California GARDEN January/February 2011 Volume 102 No. 1 $4.00 Orchard Odyssey • Rosalind Creasy's Edible Landscaping Tips • Tom Spellman on Growing a Backyard Orchard • Robin Rivet on Banishing Fruit-Growing Fears Plus: Judy Wigand on Garden-Worthy Ceanothus . A Kate Sessions Garden Restored Through the Eyes of an Artist Saturday, February 12, 10 – 4 am pm Celebrating Sculpture in the Garden, an exhibit running to mid-April Panel Discussions Recognizing the Value of Art in the Garden Session One: 11 am – 12 noon Artists: Alber de Matteis and Charles Bronson Garden designers: Debra Lee Baldwin and Patrick Anderson Session Two: 2 – 3 pm Artists: Becky Guttin and Cheryl Tall Garden Designers: Peter Jones and Bobbi Hirschkoff Hourly Tours of the Sculptures 10 am – 3 pm Music Provided by Willowood Lunch from the Garden’s Coffee Hut For Kids 10 am – 2 pm (and the young at heart): Make a community sculpture using recycled material, inspired by Rodney McCoubrey of Rodrigo’s Recyled Art. Cost: free with admission or membership www.SDBGarden.org 230 Quail Gardens Drive Encinitas, CA • 760-436-3036 P H Cheryl Tall O Becky Guttin Alber de Matteis Charles Bronson TO : H e R bb B K o n C u el FK Ch en a r o: T o h P s s e r g o r P N ll -Work i CKy ReeB CKy ReeB CKy ReeB yl Ta O: Be O: Be O: Be er OT OT OT h H H H C P P P California GARDEN The Magazine for hands-on gardeners and floral designers January/february 2011, volume 102, Number 1 PubliCAtioN StAff Dig in ExECutivE EDitoR Mary James Winter Classes 3 february 16 Meeting 3 ASSoCiAtE EDitoRS Debunking Rose Myths 4 Nancy Carol Carter Aenne Carver Evergreen Pear 5 favorite tool: Plastic Spray tank 5 libRARiAN Well Celebrated: Kate o. Sessions 6 Jean C. Hughes Did You Know … forecast for Winter is Dry and Cold 6 t he Ergo Gardner 7 CoNtRibutoRS Walter Andersen, Jr., John blocker, Features Nancy Carol Carter, Aenne Carver, barbara P. Clark, Rosalind Creasy, Growing Grounds 8 Ann Jarmusch, Kathy Jones, Judy’s Perennials 10 Marge Howard-Jones, vincent lazaneo, A Simple floral Design for valentine’s Day—and beyond 12 Robin Rivet, tom Spellman, An Historic Garden unearthed 14 Denise thompson, Constance Whitney, Roots - Profiles in Horticultural History: Theodore Payne 16 Judy Wigand, Christie Wright Plan, Prune, tend and Enjoy! 22 CoPY EDitoR An orchard in the Garden 25 bonnie Gebhardt Got lizards? fight fruit fears 27 ARt DiRECtoR E xotic Weevil threatens local Palms 28 Rachel Cobb ADvERtiSiNG regulars Kay Harry Now is the time 18 RENEWAlS Calendar 29 lisa Prindle [email protected] Affiliate List 33 from the Archives 36 EDitoRiAl boARD Nancy Carol Carter, Aenne Carver, California Garden bonnie Gebhardt, Kay Harry, Published by San Diego floral Association for 101 years Mary James, Amy Wood library of Congress iSSN 0008-1116 SPECiAl tHANKS President: Sandra Dysart ([email protected]) Now is the time contributors Arrangers Guild Chair: Sharon lowry Headquarters: Casa del Prado, Room #105, balboa Park, 619-232-5762 A 'Satsuma' plum is the anchor and focal point of Rosalind Creasy's backyard "Plum Garden." In Hours: Monday-friday, 10:00 a.m.–3:00 p.m. front is an herb garden with dozens of plants in www.sdfloral.org pots and even growing between stepping stones. Photo by Rosalind Creasy. Claims and opinions expressed by advertisers do no necessarily reflect the views of the editor and publisher of California Garden magazine. Copies of California Garden can be ordered by mail for We welcome articles, photographs, drawings and $4 per copy plus $2 shipping and handling. Single copies of the current issue of California Garden ideas. Deadlines are the 10th of January, March, magazine can be purchased for a donation of $4 at the locations listed below. May, July, September and November. We do not pay for articles or artwork. We cannot guarantee los angeles arboretum Foundation, 626-821-3222, 301 N. baldwin ave., arcadia, Ca 91006 the safe return of materials. 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No in harmony, herbs and spices, 619-223-8051, 1862-1/2 bacon st., san Diego, Ca 92107 endorsement of named products is intended, nor is FloWer shoWs: Show chairperson, please contact California Garden if you’d like the magazine criticism implied of similar products that are not sold at your show. mentioned. California Garden (iSSN 0008-1116) is published bimonthly for donations (which also include Send all editorial material and change of address to: membership in San Diego floral Association) of $20 per year or $35 for two years (foreign delivery add California Garden $6 per year). Published by San Diego floral Association, 1650 El Prado #105, San Diego, CA 92101- San Diego floral Association 1684. © 2011 San Diego floral Association. All rights reserved. Periodicals postage paid at San