IEA ECBCS Annex 36: Calculation Tools for the Energy concept Adviser IEA ECBCS ANNEX 36: Retrofitting in Educational Buildings – REDUCE Subtask C: Software Development and Analysis Methods Calculation Tools for the Energy Concept Adviser Report of IEA ECBCS ANNEX 36 Juli 2004 With contributions from Fritz Schmidt, Darko Sucic, Jawed Khan and Raphael Haller, Simon Wössner, Heike Kluttig and Hans Erhorn (D) Jorma Pietilainen (Fi) Richard Cantin and Gérard Guarracino (F) Tomasz M. Mroz, (Po) IKE 4 - 159 ISSN 0173-6892 Juli 2004 IEA ECBCS Annex 36: Calculation Tools for the Energy concept Adviser 1 IEA ECBCS Annex 36: Calculation Tools for the Energy concept Adviser 2 Abstract The Energy Concept Adviser (ECA) is a tool to support decisions to improve energy efficiency of existing educational buildings through the identification of improvements to the building including ist technical systems and the calculation of potential energy savings. It suggests systems or design elements to be considered for inclusion in the design. To achieve this, the ECA provides various sources of information (eg case studies, retrofit measures) and two classes of calculation tools: A tool called KULU to monitor energy consumption before retrofit (auditing) and after retrofit (control). A suite of tools to determine primary energy demand which considers heating, cooling, lighting and system behaviour for educational buildings in all member countries of this annex. The ECA provides a common calculation methodology as requested in the directive 8094/2/02 of the European Parliament and the Council on the energy performance of buildings. The ECA calculation methodology includes all the aspects which determine energy efficiency and not just the quality of the building's insulation. This integrated approach takes account of aspects such as heating and cooling installations, lighting installations, the position and orientation of the building, heat recovery, etc. Therefore, the methods provided in the ECA can be considered to be a first attempt to implement the ideas of the directive 8094/2/02 for the retrofit of schools and other educational buildings. The methods and how they were selected and adapted are described in this report. Availability This report is published in electronic form and available on the IEA ECBCS Annex 36 CD It can also received in ist most actual form from the editor Fritz Schmidt [email protected] IEA ECBCS Annex 36: Calculation Tools for the Energy concept Adviser I Preface This working document is part of the work done within the project of the International Energy Agency (IEA): Energy Conservation in Buildings and Community Systems Programme (ECBCS), “Annex 36: Retrofitting of Educational Buildings – REDUCE. Energy Concept Adviser for Technical Retrofit Measures” International Energy Agency (IEA) The International Energy Agency (IEA) was established in 1974 within the framework of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to implement an international energy programme. A basic aim of the IEA is to foster co- operation among the twenty-four IEA participating countries and to increase energy security through energy conservation, development of alternative energy sources and energy research, development and demonstration (RD&D). Energy Conservation in Buildings and Community Systems (ECBCS) The IEA sponsors research and development in a number of areas related to energy. In one of these areas, energy conservation in buildings and community systems, the IEA is sponsoring various projects to predict more accurately the energy use of buildings, including comparison of existing computer programmes, building monitoring, comparison of calculation methods, energy management systems as well as air quality, occupancy studies and in-depth evaluation of impact on energy consumption of the building enclosure. The Executive Committee Overall control of the programme is maintained by an Executive Committee, which not only monitors existing projects but also identifies new areas where collaborative effort may be beneficial. To date the following projects have been initiated by the Executive Committee on energy conservation in buildings and community systems (completed projects are identified by (*)): IEA ECBCS Annex 36: Calculation Tools for the Energy concept Adviser II Annex 1: Load Energy Determination of Buildings (*) Annex 2: Ekistics and Advanced Community Energy Systems (*) Annex 3: Energy Conservation in Residential Buildings (*) Annex 4: Glasgow Commercial Building Monitoring (*) Annex 5: Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre Annex 6: Energy Systems and Design of Communities (*) Annex 7: Local Government Energy Planning (*) Annex 8: Inhabitants Behaviour with Regard to Ventilation (*) Annex 9: Minimum Ventilation Rates (*) Annex 10: Building HVAC System Simulation (*) Annex 11: Energy Auditing (*) Annex 12: Windows and Fenestration (*) Annex 13: Energy Management in Hospitals (*) Annex 14: Condensation and Energy (*) Annex 15: Energy Efficiency in Schools (*) Annex 16: BEMS 1 - User Interfaces and System Integration (*) Annex 17: BEMS 2 – Evaluation and Emulation Techniques (*) Annex 18: Demand Controlled Ventilation Systems (*) Annex 19: Low Slope Roof Systems (*) Annex 20: Air Flow Patterns within Buildings (*) Annex 21: Thermal Modelling (*) Annex 22: Energy Efficient Communities (*) Annex 23: Multi-zone Air Flow Modelling (COMIS) (*) Annex 24: Heat, Air and Moisture Transfer in Envelopes (*) Annex 25: Real