i s e nteractive tudent dition Visit our Web site at www.macmillanmh.com Program Authors Dr. Gerald F. Wheeler Executive Director Dr. Jay K. Hackett National Science Teachers Association Professor Emeritus of Earth Sciences University of Northern Colorado Bank Street College of Education New York, NY Dr. Richard H. Moyer Professor of Science Education and Natural Contributing Authors Sciences University of Michigan–Dearborn Dr. Sally Ride Sally Ride Science Dr. JoAnne Vasquez San Diego, CA Elementary Science Education Consultant NSTA Past President Lucille Villegas Barrera, M.Ed. Member, National Science Board Elementary Science Supervisor and NASA Education Board Houston Independent School District Houston, TX Mulugheta Teferi, M.A. Principal, Gateway Middle School Dr. Stephen F. Cunha St. Louis Public Schools Professor of Geography St. Louis, MO Humboldt State University Arcata, CA Dinah Zike, M.Ed. Dinah Might Adventures LP American Museum San Antonio, TX of Natural History New York, New York Kathryn LeRoy, M.S. Executive Director Contributing Writer Division of Mathematics and Science Education Ellen Grace Miami-Dade County Public Schools, FL Albuquerque, NM Dr. Dorothy J. T. Terman Science Curriculum Development Consultant Former K–12 Science and Mathematics Coordinator Irvine Unified School District, CA The American Museum of Natural History in New York City is one of the world’s preeminent scientific, educational, and cultural institutions, with a global mission to explore and interpret human cultures and the natural world through scientific research, education, and exhibitions. Each year the Museum welcomes around four million visitors, including 500,000 schoolchildren in organized field trips. It provides professional development activities for thousands of teachers; hundreds of public programs that serve audiences ranging from preschoolers to seniors; and an array of learning and teaching resources for use in homes, schools, and community-based settings. Visit www.amnh.org for online resources. Students with print disabilities may be eligible to obtain an accessible, audio version of the pupil edition of this textbook. Please call Recording for the Blind & Dyslexic at 1-800-221-4792 for complete information. B Published by Macmillan/McGraw-Hill, of McGraw-Hill Education, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Two Penn Plaza, New York, New York 10121. Copyright © 2008 by Macmillan/McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, network storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Science Content Standards for California Public Schools reproduced by permission, California Department of Education, CDE Press, 1430 N Street, Suite 3207, Sacramento, CA 95814. is a trademark of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Printed in the United States of America ISBN 0-02-284378-7/4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (027/055) 10 09 08 07 Content Barbara Messmer Scott Hays Bret Harrison Roseville City K-8 Teacher (retired) Frank Ledesma Consultants School District Coffee Creek Elementary Elementary Rick MacPherson, Ph.D. Washington Union Soledad USD Joy Peoples Program Director School District Soledad, CA Riverside USD The Coral Reef Alliance Carmel USD Dennis Hatland San Francisco, CA Elizabeth Ramsey Kathy Jones Abraham Lincoln Bel Air Elementary Bonnie J. Brunkhorst, Chico USD Elementary Ph.D. Andrew Rodarte Simi Valley USD Nancy Maguire Department of Easterby Elementary Simi Valley, CA Westpark Elementary Geological Sciences, Fresno USD Irvine, CA Joanne Hemmings California State University Rhonda Simard La Veta Elementary San Bernardino, CA Bettina Pierce Franklin Elementary Orange USD Elementary Science Hector Córdova Franklin USD Orange, CA Specialist Mireles, Ph.D. Jeri Starkweather Irvine USD Christina Lambie Physics Department Calwa Elementary Highland Elementary California State Vince Sipkovich Fresno USD West Contra Costa USD Polytechnic University Educator/Science Richmond, CA Pomona, CA Lauri Talbott Consultant/Writer Carr Elementary Huntington Beach, CA Alice Moomjean Editorial Torrance USD Cortada Elementary Melissa Smith Advisory Board El Monte USD Dawn Vollmar Canyon Lake Middle El Monte, CA Foulks Ranch Elementary School Gus Dalis, Ed.D. Elk Grove USD Lake Elsinore USD Michelle Orgon Education Consultant Needham Intermediate Torrance, CA Lindsay Waterman Judith Sydner-Gordon Lodi USD Alamo Elementary Canfield Elementary Debbie Drab Lodi, CA School Long Beach USD Sandra S. Wilbur Los Angeles, CA Sue Parsons Chaparral Elementary Carolyn Fong Richard Bard Elementary Capistrano USD Jennifer Weibert Los Angeles USD Hueneme USD Navelencia Middle School Janet Yamaguchi Pt. Hueneme, CA Joyce Garcia Reedley, CA Discovery Science Center La Seda Elementary Sharon Pendola Santa Ana, CA Susan Gomez Zwiep Rowland USD St. Alban’s Country Day Assistant Professor Nancy Howe Task Force Science Education School Roseville, CA Martin Luther King Diane Carnahan Cal State University Academy Long Beach Lisa Robinson K–12 Alliance/WestEd Alisal USD Marengo Elementary David M. Harris Teacher South Pasadena USD Linda D. King Escondido USD Reviewers South Pasadena, CA Principal, Muscoy Elementary Michael Harris Roberta Sanchez Vicky Ann Buckley San Bernardino City USD Chico USD Lindberg Schweitzer U.S. Grant Elementary Karen Kohn Helen Logan Hays Colton Joint USD Elementary San Diego USD Las Virgenes USD K-8 Teacher (retired) Colton, CA San Diego, CA Ukiah USD Donna Lowe Naomi Griswold Coffee Creek Elementary Cherryland Elementary School District Rio Hondo Elementary Hayward USD Carmel USD Downey USD Downey, CA Jerrie Martin NBCT Los Angeles USD iii (cid:59)(cid:79)(cid:89)(cid:83)(cid:14)(cid:61)(cid:80)(cid:97)(cid:83)(cid:96)(cid:100)(cid:79)(cid:98)(cid:87)(cid:93)(cid:92)(cid:97) (cid:47)(cid:97)(cid:89)(cid:14)(cid:79)(cid:14)(cid:63)(cid:99)(cid:83)(cid:97)(cid:98)(cid:87)(cid:93)(cid:92) (cid:52)(cid:93)(cid:96)(cid:91)(cid:14)(cid:79)(cid:14)(cid:54)(cid:103)(cid:94)(cid:93)(cid:98)(cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:97)(cid:87)(cid:97) (cid:66)(cid:83)(cid:97)(cid:98)(cid:14)(cid:71)(cid:93)(cid:99)(cid:96)(cid:14)(cid:54)(cid:103)(cid:94)(cid:93)(cid:98)(cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:97)(cid:87)(cid:97) (cid:50)(cid:96)(cid:79)(cid:101)(cid:14)(cid:49)(cid:93)(cid:92)(cid:81)(cid:90)(cid:99)(cid:97)(cid:87)(cid:93)(cid:92)(cid:97) (cid:64)(cid:83)(cid:97)(cid:99)(cid:90)(cid:98)(cid:97) (cid:64)(cid:83)(cid:97)(cid:99)(cid:90)(cid:98)(cid:97)(cid:14)(cid:50)(cid:93)(cid:14)(cid:60)(cid:93)(cid:98) (cid:65)(cid:99)(cid:94)(cid:94)(cid:93)(cid:96)(cid:98)(cid:14)(cid:54)(cid:103)(cid:94)(cid:93)(cid:98)(cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:97)(cid:87)(cid:97) (cid:65)(cid:99)(cid:94)(cid:94)(cid:93)(cid:96)(cid:98)(cid:14)(cid:54)(cid:103)(cid:94)(cid:93)(cid:98)(cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:97)(cid:87)(cid:97) iv What Is Science? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Observation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Question and Hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Collecting Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Forming a Hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Defining Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Designing an Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Analyzing Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Forming New Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Students make observations and record data. C v CHAPTER 1 Living Things Need Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Literature: The Story Goes On . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Lesson 1 Plants and Sunlight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Inquiry Skill Builder: Observe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Lesson 2 Food Chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Inquiry Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Lesson 3 Food Webs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Writing in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Math in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Lesson 4 Microorganisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Reading in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Chapter 1 Review and Test Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 B Antelopes travel together. vi CHAPTER 2 Living Things and Their Environment . . . . . . . . 78 Literature: Welcome to the Sea of Sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Lesson 1 Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Inquiry Skill Builder: Predict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Lesson 2 Living Things Need Each Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Writing in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Math in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Lesson 3 Changes in Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Reading in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Lesson 4 Adaptations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Inquiry Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Chapter 2 Review and Test Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Sea Otters: Key to the Kelp Forest . . . . . . . . . 130 Careers in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 B Coral reef ecosystems contain living and nonliving things. vii CHAPTER 3 Rocks and Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Literature: Rock Secrets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136 Lesson 1 Minerals: The Building Blocks of Rocks . . . . . 138 Inquiry Skill Builder: Measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148 Lesson 2 Igneous Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Reading in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Lesson 3 Sedimentary Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Inquiry Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Lesson 4 Metamorphic Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170 Writing in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Math in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Chapter 3 Review and Test Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 CHAPTER 4 Slow Changes on Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Literature: Sierra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Lesson 1 Weathering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Inquiry Skill Builder: Communicate . . . . . . . . 200 Lesson 2 Erosion and Deposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Inquiry Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Lesson 3 Landforms: Changing Over Time . . . . . . . . . . 212 Writing in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Math in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Reading in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 Chapter 4 Review and Test Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 Feldspar is a mineral that makes C up about half of Earth’s crust. viii CHAPTER 5 Fast Changes on Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 Literature: California’s Weather Woes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Lesson 1 Landslides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 Inquiry Skill Builder: Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Lesson 2 Earthquakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Inquiry Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Writing in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Math in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Lesson 3 Volcanoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 Reading in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 Chapter 5 Review and Test Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 Lichen: Life on the Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Careers in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 B Lava flows from an active volcano. ix