Chair in the History Studies at the University of Wales, Lampeter. of Christianity at Virginia Commonwealth Hesychasm, Gregory Palamas, Platonism University. Asceticism Christophe Chalamet is Assistant Professor in the Garry J. Crites is Director of Evening and Weekend Department of Theology at Fordham University. Courses at Duke University. Fasting Dialectical Theology The Revd Dr Anthony R. Cross is Fellow of the Centre The Revd Dr Mark D. Chapman is Vice-Principal of for Baptist History and Heritage at Regent’s Park Ripon College Cuddesdon, Oxford, and member College, University of Oxford. Joachim of Fiore of the Faculty of Theology at the University of Richard Crouter is John M. and Elizabeth Oxford. Ernst Troeltsch W. Musser Professor of Religious Studies, Sathianathan Clarke is Bishop Sundo Kim Professor Emeritus at Carleton College. Enlightenment of World Christianity at the Wesley Theological Lawrence Cunningham is the Revd John A. O’Brien Seminary. Dalit Theology Professor of Theology in the Department of Philip Clayton is Professor of Religion and Theology of the University of Notre Dame. Philosophy at Claremont Graduate University Catholic Theology vii LI ST OF CONTR I BUTOR S Mary B. Cunningham is Lecturer in Theology at the Paul S. Fiddes is Professor of Systematic Theology University of Nottingham. Divine Energies, at the University of Oxford and Director of Iconoclasm Research at Regent’s Park College, Oxford. Ivor J. Davidson is Professor of Systematic Theology Baptist Theology at the University of Otago. Catechesis, Stephen Fields, S. J., is Associate Professor of Catechumen, Council of Chalcedon, Jerome Theology at Georgetown University. Symbol Douglas J. Davies is Professor in the Study of Duncan B. Forrester is Honorary Fellow and Religion at Durham University. The Church of Professor Emeritus in the School of Divinity Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints at the University of Edinburgh. Political Andrew Dawson is Lecturer in Religious Studies at Theology Lancaster University. Base Communities Paul Foster is Senior Lecturer in New Testament in Juliette Day is Senior Research Fellow in Christian the School of Divinity at the University of Liturgy at Blackfriars Hall, Oxford. Canon of Mass Edinburgh. Logos Gavin D’Costa is Professor of Catholic Theology in Nancy Frankenberry is the John Phillips Professor the Department of Theology and Religious of Religion at Dartmouth College. Natural Studies at the University of Bristol. Anonymous Theology Christianity, Inculturation, Religious Pluralism, Mary McClintock Fulkerson is Professor of Karl Rahner Theology at Duke Divinity School. Feminist Celia Deane-Drummond is Professor of Theology Theology and the Biological Sciences and Director of the Simon Gathercole is Lecturer in New Testament Centre for Religion and the Biosciences at the Studies in the Faculty of Divinity at the University of Chester. Ecotheology University of Cambridge. Paul, Quest of the Paul J. DeHart is Associate Professor of Theology Historical Jesus at Vanderbilt University Divinity School. Michelle A. Gonzalez is Assistant Professor of Postliberal Theology Religious Studies at the University of Miami. Ralph Del Colle is Associate Professor of Theology Latino/a Theology, Mujerista Theology at Marquette University. Mortal Sin, Penance, Todd Gooch is Associate Professor in the Venial Sin Department of Philosophy and Religion at Gary Dorrien is the Reinhold Niebuhr Professor of Eastern Kentucky University. Rudolf Otto Social Ethics at Union Theological Seminary and Bruce Gordon is Professor of Reformation History Professor of Religion at Columbia University. at Yale Divinity School. Heinrich Bullinger, Social Gospel Conciliarism Geoffrey D. Dunn is an Australian Research Fellow Elaine Graham is Grosvenor Research Professor in at the Centre for Early Christian Studies, the Department of Theology and Religious Studies Australian Catholic University. Tertullian at the University of Chester. Practical Theology Mark W. Elliott is Lecturer in Church History in the Gordon Graham is Henry Luce III Professor of School of Divinity at the University of St Philosophy and the Arts at Princeton Theological Andrews. Nominalism, Pelagianism Seminary. Commonsense Philosophy Noel Leo Erskine is Professor of Theology and Janette Gray, R. S. M., is Lecturer in Theology at the Ethics at the Candler School of Theology, Jesuit Theological College, the United Faculty of Emory University. Caribbean Theology, Martin Theology, Melbourne. Celibacy Luther King Joel B. Green is Professor of New Testament Wendy Farley is Professor in the Department of Interpretation and Associate Dean for the Religion at Emory University. Phenomenology Center for Advanced Theological Studies at Douglas Farrow is Professor of Christian Thought in Fuller Theological Seminary. Soul the Faculty of Religious Studies, McGill Niels Henrik Gregersen is Professor of Systematic University. Ascension and Session Theology in the Faculty of Theology at the Richard Fenn is Maxwell M. Upson Professor of University of Copenhagen. Nordic Theology Christianity and Society at Princeton Theological Mike Grimshaw is Senior Lecturer in Religious Seminary. Purgatory Studies in the School of Philosophy and Religious viii