ptg18189307 Contents at a Glance SamsTeachYourself Part I: Beginning C++ When you only have time 1 Writing Your First Program ............................................................................5 2 Organizing the Parts of a Program ................................................................13 for the answers™ 3 Creating Variables and Constants ................................................................27 4 Using Expressions, Statements, and Operators ..............................................43 5 Calling Functions ......................................................................................61 Whatever your need and whatever your time frame, there’s a SamsTeach Yourself book for you. With a 6 Controlling the Flow of a Program ................................................................79 Sams Teach Yourself book as your guide, you can 7 Storing Information in Arrays and Strings .......................................................95 quickly get up to speed on just about any new Part II: Classes product or technology—in the absolute shortest period of time possible. Guaranteed. 8 Creating Basic Classes............................................................................ 109 Learning how to do new things with your computer 9 Moving into Advanced Classes .................................................................. 123 shouldn’t be tedious or time-consuming. Sams Part III: Memory Management Teach Yourself makes learning anything quick, easy, and even a little bit fun. 10 Creating Pointers ................................................................................... 135 11 Developing Advanced Pointers .................................................................. 155 Java in 24 Hours 12 Creating References ............................................................................... 167 Rogers Cadenhead 13 Developing Advanced References and Pointers ............................................. 183 ISBN-13: 978-0-672-33702-4 ptg18189307 Part IV: Advanced C++ 14 Calling Advanced Functions ...................................................................... 199 15 Using Operator Overloading ...................................................................... 213 Part V: Inheritance and Polymorphism 16 Extending Classes with Inheritance ............................................................ 231 17 Using Polymorphism and Derived Classes ................................................... 251 18 Making Use of Advanced Polymorphism ...................................................... 267 Part VI: Special Topics 19 Storing Information in Linked Lists ............................................................. 287 20 Using Special Classes, Functions, and Pointers ............................................ 301 jQuery and JavaScript JavaScript Visual Basic 2015 HTML, CSS and in 24 Hours in 24 Hours in 24 Hours JavaScript 21 Using New Features of C++14 .................................................................. 331 All in One Brad Dayley Phil Ballard James Foxall 22 Employing Object-Oriented Analysis and Design ............................................ 343 ISBN-13: 978-0-672-33734-5 ISBN-13: 978-0-672-33738-3 ISBN-13: 978-0-672-33745-1 Julie C. Meloni 23 Creating Templates................................................................................. 373 ISBN-13: 978-0-672-33714-7 24 Dealing with Exceptions and Error Handling ................................................. 391 Part VII: Appendixes A Binary and Hexadecimal .......................................................................... 411 Sams Teach Yourself books are available at most retail and online bookstores. For more information or to order direct, visit our online bookstore at informit.com/teachyourself. B Glossary ...............................................................................................419 Online editions of all Sams Teach Yourself titles are available by subscription from Safari Books C This Book’s Website ............................................................................... 427 Online at safari.informit.com. D Using the MinGW C++ Compiler on Windows ............................................... 429 7/12/16 4:09 PM Rogers Cadenhead Jesse Liberty SamsTeachYourself C++ ptg18189307 24 in Hours SIXTH EDITION 800 East 96th Street, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46240 USA Sams Teach Yourself C++ in 24 Hours Editor Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark Taber All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected Project Editor by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited Lori Lyons reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding p ermissions, Project Manager request forms, and the appropriate contacts within the Pearson Education Global Rights & Prashanthi Nadipalli Permissions Department, please visit www.pearsoned.com/permissions/. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein. Although every precaution Copy Editor has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no r esponsibility Christopher Morris for errors or omissions. Nor is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. Technical Editor ISBN-13: 978-0-672-33746-8 Jon Upchurch ISBN-10: 0-672-33746-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016945006 First Printing August 2016 Trademarks All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Sams Publishing cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Warning and Disclaimer Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as possible, but no warranty or fitness is implied. 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Contents at a Glance Introduction ....................................................................................1 Part I: Beginning C++ HOUR 1 Writing Your First Program ...............................................................5 2 Organizing the Parts of a Program .................................................. 13 3 Creating Variables and Constants ................................................... 27 4 Using Expressions, Statements, and Operators .................................. 43 5 Calling Functions ........................................................................... 61 6 Controlling the Flow of a Program .................................................. 79 7 Storing Information in Arrays and Strings ....................................... 95 Part II: Classes ptg18189307 HOUR 8 Creating Basic Classes .................................................................. 109 9 Moving into Advanced Classes ...................................................... 123 Part III: Memory Management HOUR 10 Creating Pointers ......................................................................... 135 11 Developing Advanced Pointers ...................................................... 155 12 Creating References ...................................................................... 167 13 Developing Advanced References and Pointers ............................... 183 Part IV: Advanced C++ HOUR 14 Calling Advanced Functions ......................................................... 199 15 Using Operator Overloading ......................................................... 213 Part V: Inheritance and Polymorphism HOUR 16 Extending Classes with Inheritance ............................................... 231 17 Using Polymorphism and Derived Classes ...................................... 251 18 Making Use of Advanced Polymorphism ........................................ 267 iv Sams Teach Yourself C++ in 24 Hours Part VI: Special Topics HOUR 19 Storing Information in Linked Lists ............................................... 287 20 Using Special Classes, Functions, and Pointers ................................ 301 21 Using New Features of C++14 ........................................................ 331 22 Employing Object-Oriented Analysis and Design ............................ 343 23 Creating Templates ...................................................................... 373 24 Dealing with Exceptions and Error Handling .................................. 391 Part VII: Appendixes A Binary and Hexadecimal .............................................................. 411 B Glossary ...................................................................................... 419 C This Book’s Website ...................................................................... 427 D Using the MinGW C++ Compiler on Windows ................................ 429 Index .......................................................................................... 439 ptg18189307 Table of Contents Introduction 1 Part I: Beginning C++ HOUR 1: Writing Your First Program 5 Using C++ .................................................................................................5 Compiling and Linking the Source Code ......................................................6 Creating Your First Program ........................................................................7 HOUR 2: Organizing the Parts of a Program 13 Reasons to Use C++ .................................................................................. 13 The Parts of a Program ............................................................................. 17 ptg18189307 Comments ............................................................................................... 19 Functions ................................................................................................ 