time HEVAC simulation (*) Annex 26: Energy Efficient Ventilation of Large Enclosures (*) Annex 27: Evaluation and Demonstration of Domestic Ventilation Systems (*) Annex 28: Low Energy Cooling Systems (*) Annex 29: Daylight in Buildings (*) Annex 30: Bringing Simulation to Application (*) IEA ECBCS Annex 36: Calculation Tools for the Energy concept Adviser III Annex 31: Energy related Environmental Impact of Buildings (*) Annex 32: Integral Building Envelope Performance Assessment (*) Annex 33: Advanced Local Energy Planning (*) Annex 34: Computer-aided Evaluation of HVAC System Performance (*) Annex 35: Design of Energy Efficient Hybrid Ventilation (HYBVENT) Annex 36: Retrofitting of Educational Buildings – REDUCE Annex 37: Low Energy Systems for Heating and Cooling of Buildings Annex 38: Solar Sustainable Housing Annex 39: High Performance Insulation Systems Annex 40: Building Commissioning to Improve Energy Performance IEA ECBCS Annex 36: Calculation Tools for the Energy concept Adviser IV Annex 36: Retrofitting of Educational Buildings - REDUCE Educational Buildings such as kindergartens, schools, training centres and universities display many similar design, operation and maintenance features throughout many of the IEA countries. Because of the level of similarity that exists within this building sector, experiences gained in developing different approaches to combat similar problems, especially during retrofitting, can easily be transferred to other countries. The two overwhelming similarities amongst these building types are the high energy consumptions and the necessity to retrofit many buildings within this sector. However, studies have shown that during retrofit energy saving measures are rarely applied, because of a lack of knowledge by the decision makers regarding the investments and the efficiency of potential energy saving measures. Due to the lack of information, in many cases decisions are made that do not accurately take into account energy saving features. There are no “rules of thumb” to enable a quick and easy estimation of the levels of required investment, prior to the detailed analysis of the building structure. Therefore, the development of an energy concept adviser for economical retrofit measures would be useful during the planning and realisation phase, on the one hand to help the investor to find the most energy efficient and economic energy saving measures and also to prevent exaggerated expectations. The adviser should be applicable during the entire retrofitting phase to ensure that both the calculated energy savings and the economic success will be achieved after retrofitting. This annex therefore aims to develop such a tool. The energy audit procedures report is part of this. Fraunhofer Institute of Buildings Physics in Germany is, on behalf of the Forschungszentrum Juelich, coordinator of Annex 36. The ten countries participating in this project are: Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Norway, Poland, United Kingdom and the United States of America. This document has been edited by Fritz Schmidt, Germany. The chapters are written by individual authors and participants of the Annex 36. Special thanks to Fiona Fanning, Richard Daniels and Jean Lebrun for reviewing the document. Stuttgart December 6, 2003 IEA ECBCS Annex 36: Calculation Tools for the Energy concept Adviser V Contents 1 Introduction (by Fritz Schmidt IKE)...............................................................................................1 1.1.Status at the beginning of Annex 36............................................................................................................1 1.2.The role of Calculation Tools for Retrofitting in Educational Buildings....................................................2 1.3.Contributions of Subtask C to Annex 36.....................................................................................................4 1.4.Conclusions for the structure of the report on calculation tools..................................................................5 1.5.References...................................................................................................................................................6 2 Modelling - Basics...........................................................................................................................7 2.1.References.................................................................................................................................................10 2.2.Role of Models (by F. Schmidt, IKE and J. Pietilainen, VTT)..................................................................10 2.3.Energy demand (by Fritz Schmidt IKE)....................................................................................................12 2.4.Energy Consumption (by Fritz Schmidt IKE)...........................................................................................23 2.5.Economic Calculation Procedures (by T., M. Mroz, Poznan University of Technology).........................28 2.6.Control and Management (by Jorma Pietilainen, VTT)............................................................................34 2.7.New regulations will bring new means (by Jorma Pietilainen, VTT)........................................................44 2.8.Remarks on Computer codes.....................................................................................................................46 3 Models selected for the ENERGY