C++ Primer Plus Sixth Edition Stephen Prata Visit us on the Web: informit.com/aw. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data is on file. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education,Inc. Printed in the United States of America ISBN-13: 978-0-321-77640-2 ISBN-10: 0-321-77640-2 Second printing: January 2012 Contents at a Glance Introduction 1 1 Getting Started with C++ 9 2 Setting Out to C++ 27 3 Dealing with Data 65 4 Compound Types 115 5 Loops and Relational Expressions 195 6 Branching Statements and Logical Operators 253 7 Functions: C++’s Programming Modules 305 8 Adventures in Functions 379 9 Memory Models and Namespaces 447 10 Objects and Classes 505 11 Working with Classes 563 12 Classes and Dynamic Memory Allocation 627 13 Class Inheritance 707 14 Reusing Code in C++ 785 15 Friends,Exceptions,and More 877 16 The string Class and the Standard Template Library 951 17 Input,Output,and Files 1061 18 Visiting with the New C++ Standard 1153 Appendixes A Number Bases 1215 B C++ Reserved Words 1221 C The ASCII Character Set 1225 D Operator Precedence 1231 E Other Operators 1235 F The string Template Class 1249 G The Standard Template Library Methods and Functions 1271 H Selected Readings and Internet Resources 1323 I Converting to ISO Standard C++ 1327 J Answers to Chapter Reviews 1335 Index 1367 Contents Introduction 1 1 Getting Started with C++ 9 Learning C++: What Lies Before You 10 The Origins of C++: A Little History 10 Portability and Standards 15 The Mechanics of Creating a Program 18 Summary 25 2 Setting Out to C++ 27 C++ Initiation 27 C++ Statements 41 More C++ Statements 45 Functions 48 Summary 61 Chapter Review 62 Programming Exercises 62 3 Dealing with Data 65 Simple Variables 66 TheconstQualifier 90 Floating-Point Numbers 92 C++ Arithmetic Operators 97 Summary 109 Chapter Review 110 Programming Exercises 111 4 Compound Types 115 Introducing Arrays 116 Strings 120 Introducing the stringClass 131 Introducing Structures 140 Unions 149 Enumerations 150 Pointers and the Free Store 153 Pointers,Arrays,and Pointer Arithmetic 167 Combinations of Types 184 Array Alternatives 186 Summary 190 Chapter Review 191 Programming Exercises 192 5 Loops and Relational Expressions 195 IntroducingforLoops 196 ThewhileLoop 224 Thedo whileLoop 231 The Range-Based forLoop (C++11) 233 Loops and Text Input 234 Nested Loops and Two-Dimensional Arrays 244 Summary 249 Chapter Review 250 Programming Exercises 251 6 Branching Statements and Logical Operators 253 TheifStatement 254 Logical Expressions 260 ThecctypeLibrary of Character Functions 270 The?:Operator 273 TheswitchStatement 274 ThebreakandcontinueStatements 280 Number-Reading Loops 283 Simple File Input/Output 287 Summary 298 Chapter Review 298 Programming Exercises 301 7 Functions: C++’s Programming Modules 305 Function Review 306 Function Arguments and Passing by Value 313 Functions and Arrays 320 Functions and Two-Dimensional Arrays 337 Functions and C-Style Strings 339 Functions and Structures 343 Functions and stringClass Objects 353 Functions and arrayObjects 355 Recursion 357 Pointers to Functions 361 Summary 371 Chapter Review 372 Programming Exercises 374 8 Adventures in Functions 379 C++ Inline Functions 379 Reference Variables 383 Default Arguments 409 Function Overloading 412 Function Templates 419 Summary 442 Chapter Review 443 Programming Exercises 444 9 Memory Models and Namespaces 447 Separate Compilation 447 Storage Duration,Scope,and Linkage 453 Namespaces 482 Summary 497 Chapter Review 498 Programming Exercises 501 10 Objects and Classes 505 Procedural and Object-Oriented Programming 506 Abstraction and Classes 507 Class Constructors and Destructors 524 Knowing Your Objects: The thisPointer 539 An Array of Objects 546 Class Scope 549 Abstract Data Types 552 Summary 557 Chapter Review 558 Programming Exercises 559 11 Working with Classes 563 Operator Overloading 564 Time on Our Hands: Developing an Operator Overloading Example 565 Introducing Friends 578 Overloaded Operators: Member Versus Nonmember Functions 587 More Overloading: A Vector Class 588 Automatic Conversions and Type Casts for Classes 606 Summary 621 