20 HOUR 3: Creating Variables and Constants 27 What Is a Variable? .................................................................................. 27 Defining a Variable .................................................................................. 32 Assigning Values to Variables .................................................................... 33 Using Type Definitions .............................................................................. 34 Constants ................................................................................................ 36 Auto-Typed Variables ............................................................................... 38 HOUR 4: Using Expressions, Statements, and Operators 43 Statements .............................................................................................. 43 Expressions .............................................................................................. 44 Operators ................................................................................................ 45 If-Else Conditional Statements .............................................................. 52 Logical Operators ..................................................................................... 56 Tricky Expression Values ........................................................................... 58 vi Sams Teach Yourself C++ in 24 Hours HOUR 5: Calling Functions 61 What Is a Function? ................................................................................. 61 Declaring and Defining Functions ............................................................. 61 Using Variables with Functions .................................................................. 64 Function Parameters ................................................................................ 67 Returning Values from Functions ............................................................... 68 Default Function Parameters ..................................................................... 70 Overloading Functions ............................................................................. 72 Auto-Typed Return Values ......................................................................... 73 HOUR 6: Controlling the Flow of a Program 79 Looping................................................................................................... 79 while Loops ............................................................................................ 79 do-while Loops ...................................................................................... 83 for Loops ............................................................................................... 84 switch Statements .................................................................................. 89 ptg18189307 HOUR 7: Storing Information in Arrays and Strings 95 What Is an Array? ................................................................................... 95 Writing Past the End of Arrays .................................................................. 97 Initializing Arrays .................................................................................... 98 Multidimensional Arrays .......................................................................... 99 Character Arrays .................................................................................... 102 Copying Strings ..................................................................................... 104 Reading Arrays with Foreach Loops ......................................................... 105 Part II: Classes HOUR 8: Creating Basic Classes 109 What Is a Type? ..................................................................................... 109 Creating New Types ............................................................................... 110 Classes and Members ............................................................................. 110 Accessing Class Members ........................................................................ 112 Private Versus Public Access .................................................................... 112 Implementing Member Functions ............................................................ 114 Creating and Deleting Objects ................................................................. 116 Table of Contents vii HOUR 9: Moving into Advanced Classes 123 const Member Functions ....................................................................... 123 Interface Versus Implementation ............................................................. 124 Organizing Class Declarations and Function Definitions ........................... 124 Inline Implementation ........................................................................... 124 Classes with Other Classes as Member Data ............................................. 127 Part III: Memory Management HOUR 10: Creating Pointers 135 Understanding Pointers and Their Usage .................................................. 135 The Stack and the Heap.......................................................................... 145 Null Pointer Constant ............................................................................. 150 HOUR 11: Developing Advanced Pointers 155 Creating Objects on the Heap ................................................................. 155 ptg18189307 Deleting Objects ..................................................................................... 155 Accessing Data Members Using Pointers .................................................. 157 Member Data on the Heap ..................................................................... 158 The this Pointer ................................................................................... 160 Stray or Dangling Pointers ...................................................................... 161 const Pointers ....................................................................................... 162 const Pointers and const Member Functions .......................................... 163 HOUR 12: Creating References 167 What is a Reference? .............................................................................. 167 Creating a Reference .............................................................................. 167 Using the Address of Operator on References ............................................ 169 What Can Be Referenced? ....................................................................... 171 Null Pointers and Null References ............................................................ 172 Passing Function Arguments by Reference ................................................ 172 Understanding Function Headers and Prototypes ...................................... 177 Returning Multiple Values ...................................................................... 177 HOUR 13: Developing Advanced References and Pointers 183 Passing by Reference for Efficiency ........................................................... 183 Passing a const Pointer ......................................................................... 186 viii Sams Teach Yourself C++ in 24 Hours References as an Alternative to Pointers ................................................... 189 When to Use References and When to Use Pointers ................................... 191 References to Objects Not in Scope ........................................................... 191 Returning a Reference to an Object on the Heap ....................................... 192 Pointer, Pointer, Who Has the Pointer? ..................................................... 195 Part IV: Advanced C++ HOUR 14: Calling Advanced Functions 199 Overloaded Member Functions ................................................................ 199 Using Default Values .............................................................................. 201 Initializing Objects ................................................................................. 203 The Copy Constructor ............................................................................. 204 Compile-Time Constant Expressions ........................................................ 208 HOUR 15: Using Operator Overloading 213 ptg18189307 Operator Overloading ............................................................................ 213 Conversion Operators ............................................................................. 224 Part V: Inheritance and Polymorphism HOUR 16: Extending Classes with Inheritance 231 What Is Inheritance? .............................................................................. 231 Private Versus Protected .......................................................................... 234 Constructors and Destructors ................................................................... 236 Passing Arguments to Base Constructors .................................................. 239 Overriding Functions .............................................................................. 244 HOUR 17: Using Polymorphism and Derived Classes 251 Polymorphism Implemented with Virtual Member Functions ..................... 251 How Virtual Member Functions Work ...................................................... 256 HOUR 18: Making Use of Advanced Polymorphism 267 Problems with Single Inheritance ............................................................ 267 Abstract Data Types ............................................................................... 271