Table of Contents C Programming for Arduino Credits About the Author Acknowledgement About the Reviewers www.PacktPub.com Support files, eBooks, discount offers and more Why Subscribe? Free Access for Packt account holders Preface What this book covers What you need for this book Who this book is for Conventions Reader feedback Customer support Downloading the example code Errata Piracy Questions 1. Let's Plug Things What is a microcontroller? Presenting the big Arduino family About hardware prototyping Understanding Arduino software architecture Installing Arduino development environment (IDE) Installing the IDE How to launch the environment? What does the IDE look like? Installing Arduino drivers Installing drivers for Arduino Uno R3 Installing drivers for Arduino Duemilanove, Nano, or Diecimilla What is electricity? Voltage Current and power And what are resistors, capacitors, and so on? Wiring things and Fritzing What is Fritzing? Power supply fundamentals Hello LED! What do we want to do exactly? How can I do that using C code? Start with a new blank page Setting up the environment according the board we are using Let's write the code Let's upload the code, at last! Summary 2. First Contact with C An introduction to programming Different programming paradigms Programming style C and C++? C is used everywhere Arduino is programmed with C and C++ The Arduino native library and other libraries Discovering the Arduino native library Other libraries included and not directly provided Some very useful included libraries Some external libraries Checking all basic development steps Using the serial monitor Baud rate Serial communication with Arduino Serial monitoring Making the Arduino talk to us Adding serial communication to Blink250ms Serial functions in more detail Serial.begin() Serial.print() and Serial.println() Digging a bit… Talking to the board from the computer Summary 3. C Basics – Making You Stronger Approaching variables and types of data What is a variable? What is a type? The roll over/wrap concept Declaring and defining variables Declaring variables Defining variables String String definition is a construction Using indexes and search inside String charAt() indexOf() and lastIndexOf() startsWith() and endsWith() Concatenation, extraction, and replacement Concatenation Concat() Using the + operator on strings Extract and replace substring() is the extractor Splitting a string using a separator Replacement Other string functions toCharArray() toLowerCase() and toUpperCase() trim() length() Testing variables on the board Some explanations The scope concept static, volatile, and const qualifiers static volatile const Operators, operator structures, and precedence Arithmetic operators and types Character types Numerical types Condensed notations and precedence Increment and decrement operators Types manipulations Choosing the right type Implicit and explicit types conversions Implicit type conversion Explicit type conversion Comparing values and Boolean operators Comparison expressions Combining comparisons with Boolean operators Combining negation and comparisons Adding conditions in the code if and else conditional structure Chaining an if…else structure to another if…else structure if…else structure with combined comparisons expressions Finding all cases for a conditional structure switch…case…break conditional structure Ternary operator Making smart loops for repetitive tasks for loop structure Playing with increment More complex increments Decrements are negative increments Using imbricated for loops or two indexes while loop structure do…while loop structure Breaking the loops Infinite loops are not your friends Summary 4. Improve Programming with Functions, Math, and Timing Introducing functions Structure of a function Creating function prototypes using the Arduino IDE Header and name of functions Body and statements of functions Benefits of using functions Easier coding and debugging Better modularity helps reusability Better readability C standard mathematical functions and Arduino Trigonometric C functions in the Arduino core Some prerequisites Difference between radians and degrees Cosine, sine, and tangent Arccosine, arcsine, and arctangent Trigonometry functions Exponential functions and some others Approaching calculation optimization The power of the bit shift operation What are bit operations? Binary numeral system Easily converting a binary number to a decimal number AND, OR, XOR, and NOT operators AND OR XOR NOT Bit shift operations It is all about performance The switch case labels optimization techniques Optimizing the range of cases Optimizing cases according to their frequency Smaller the scope, the better the board The Tao of returns Direct returns concept Use void if you don't need return Secrets of lookup tables Table initialization Replacing pure calculation with array index operations Taylor series expansion trick The Arduino core even provides pointers Time measure Does the Arduino board own a watch? The millis() function The micros() function Delay concept and the program flow What does the program do during the delay? The polling concept – a special interrupt case The interrupt handler concept What is a thread? A real-life polling library example Installing an external library Let's test the code Summary 5. Sensing with Digital Inputs Sensing the world Sensors provide new capacities Some types of sensors Quantity is converted to data Data has to be perceived What does digital