Diego, 1650 El Prado #105 CA. PoStMAStER: Send address changes to California Garden, 1650 El Prado #105, San Diego, CA San Diego, CA 92101-1684 92101-1684 or to [email protected]. Email: [email protected] President’s letter As i write this letter to our members, i am still feeling in awe of the San Diego floral Association’s celebration with SoHo and friends of balboa Park of Kate Sessions Nov. 8 birthday. the event took place Nov. 6 at the 1905 George Marston House and Gardens, which are very near the property leased to Kate at 6th and upas in 1892 for an experimental nursery and garden. that venture eventually provided hundreds of trees for balboa Park and spurred Kate’s career as a distinguished horticulturist. toward the end of her life, Kate Sessions was honored at the Pasadena flower Show with the Frank N. Meyer Medal for her outstanding work in flower and plant introduction. She was the first woman to be honored in this way. San Diego floral Association will always be grateful that this remarkable woman was a part of our organization for more than 30 years and made regular contributions to our magazine. i hope that you will highlight your calendar for next year to be a part of our now annual celebration of her birthday and her amazing contributions to our city. California Garden is entering its 102nd year of publication, and we are proud of our practical, beautiful magazine that looks to the future and remembers the past. in its pages this month, you will enjoy a story on a Kate Sessions’ canyon garden that was recently restored. our own Nancy Carol Carter will continue our tribute to Kate Session at our regular member meeting on feb. 16. She has planned a unique program on “Kate Sessions and the Arts & Crafts Garden.” i encourage you to join us and continue to add to your knowledge of Kate’s widespread influence on so many aspects of the California garden. We are honored to have Nancy share her expertise and passion as a historian of all things “Kate Sessions.” Join us for what will be another fine afternoon in lovely Balboa Park with San Diego Floral. Sandra Dysart Ph o to: R u th H ay w ard SDfA President Sandra N. Dysart (left) joins the Kate Sessions’ birthday celebration with board member thea Gurns. You are invited to subscribe to to sign up for your subscription today, please print (or copy) the form below and return it with California GARDEN payment to: San Diego floral Association, 1650 El Prado #105, San Diego, CA 92101-1684. your subscription includes membership in saN Diego Floral assoCiaTioN! NAME: 1-Year Subscription: $20 ADDRESS: 2-Year Subscription: $35 (Please add $6 per year for postage to foreign destinations.) CitY/StAtE/ZiP: With your subscription, you’ll receive the magazine, our PHoNE: newsletter, access to the San Diego floral Association horticultural library and member discounts on events, trips EMAil: and classes. 2 | California Garden January/February 2011 www.sdfloral.org san DiegO FlOral assOciatiOn Winter Classes February 16 Meeting create seasOnal Nancy Carol Carter on arrangements While hOning “Kate Sessions and the Basic Design skills Arts & Crafts Garden” February 10 ardens created by San Diego review basics of Floral arranging: Class 1 G horticulturist Kate o. Sessions are this class will emphasize the basics of floral arranging while prime examples of the Arts & Crafts students create a seasonal design. Please bring flower clippers or a movement in San Diego, but what is an Arts & knife, containers and plant material to the class. Crafts garden? the program for the february 16 meeting February 17 of the San Diego floral Association explores review basics of Floral arranging: Class 2 that question in a talk by Nancy Carol Carter, the association’s immediate past president and using techniques learned in the first class, students will make a a horticultural historian. Carter will use many seasonal table arrangement. Please bring flower clippers or a knife, photographs and pictures to trace the Arts & Crafts movement containers and plant material to class. from its origins and Gothic inspiration in England all the way instructor: kathy Taylor de Murillo to the gardens of Southern California. Kathy taylor de Murillo is a native of southern California who has the program and general meeting will begin at 2:00 p.m. lived in San Diego for 25 years. She joined bonita valley Garden in Room 101 of Casa del Prado in balboa Park. Members Club in 1991 and began studying floral design to enter flower shows. and guests are welcome to attend. Admission is free. light She has continued through the years to study and teach floral design refreshments will be served. classes. She has been an active member of the San Diego floral the Arts & Crafts movement was a reaction to the british Association