Chapter Review 623 Programming Exercises 623 12 Classes and Dynamic Memory Allocation 627 Dynamic Memory and Classes 628 The New,Improved StringClass 647 Things to Remember When Using new in Constructors 659 Observations About Returning Objects 662 Using Pointers to Objects 665 Reviewing Techniques 676 A Queue Simulation 678 Summary 699 Chapter Review 700 Programming Exercises 702 13 Class Inheritance 707 Beginning with a Simple Base Class 708 Inheritance: An Is-aRelationship 720 Polymorphic Public Inheritance 722 Static and Dynamic Binding 737 Access Control: protected 745 Abstract Base Classes 746 Inheritance and Dynamic Memory Allocation 757 Class Design Review 766 Summary 778 Chapter Review 779 Programming Exercises 780 14 Reusing Code in C++ 785 Classes with Object Members 786 Private Inheritance 797 Multiple Inheritance 808 Class Templates 830 Summary 866 Chapter Review 869 Programming Exercises 871 15 Friends,Exceptions,and More 877 Friends 877 Nested Classes 889 Exceptions 896 Runtime Type Identification 933 Type Cast Operators 943 Summary 947 Chapter Review 947 Programming Exercises 949 16 The string Class and the Standard Template Library 951 ThestringClass 952 Smart Pointer Template Classes 968 The Standard Template Library 978 Generic Programming 992 Function Objects (a.k.a. Functors) 1026 Algorithms 1035 Other Libraries 1045 Summary 1054 Chapter Review 1056 Programming Exercises 1057 17 Input,Output,and Files 1061 An Overview of C++ Input and Output 1062 Output with cout 1069 Input with cin 1093 File Input and Output 1114 Incore Formatting 1142 Summary 1145 Chapter Review 1146 Programming Exercises 1148 18 Visiting with the New C++ Standard 1153 C++11 Features Revisited 1153 Move Semantics and the Rvalue Reference 1164 New Class Features 1178 Lambda Functions 1184 Wrappers 1191 Variadic Templates 1197 More C++11 Features 1202 Language Change 1205 What Now? 1207 Summary 1208 Chapter Review 1209 Programming Exercises 1212 Appendixes A Number Bases 1215 B C++ Reserved Words 1221 C The ASCII Character Set 1225 D Operator Precedence 1231 E Other Operators 1235 F The string Template Class 1249 G The Standard Template Library Methods and Functions 1271 H Selected Readings and Internet Resources 1323 I Converting to ISO Standard C++ 1327 J Answers to Chapter Reviews 1335 Index 1367 Introduction L earning C++ is an adventure of discovery,particularly because the language accom- modates several programming paradigms,including object-oriented programming, generic programming,and the traditional procedural programming.The fifth edition of this book described the language as set forth in the ISO C++ standards,informally known as C++99 and C++03,or,sometimes as C++99/03.(The 2003 version was largely a technical correction to the 1999 standard and didn’t add any new features.) Since then,C++ continues to evolve.As this book is written,the international C++ Standards Committee has just approved a new version of the standard.This standard had the informal name ofC++0x while in development,and now it will be known as C++11.Most contemporary compilers support C++99/03 quite well,and most of the examples in this book comply with that standard.But many features of the new standard already have appeared in some implementations,and this edition of C++ Primer Plus explores these new features. C++ Primer Plusdiscusses the basic C language and presents C++ features,making this book self-contained.It presents C++ fundamentals and illustrates them with short, to-the-point programs that are easy to copy and experiment with.You learn about input/output (I/O),how to make programs perform repetitive tasks and make choices, the many ways to handle data,and how to use functions.You learn about the many features C++ has added to C,including the following: n Classes and objects n Inheritance n Polymorphism,virtual functions,and runtime type identification (RTTI) n Function overloading n Reference variables n Generic,or type-independent,programming,as provided by templates and the Standard Template Library (STL) n The exception mechanism for handling error conditions n Namespaces for managing names of functions,classes,and variables