mean? Digital and analog concepts Inputs and outputs of Arduino Introducing a new friend – Processing Is Processing a language? Let's install and launch it A very familiar IDE Alternative IDEs and versioning Checking an example Processing and Arduino Pushing the button What is a button, a switch? Different types of switches A basic circuit Wires The circuit in the real world The pull-up and pull-down concept The pseudocode The code Making Arduino and Processing talk The communication protocol Protocol requirements Protocol design The Processing code Sketching a pseudocode Let's write that code Variable definitions setup() draw() The serialEvent() callback The new Arduino firmware talk-ready Playing with multiple buttons The circuit The Arduino code The Processing code Understanding the debounce concept What? Who is bouncing? How to debounce Summary 6. Sensing the World – Feeling with Analog Inputs Sensing analog inputs and continuous values How many values can we distinguish? Reading analog inputs The real purpose of the potentiometer Changing the blinking delay of an LED with a potentiometer How to turn the Arduino into a low voltage voltmeter? Calculating the precision Introducing Max 6, the graphical programming framework A brief history of Max/MSP Global concepts What is a graphical programming framework? Max, for the playground MSP, for sound Jitter, for visuals Gen, for a new approach to code generation Summarizing everything in one table Installing Max 6 The very first patch Playing sounds with the patch Controlling software using hardware Improving the sequencer and connecting the Arduino Let's connect the Arduino to Max 6 The serial object in Max 6 Tracing and Debugging easily in Max 6 Understanding Arduino messages in Max 6 What is really sent on the wire? Extracting only the payload? ASCII conversions and symbols Playing with sensors Measuring distances Reading a datasheet? Let's wire things Coding the firmware Reading the distance in Max 6 Measuring flexion Resistance calculations Sensing almost everything Multiplexing with a CD4051 multiplexer/demultiplexer Multiplexing concepts Multiple multiplexing/demultiplexing techniques Space-division multiplexing Frequency-division multiplexing Time-division multiplexing The CD4051B analog multiplexer What is an integrated circuit? Wiring the CD4051B IC? Identifying pin number 1 Supplying the IC Analog I/O series and the common O/I Selecting the digital pin Summary 7. Talking over Serial Serial communication Serial and parallel communication Types and characteristics of serial communications Synchronous or asynchronous Duplex mode Peering and bus Master and slave buses Data encoding Multiple serial interfaces The powerful Morse code telegraphy ancestor The famous RS-232 From 25 wires to 3 The elegant I2C The synchronous SPI The omnipresent USB USB system design USB connectors and cables FTDI IC converting RS-232 to USB Summary 8. Designing Visual Output Feedback Using LEDs Different types of LEDs Monochromatic LEDS Polychromatic LEDs Remembering the Hello LED example Multiple monochromatic LEDs Two buttons and two LEDs Control and feedback coupling in interaction design The coupling firmware More LEDs? Multiplexing LEDs Connecting 75HC595 to Arduino and LEDs Firmware for shift register handling Global shift register programming pattern Playing with chance and random seeds Daisy chaining multiple 74HC595 shift registers Linking multiple shift registers Firmware handling two shift registers and 16 LEDs Current short considerations Using RGB LEDs Some control concepts Different types of RGB LEDs Lighting an RGB LED Red, Green, and Blue light components and colors Multiple imbricated for() loops Building LED arrays A new friend named transistor The Darlington transistors array, ULN2003 The LED matrix Cycling and POV The circuit The 3 x 3 LED matrix code Simulating analog outputs with PWM The pulse-width modulation concept Dimming an LED A higher resolution PWM driver component Quick introduction to LCD HD44780-compatible LCD display circuit Displaying some random messages Summary 9. Making Things Move and Creating Sounds Making things vibrate The piezoelectric sensor Wiring a vibration motor Firmware generating vibrations Higher current driving and transistors Controlling a servo When do we need servos? How to control servos with Arduino Wiring one servo Firmware controlling one servo using the Servo library Multiple servos with external power supply Three servos and an external power supply Driving three servos with firmware Controlling stepper motors Wiring a unipolar stepper to Arduino Firmware controlling the stepper motor Air movement and sounds What is sound actually? How to describe sound Microphones and speakers Digital and analog domains How to digitalize sound How to play digital bits as sounds How Arduino helps produce sounds Playing basic sound bits Wiring the cheapest sound circuit Playing random tones Improving the sound engine with Mozzi Setting up a circuit and Mozzi library An example sine wave Oscillators Wavetables Frequency modulation of a sine wave Adding a pot Upgrading the firmware for input handling Controlling the sound using envelopes and MIDI An overview of MIDI MIDI and OSC libraries for Arduino Generating envelopes Implementing envelopes and MIDI Wiring a MIDI connector to Arduino Playing audio files with the PCM library The PCM library WAV2C – converting your own sample Wiring the circuit Other reader libraries Summary 10. Some Advanced Techniques