flower Arranger’s Guild for many years and participates industrial Revolution, drew inspiration from the ideas of John in Art Alive at the San Diego Museum of Art. Ruskin, and found expression in the creativity of William Morris. The influence of Arts & Crafts on English gardens Cost: single class is $12 ($10 for sDFa members) will be shown by looking at the work of William Robinson Cost for both classes is $16 ($14 sDFa members) and the collaboration of garden designer Gertrude Jekyll and architect Edwin lutyens. All classes run from 9:30 a.m. to 2 p.m., and are held in Room 104, the role of Elbert Hubbard and Gustav Stickley in Casa del Prado, balboa Park, San Diego, CA. Coffee and sweets will bringing Arts and Crafts ideas to the united States also will be provided; bring your own lunch and clippers. be explored, especially, the influence of Stickley’s Craftsman magazine in spreading the philosophy and practice of the to register and pay, call 619-232-5762. Classes are limited to movement in the united States. the westward progress of Arts 10 persons and must be prepaid. & Crafts across America is followed through the architectural work of Frank Lloyd Wright, Greene and Greene, and finally, Call the Floral Association office weekdays between 10:00 a.m. in San Diego, irving Gill. and 3:00 p.m. at 619-232-5762 for more information about SDfA Historic photographs will illustrate how Kate Sessions workshops. perfected the Arts & Crafts garden form in San Diego while teaming with irving Gill and other leading architects. Nancy Carol Carter studies and writes about horticultural e-Mail aDDress reQUest history. As a volunteer at the San Diego floral Association and the San Diego History Center, she is compiling a comprehensive Presently the SDfA is distributing its newsletter through bibliography of writings by and about Kate olivia Sessions, an the uS mail. this distribution has become early San Diego horticulturist. She has published on Sessions, very costly to our organization. other influential horticulturists and on the history of Balboa Park. She is a regular contributor to California Garden and Please help to reduce the cost of newsletter distribution by sending us your e-mail address so that you can receive the serves as an associate editor of the magazine. newsletter via email. Please forward your email address to: [email protected] P Dig ho in! to: Rach news, tips, advice and products you can use el C o b b Debunking Rose Myths the Queen of Flowers is not a royal Pain in the Garden By Aenne Carver January brings visions of roses to gardeners. Nurseries organic rose food and these can be applied every other month are flooded with bare root roses, and it is pruning time for during the growing season. established roses. Yet many good gardeners secretly feel Experts recommend rose fertilizers because they contain overwhelmed by the thought of growing roses. ironically, the additional nutrients these flowers enjoy, such as magnesium and abundance of classes on growing roses sometimes adds to fears calcium. What a rose really needs is soil rich in organic matter, that roses are tricky. six hours of sun per day, and regular water in summer heat. Push your anxiety aside because roses are tough–and amazingly easy to cultivate. in ghost towns, roses grow though Myth three: roses are susceptible to diseases and insects. neglected for decades. tombstone, Arizona, has the world’s Again, this is fiction. Modern roses have been hybridized to be largest rose: planted in 1885, it currently covers 8,000 square feet. disease resistant. Moreover, San Diego County’s climate prevents It is unlikely Wild West gunfighters gave this rose special, or time the top three things that plague roses in other parts of the country: consuming treatment. extreme cold, black spot and Japanese beetles. Here are some myths about roses debunked. However, your roses may get aphids in spring, or they may develop some rust or powdery mildew late in the summer. these Myth one: you must prune roses properly, and perfectly. pests and problems should be short-lived in healthy roses. if you Don’t be afraid to simply whack the rose back. Keep in mind have a rose that continually has such issues, then, dig it up. Replace the objective is to reshape the rose, not to be graded by fellow it with a robust rose, less prone to such problems. life is too short gardeners. Prune away crisscrossing canes, and remove any small, for a fussy plant. spindly canes. furthermore, if winter pruning is overlooked, your rose won’t Myth four: roses are water hogs. fortunately for water- die. Instead, your rose may flower earlier because it won’t have restricted San Diegans, roses need less water than once believed. to recover from a hard pruning. the downside of missing winter it is true