CONCEPT ADVISER (ECA)..................................................51 3.1.Heating requirements (by Simon Woessner, IBP).....................................................................................54 3.2.Input data for heat loss...............................................................................................................................55 3.3.Input data for heat gains............................................................................................................................55 3.4.Climate data...............................................................................................................................................56 3.5.Occupancy data.........................................................................................................................................56 3.6.Calculation methodology for energy calculation of the Energy Concept Adviser.....................................62 3.7.Cooling needs............................................................................................................................................67 3.8.Calculation procedure of energy consumption for lighting of Educational Buildings (by Richard Cantin and Gérard Guarracino)...........................................................................................................................69 3.9.Potential HVAC systems suitable for educational buildings (by R. Haller, IKE).....................................76 3.10. Economic calculations............................................................................................................................79 4 Adaptation of ECA models to schools (by Fritz Schmidt IKE)..................................................80 4.1.Comparison of alternative methods - Preliminary studies.........................................................................80 4.2.Sensitivity of parameters influencing the energy consumption of school buildings..................................84 4.3.Conclusions for the selection of calculation methods in the ECA.............................................................91 4.4.References.................................................................................................................................................93 5 Validation of the ECA Models.......................................................................................................94 5.1.General data describing educational buildings for the ECA......................................................................95 5.2.Development of an ECA Model of MOSES Building No. 1.....................................................................96 5.3.Influence of selected input parameters....................................................................................................111 5.4.Comparison with results from 34 school project.....................................................................................114 5.5.Comments about the calculation procedure of energy consumption for lighting of educational building IEA 36 – ECA (by R. Cantin and G. Guarracino, LASH - ENTPE).......................................................119 6 Conclusion...................................................................................................................................120 Appendix A: Climate Areas for calculation of Lighting Energy Consumption in the French Thermal Regulation.....................................................................................................................121 IEA ECBCS Annex 36: Calculation Tools for the Energy concept Adviser VI Appendix B: KULU WINDOW Instructions....................................................................................126 Appendix C: How to use the ECA calculation models..................................................................141 Appendix D: Default Values by Heike Kluttig, IBP........................................................................164 Appendix E: Description of Buildings in MOSES Project.............................................................172 Appendix F: List of Annex-Participants.........................................................................................174 List of figures Fig. 1.1: Including Energy Optimisation into General Procedure for Retrofitting of Educational Buildings.....................................................................................................................................3 Fig. 2.1: Energy consumption by end use in the tertiary sector including also educational buildings......................................................................................................................................7 Fig. 2.2: Breakdown of the electrical consumption of a school.......................................................8 Fig. 2.3: Management of energy use at schools (from MOTIVA).....................................................9 Fig. 2.4: Energy balance associated with a building according to EN832....................................13 Fig. 2.5: Energy balances in room or zone - detailed description.................................................14 Fig. 2.6: Average monthly temperatures for locations available in the ECA................................21 Fig. 2.7: Average horizontal radiation for locations available in the ECA....................................21 Fig. 2.8: Demand and energy delivery..............................................................................................25 Fig. 2.9: Example of Measured and simulated air temperature during a winter week as described by Kraft....................................................................................................................26 Fig. 2.10: Example of existing utility meters....................................................................................39 Fig. 2.11: Samplepage from KULU.......................................................................................................40 Fig. 3.1: Simplified model for calculating heating demand and cooling need in the ECA..........52 Fig. 3.2: Structure of the calculation part of the ECA.....................................................................53 Fig. 3.3: Simulation results for the determination of normalised maximum not usable heat load ....................................................................................................................................................67 Fig. 3.4: Efficiency number for steam heating systems built before 1960 as a function of heated area and heating demand........................................................................................................79 Fig. 4.1: School building for comparison calculations...................................................................81 Fig. 4.2: Energy balances according to the different calculation methods..................................81 Fig. 4.3: Energy balances according to the selected calculation methods..................................82 Fig. 4.4: Monthly balances for an apartment building before retrofit............................................82 Fig. 4.5: Monthly balances for an apartment building after retrofit...............................................83 IEA ECBCS Annex 36: Calculation Tools for the Energy concept Adviser VII Fig. 4.6: Distribution of losses before retrofit as calculated with monthly balances..................85 Fig. 4.7: Distribution of losses after retrofit as calculated with monthly balances.....................85 Fig. 4.8: Influence of variation of A/V ratio.......................................................................................86 Fig. 4.9: Influence of variation of internal loads..............................................................................87 Fig. 4.10: Influence of variation of glazing factor............................................................................88 Fig. 4.11: Measured primary energy consumption in building 2...................................................90 Fig. 5.1: Heating demand for the MOSES Building Nr, 1 as calculated with different methods. Case: before retrofit + no setback.........................................................................................97 Fig. 5.2: Transmission losses through floor of the MOSES Building No. 1 as calculated with different models for the ground temperature........................................................................98 Fig. 5.3: Heating demand for the MOSES Building No. 1 as calculated with different methods. Case: before retrofit + night and weekend setback..............................................................98 Fig. 5.4: Heating demand for the MOSES Building No. 1 as calculated with different methods. Case: after retrofit + no setback............................................................................................99 Fig. 5.5: Heating demand for the MOSES Building No. 1 as calculated with different methods. Case: after retrofit + night and weekend setback (IBP identical ECA)...............................99 Fig. 5.6: Profiles used in the hourly calculations..........................................................................101 Fig. 5.7: Comparison of losses - case 10 h profile before retrofit...............................................102 Fig. 5.8: Comparison of gains case 10 h profile before retrofit...................................................103 Fig. 5.9: Comparison of heating load - case 10 h profile before retrofit.....................................104 Fig. 5.10: Comparison of yearly balances - case 10 h profile before retrofit..............................104 Fig. 5.11: Comparison of losses - case 10 h profile after retrofit................................................105 Fig. 5.12: Comparison of gains - case 10 h profile after retrofit..................................................106 Fig. 5.13: Comparison of heating load - case 10 h profile after retrofit......................................107 Fig. 5.14: Comparison of yearly balances - case 10 h profile after retrofit.................................107 Fig. 5.15: Influence of occupation time..........................................................................................108 Fig. 5.16: Influence of internal temperature...................................................................................109 Fig. 5.17: Sample of schools included into the 34 school project...............................................114 List of tables Tab. 2.1: Correlation between modelling detail and results to be achievable..............................12 Tab. 2.2: Correlations between average monthly temperature, allowable room temperature and unusable heat load for residential buildings and schools...................................................16 Tab. 2.3: Locations for which TRY's are available in the ECA.......................................................20