that without supplemental water in the summer, roses pruning is that your rose may sprawl. However, if you prune lose leaves and refuse to bloom. to prevent this, water twice a lightly and continuously during the growing season, your rose week deeply in summer, and provide a thick mulch to hold in the will recover a pleasing shape. moisture. Such limited watering prevents leaf loss, and the rose will bloom again as the weather cools. Myth two: roses need lots of fertilizer, complicated tonics, in selecting a new rose, try to choose one known for its drought and specially formulated elixirs. Admittedly, to get roses worthy tolerance. ‘Cecile brunner’ and lady banks (Rosa banksia) are of a blue ribbon at the fair, you might need frequent application old-fashioned climbers that are low maintenance, pest free, and of fertilizer. However, most gardeners just want their roses to stay can survive on winter rains alone. oddly, even hybrid tea roses healthy and ornament the garden. to achieve this, you can get by can get by with less water than is usually prescribed, although with a less regimented feeding schedule. Surprisingly, roses thrive they may be less floriferous. when fed monthly or even bimonthly during the growing season. ‘iceberg’ roses require even less water than hybrid teas, as When choosing a fertilizer, keep in mind that roses don’t do small sized David Austin’s English roses, like ‘Perdita’, ‘Anne require specially designed rose food. to thrive, roses need nitrogen, boleyn’, or ‘fair bianca’. ‘Perdita’ is especially drought-tolerant. phosphorous, and potassium, and their bloom can be prompted by beneath the rose’s false reputation for being high maintenance, high levels of phosphorous. Consequently, any fertilizer with a there actually lies a carefree plant. oh, by the way, if someone high phosphorous content prompts flowers. Knowing this frees wants to give you high praise for all the hours it appears you must you to buy any super bloom or high phosphorous fertilizer on have invested in your beautifully abundant roses, let them. the sale. the second number in the sequence on the fertilizer label fact that it was hardly any work at all will just be our little secret. indicates the phosphorous content, so pick accordingly. if you garden organically and have enriched your soil, you – Aenne Carver is a Master Gardener, writer and lecturer. She can fertilize even less. Many companies, such as Dr. Earth, make also is associate editor of this magazine. Visit her web site, www. thethriftygardener.com. 4 | California Garden January/February 2011 www.sdfloral.org Dig in! trees of Balboa Park: evergreen Pear (Pyrus kawakamii) hese small round trees growing in balboa Park rarely exceed t 25 feet in height. the dark brown bark is deeply furrowed. the “Evergreen Pears” are not evergreen at all; they drop their leaves briefly in the winter. The fall leaf color is gold and orange. After the leaves drop, the flowers begin to develop. White flower clusters develop at the branch tips and blanket the ground with small white petals. Each flower is 3/4 inch across. the blooming period is January through March and will vary slightly each year according to the weather. the leaves develop in the spring, sometimes when the tree is still flowering. The alternative leaves are glossy green and oval-shaped. the leaf size is 2-4 inches long by 1-2 inches wide. the hard fruits are 1/2 inch across and round. the trees growing at the Plaza de Panama and the Plaza de balboa were planted in the mid-1970s and several have been replaced over the last decade as they completed their life span. the balboa Park Precise Plan calls for the trees in the Plaza de Panama to be replaced with Queen Palms in the future. Excerpted from trees and Gardens of balboa Park (2001; $25) and reprinted with permission from Kathy Puplava, Paul Sirois, the City of San Diego Park and Recreation Department and Tecolote Publications. Photos: Don Walker, Courtesy of the San Diego Horticultural Society, reprinted from Ornamental Trees of San Diego. Favorite tool: Plastic spray tank his is a difficult question but I have to say it is my plastic Gilmour Spray Tank. It t is not the ‘tool’ i use the most but it saves me so much time controlling weeds (and other things). No hoeing, no bending down and pulling the little devils out. Just mix the spray, pump the handle about a dozen times and i’m ready to go. i most often spray Remuda (which is generic Roundup and costs way less). Remember this product will kill almost any plant it gets on, so you need to be careful around desirable plants. Sometimes i “mask off” with a piece of corrugated cardboard that i carry with me. Also, with a sprayer like this, you can use selective herbicides to kill broad leaf weeds in your lawn. there is also a spray that will kill unwanted grass in ornamental plants. i spray the grass growing in ice plant and don’t worry about killing the ice plant. this product really saves a lot of time–and your back. Just be certain to buy the proper herbicide for your particular problem, and mix it carefully. Adding a wetting agent improves results. When you’re finished spraying, always dump out any unused spray, and wash the tank with soapy water. Also run the soapy water through the spray valve and wand to clean them. Some chemicals will jell or plug things up. So it’s easier to do a simple cleaning than take the sprayer all apart later. if you keep the sprayer really clean, it can be used for dormant sprays and other insect controls when you spot a problem. Remember concentrated sprays cost a lot less than the ready to use type. look for the Gilmour two-gallon sprayer at Walter Andersen Nursery in Point loma and Poway. Cost is $30. -Walter Andersen, Jr., owner of Walter Andersen Nursery www.sdfloral.org California Garden January/february 2011 | 5 Dig in! P h o to s: R Well celebrated: u th H ay w ard kate O. sessions lemonade flowed on a sunny day in November at Marston House Museum and Gardens just as the chocolate birthday cake was served. San Diegans were gathered on the north Sculptor Ruth Hayward side of balboa Park to mark the 153rd anniversary of Kate presents flowers at Sessions’ birth (Nov. 8, 1857) within sight of the grounds she used the Kate Sessions as a nursery from 1892 until 1902 and in the garden she helped to statue she created. created for the prominent Marston family. Celebrants heard a short program about the life of the influential early-day horticulturist. Students representing Kate Sessions Elementary School in Pacific Beach accepted a large ‘Kate Sessions’ geranium plant for their school. this cultivar and other geraniums were sold to benefit Marston House, which offered tours throughout the day. balboa Park ranger Kim Duclo led a walk to the Kate Sessions statue at laurel Street where Ruth Hayward, the sculptor of the statue, presented a bouquet of birthday flowers. friends of balboa Park sponsored a talk on the importance of San Diego’s urban forest by nursery owner fausto Palafox who led bus tours highlighting historic specimen trees in and near balboa Park. friends of balboa Park and Save our Heritage organisation joined the San Diego floral Association in sponsoring its third annual celebration of Kate Sessions’ birthday. – Nancy Carol Carter Ranger Kim Duclo assembles group for a park walking tour. Did You know…? Forecast for Winter is Dry and cold An early storm drenched San Diego County in october and our rainfall was above normal for the fall, but the winter season may end up drier than usual. the NoAA Climate Prediction Center (CPC) is currently tracking one of the largest la Nina events ever recorded. it could have a big impact on California weather this winter. Although it is not an exact science yet, the CPC long-term winter outlook for California is to be cold over the state and dry (mostly in Southern California). in the past, California has experienced bad freeze/frost events during la Nina conditions, and we usually get a low snow pack leading to drought conditions the following summer. the conditions that we experienced this fall are typical of a la Nina event. b for more information and maps showing the outlook, go to www.cpc.noaa.gov/products/predictions// b Co multi season/13 seasonal outlooks/color/churchill.php. o: Rachel Another characteristic of la Nina events is that the summer comes earlier during a la Nina. hot – Vincent Lazaneo, Urban Horticulture Advisor, UC Cooperative Extension P 6 | California Garden January/February 2011 www.sdfloral.org Dig in! By Kathy Jones As you start a new year in the garden, California Garden is starting a new series to help you garden ergonomically. in addition to the tips in each issue, our logo is a reminder to bend your knees and not your back. tip 1: Warm Up If you exercise, you know you’re supposed to warm up first, right? The same is true for gardening, which can be a lot of hard work. So before you go out in the garden, complete a short warm-up that will help prevent injuries or strains. 1. take 10 slow, deep breaths. lift your arms as you inhale, and bring them down when you exhale. 2. Do 10 wide arm circles, forward and backward. 3. lift your knees, alternating, 10 times per side. 4. Shift hips side to side, 10 times. 5. With knees slightly bent, reach arms toward the floor, bending from the waist. Hold for 20 seconds. 6. finish with 5 slow standing twists to right and left, elbows bent. Now you’re good to go! – Kathy Jones, Ph.D., is a retired professor in exercise and wellness. A San Diego Master Gardener for 7 years, she is also a graphic artist and copy writer for local clubs and businesses. She is past president of the Mission Hills Garden Club and the Mission Hills Town Council. She has spent the last six years renovating her own 100-year-old garden to incorporate more drought-tolerant plants. www.sdfloral.org California Garden January/february 2011 | 7 ladybugs saved Chula Vista’s title as lemon Capitol of the World By John Blocker Doubtless some of you will smile at the statement, but most of you will live to see the time when people will cease to judge the immense county [San Diego] by a glance from a car window, or the deck of a steamer, when it will be the pride of California, when it will be ranked among the five wealthiest and most productive counties, when it will have outside the cities and towns, the largest population of producer of any county in the state, with the possible exception of Los Angeles County. – t. S. van Dyke at the Eleventh fruit Growers Convention of the State of California, April 17, 1889, in National City Cryptolaemus montrouzieri importation of the vedalia ladybug into California from Australia in 1889 had been a tremendous success. the lady beetle virtually eliminated cottony cushion scale from California’s citrus groves in just one season. the pest had wreaked havoc on agricultural crops and ornamental plantings throughout the state for more than 20 years. in years to come, cryptolaemus, another lady beetle imported from Australia two years after the vedalia beetle, would become an important predator in the citrus groves in Southern California Cryptolaemus and in particular, the lemon groves in Chula vista. montrouzieri larva Ellwood Cooper, President of the thirteenth Annual State fruit Growers Convention held in los Angeles, had heard cryptolaemus was known to attack a large number of insect Adams, planted 16 acres of Eureka lemons in Chula vista on land pests in Australia. because of the professed voraciousness of acquired from the San Diego land and town Company. Henry the cryptolaemus beetle, he urged in his opening speech to the found lemons ripened earlier than oranges in the cooler coastal convention on March 11, 1890, “that we memorialize Congress climate. others observed his success, and soon lemons became for an adequate appropriation to defray the necessary expenses the area’s dominant crop. to go to Australia and adjacent islands, to investigate the reported in 1911 in an article in the Los Angeles Times entitled “Chula predaceous insect.” Vista; Lemon Center,” a correspondent reflected, “What Pasadena the federal government did allocate money. Albert Koebele, is to los Angeles, Chula vista is going to be to the city of San who brought back the vedalia ladybug in 1888, was sent again to Diego, a high-grade city of beautiful homes.” Australia and in 1891 transported to California another ravenous the article quoted Chula vista residents E. Melville and John lady beetle, cryptolaemus. this beetle would later be instrumental Downing, “our lemon groves, covering several thousand acres are in controlling a new pest in Chula vista’s developing lemon a mass of deep green from one end of the year to the other, and the industry. ever-blooming lemon trees exude a fragrance which is pleasing to the senses at all times.... We have abundant supply of cheap water A City Built on Lemons for irrigation, the enlarged Sweetwater dam having a capacity for holding water enough for 15,000 acres of fruit land. We now have in 1889 the San Diego land and town Company, a land about 4,000 acres in lemons.” development company formed by the Santa fe Railroad, sold land in the same 1911 article, C. R. Colburn described his business in Chula vista in 5 and 10 acre parcels to persons interested in enterprise in Chula vista, “it has been about eighteen months establishing an agricultural enterprise. the Santa fe Railroad had since i went into business here and during that time the building received the land in trade from frank Kimball by agreeing to link activity has been continuous. the class of people who are buying National City to the East Coast with a rail line. the land had been our lemon orchards, or setting out new ones in our city are bought by the Kimball brothers, frank and Warren, in 1868 when desirable additions to the population.” they purchased Rancho de la Nacion, one of the original Mexican Growers could make about $2,000 per acre growing lemons land grants. in 1911. Gross sales of lemons in Chula vista that year exceeded in July 1889, William Aaron Henry, Professor of botany from $400,000. five packing houses had been established and two of the university of Wisconsin, along with his nephew, Daniel K. them were spending more than $10,000 each on additions and 8 | California Garden January/February 2011 www.sdfloral.org